第二十一讲 非谓语动词(二)(英语语法系统全面讲解)
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英语语法非谓语动词讲解超全超实用在英语语法中,非谓语动词是指在句子中不能独立充当谓语,而是通过与其他词语搭配来发挥作用的动词形式。
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。
本文将对这三种非谓语动词进行详细的讲解,帮助读者更好地理解和运用。
一、动词不定式1.定义和形式:动词不定式是由动词原形加上"to"构成的形式,表示不完整的动作或状态。
例如:to eat, to dance。
2.用途和功能:(1)作主语:动词不定式可以作为句子的主语,常放在句首。
例如:To learn a new language is challenging.(2)作宾语:动词不定式可以作为及物动词的宾语,表示动作的目的或意图。
例如:I want to learn English.(3)作表语:动词不定式可以作为系动词的表语,表示身份、偏好、目的等。
例如:Her dream is to become a doctor.(4)作定语:动词不定式可以修饰名词或代词,起到进一步说明或限定的作用。
例如:The best way to improve English is to practice more.(5)作状语:动词不定式可以表示时间、目的、方式等状语的作用。
例如:I went to the park to relax.3.特殊用法:(1)省略to:在某些情况下,不定式的to可以省略,例如在助动词let、make、help等后面。
例如:Let me go.(2)动词不定式的时态:动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,但可以根据不同的时间来使用不同的时态。
例如:I want to go shopping.(现在时态)I wanted to go shopping.(过去时态)二、动名词1.定义和形式:动名词是由动词加上-ing构成的形式,可以作为名词使用。
例如:swimming, running。
2.用途和功能:(1)作主语:动名词可以作为句子的主语,常放在句首。
语法非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词是指在句子中不能独立作谓语,而是具有动词的特点,并且能够与主谓成分相互关联。
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式。
接下来,我们将分别对它们进行讲解,并提供相关参考内容。
一、动词不定式动词不定式是由to+动词原形构成,可以作主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语等。
1. 作主语动词不定式作主语时,常常用于句子的开头,结构为“To + 动词原形”。
它可以表示一种抽象的概念或一种普遍的观点。
例句:To reduce pollution is our responsibility.减少污染是我们的责任。
2. 作表语动词不定式作表语时,一般跟在be动词之后,用于说明主语的身份、特点、职业等。
常见的结构为“be+动词不定式”。
例句:My dream is to become a doctor.我的梦想是成为一名医生。
3. 作宾语动词不定式可以作及物动词的宾语,常见的及物动词有want, like, need, hope等。
动词不定式作宾语时,常常放在动词后面。
例句:She wants to go shopping this afternoon.她想今天下午去购物。
4. 作宾补动词不定式可以作及物动词的宾语补足语,用于说明宾语的动作、状态等。
常见的及物动词有make, let, have等。
动词不定式作宾补时,常放在宾语后面。
例句:They made him apologize for what he had done.他们让他为自己所做的事情道歉。
参考内容:1. To learn a new language requires patience and perseverance.学习一门新语言需要耐心和毅力。
2. Her biggest dream is to travel around the world.她最大的梦想是环游世界。
3. I like to play tennis on weekends.我喜欢在周末打网球。
非谓语动词讲解全讲解非谓语动词是指不具备主谓关系的动词形式,它不受主语限制,可以独立存在,并且在句子中起到修饰、补充、缩略或做其他动词的功能。
非谓语动词主要有不定式、动名词和分词三种形式。
一、不定式(Infinitive)1. 不定式作主语例句:To learn a foreign language is challenging but rewarding.学一门外语既具有挑战性又有回报。
2. 不定式作宾语a)及物动词后的不定式作宾语,通常前有动词to。
例句:She wants to visit her parents this weekend.她希望这个周末去看望她的父母。
b)某些及物动词和短语动词后的不定式省去to。
例句:They made him clean up the mess.他们让他整理这个烂摊子。
3. 不定式作状语a)表示目的、原因或结果。
例句:She studies hard to pass the exam.她努力学习为了通过考试。
b)表示时间或条件。
例句:I woke up early to catch the first train.我早起为了赶上第一班火车。
二、动名词(Gerund)1. 动名词作主语例句:Swimming is good exercise.游泳是很好的锻炼。
2. 动名词作宾语a)动名词作宾语,通常前面有动词stop、enjoy、dislike、suggest等。
例句:I enjoy reading books in my spare time.我喜欢在闲暇时间读书。
b)动名词作宾语,有时可以用不定式作宾语来替代,意思有所差别。
例句:I like swimming.(动名词作宾语,表示一种习惯或爱好)I like to swim.(不定式作宾语,表示一次性的行为)3. 动名词作定语例句:Do you have any interesting stories to share?你有什么有趣的故事可以分享吗?三、分词(Participle)1. 现在分词(-ing形式)作定语例句:The running dog caught my attention.奔跑的狗引起了我的注意。
高中英语语法讲解【非谓语动词】【专题要点】非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下:1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语;2。
只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语;3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词;4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语,且意义不同的动词或短语;5。
不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别;6。
不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别;7。
不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别;8。
动名词的复合结构在句中作状语;9。
there be 结构的两种非谓语形式;10。
独立主格结构在句中作状语;11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语.【教法指引】非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词,是高中英语学习的难点,也是高考考查的重点。
高中英语非谓语动词是一个重要考点,教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当,尤其是对以下要点的复习:1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别;2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式;3。
非谓语动词完成式的用法;4。
非谓语动词用作伴随状语;5.非谓语动词用作目的状语;6。
非谓语动词用作结果状语;7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语;8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题;9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题;10。
“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构;11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。
对于独立主格结构的复习,教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系.【知识网络】非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作.Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。
非谓语动词t h e N o n-F i n i t e V e r b s 定义在句子中不是谓语的动词,形式:不定式、动名词和分词现在分词和过去分词作用:在句子中充当主语、宾语、状语等.特点:1.非谓语动词可以有名词作用如动词不定式和动名词,在句中做主语、宾语、表语.2.非谓语动词可以有形容词作用如动词不定式和分词,在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语.3.非谓语动词可以有副词作用如动词不定式和分词,在句中作状语.4.谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制.5.英语中不能单独做句子的谓语.与谓语动词的关系相同点(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如: They built a garden. They suggested building a garden.(2)都可以被状语修饰: The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well.(3)都有主动与被动, “体”式一般式;进行式;完成式的变化.例如:He was punished by his parents.谓语动词被动语态 He avoided being punished by his parents.动名词的被动式We have written the composition.谓语动词的完成时 Having written the composition, we handed it in.现在分词的完成式(4)都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.谓语动词的逻辑主语 The boss ordered them to start the work.动词不定式的逻辑主语We are League members.谓语动词的主语 We being League member, the work was well done. 现在分词的逻辑主语不定式一、形式功能:动词不定式:to+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.否定式:not + to do 以do为例,动词不定式的构成如下:(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.例如: I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你.He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多.We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观.He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家.The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术.The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作.(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力.He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书.3完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了.I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影.He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友.二、不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的.To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败.动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的.It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败.常用句式有:1作主语:1、It+be+名词+to do.2、It takes sb.+some time+to do.3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do.①与careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wis e,wrong , careful , polite , 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词连用,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语.②与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词:possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult,necessaryIt’s necessary for you to study hard .necessary 修饰 to study hard,表示学习努力是有必要的It’s foolish of him to do it .foolish 修饰逻辑主语him2作表语:放be动词后,构成表语Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅.He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了.注意:(3)作宾语:①动词+不定式.如:He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.it 作形式宾语下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer, like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect ,choose, get等②动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语.如:I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can’t decide when to go there.注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语.如:I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.We think it important to obey the laws .不定式动词可充当介词宾语,如:I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干.Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的.(4)作宾语补足语:①动词+宾语+不定式to doHe warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so不带to的不定式注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage,beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院.②表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构:We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.被动语态③ There +不定式We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里.注意:1有些动词需用 as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider.如:We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师.Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲.2在动词feel 一感,hear, listen to二听,have, let, make三让,notice, see, watch, observe, look at五看即:吾看三室两厅一感觉等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to.如:They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.3help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him toclean the room.(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后.与所修饰名词有如下关系:1)He is looking for a room to live in.动状关系He has got a chance to go abroad.同位关系3主谓关系:She is always the last person to speak at the meeting . ----I’mgoing to the post office , for I have a letter to post .逻辑主语是I -------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now 逻辑主语不是I4动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席.注意:如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词.如:I need a pen to write with . I will wirte with the pen 我需要一直钢笔写字I have a little baby to look after .I must look after the little baby 我有一个婴儿要照看He is looking for a room to live He is looking for a room to live in .What did you open it with 你用什么打开它如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:He has no place to live. 他无处安身.This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法.He has no money and no place to live in .I think the best way to travel by is on foot .There is no time to think about .注意:①不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动、也可用被动式:Have you got anything to send 你要送什么东西吗 Have you got anything to be sent 你有什么东西需要送吗②说明所修饰名词的内容: We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划.③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语: He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿.6作状语:①表目的:He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链.注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致: wrong:To save money, every means has been tried. right:To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数. wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典.作目的状语:既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾 To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 说实话,我不喜欢他讲话的方式.②表结果往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外:常放在never only后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了.I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了.③表原因:常放在形容词后面They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心.④表程度:It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见.The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的.三、不定式的省略:①情态动词除ought外, ought to do②would rather, had better③感官动词和使役动词④由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式,第二个 to 可以省去.如:He wants to move to France and marry the girl.⑤help⑥Why…/Why not…⑦But 和 except 前是动词 do 时,后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式.试比较:He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.⑧通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后,可以省去 to be .如:⑨保留to省略do动词. If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做.⑩不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to.下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to:want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able toHe wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生.五、注意:1.to 作介词:agree to, object to,close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to动名词一、定义:动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能.二、形式:一般式 doing 谓语动词同时发生 being done Seeing is believing. 眼见为实.完成式 having done having been done 谓语动词发生之前We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影.否定式:not + 动名词动名词的形式: I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告.被动式: He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会.完成被动式: He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过.复合结构:物主代词或名词所有格+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次.His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦.三、动名词的句法功能:(1)作主语:谓语用单数Reading aloud is very helpful.Collecting stamps is interesting.Playing with fire is dangerous.当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语.结构:It’s no good/use doing.... It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的.(2)作表语:动名词可以和主语调换位置.如:My hobby is collecting stamps.In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵.3作宾语:They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝.We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染.注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句.此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如: We found it no good making funof others. 我们发现取笑他人不好.只接V-ing做宾语的动词和动词短语:enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit,deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…from,keep …from, stop…from,protect…from, set about, be engag ed in, spend…in, succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like接动名词、不定式均可,且意义相同的动词:like, love, dilike,hate, begin, star, continue, prefer, cease, can’t bear/endure/stand接动名词、不定式均可,但意义不同的词:forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过Try to do 企图做,尽力做 try doing 试着做Go on to do 继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做注意:Need, require, want作“需要”讲,其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,be worth也有类似用法.如:The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.(4)作定语:动名词作定语,一般表示用途.如:a waiting room,a diving board,a reading room,a dining hall动名词与现在分词作定语的区别:1现在分词作定语表动作,它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,可改写成一个定语从句.如果为单词,放在被修饰n之前,为短语,放在被修饰n之后.如:a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga developing country =a country which is developing2动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质,可改写成一个for的短语,两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系.如:a washing machine = a mashine for washinga swimming pool = a pool for swimmingHe can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路.Is there a swimming pool in your school 你们学校有游泳池吗(5)作同位语: The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密.His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变.分词一、现在分词和过去分词的区别:1在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义;过去分词表示被动意义,不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生.像:gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词.如:a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球2在时间上,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生,过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性.如:falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶注意:分词作时间状语,如果先于主动词的动作,且强调先后,要用having done.如:Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.=After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.二、注意:1分词作状语,其逻辑主语要与主句主语保持一致2分词前常有when / while / as / before/ after/ if / unless /even if 等引导词3如果过去分词的动作发生在主句谓语之前,用having been done Having been hurt in a traffic accident, I was given an operation.4分词做状语,主语之前不可有and /but / so / or/ so that 等连词如有,则此句子为祈使句Working hard, you will succeed.Working hard and you will succeed.5)否定式,在分词之前+ not6)固定搭配: be dressed in be lost in thoughts lost in thoughts, he knocked into me.7)分词的逻辑主语与主句不同,分词要有自己的逻辑主语,称为“独立主语” The money used up, I had no food to eat现在分词二、定义:既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能.二、形式:肯定式:V-ing;否定式:not + 现在分词(1)主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语.例如:They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去.Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球.(2)被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作.The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要.Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误.三、现在分词的句法功能:(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后.In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了.The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲.现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.(2)现在分词作表语: The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒.The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心.be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构.3作宾语补足语:如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等.例如:Can you hear her singing the song in the next room 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着. (4)现在分词作状语:①作时间状语: While Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人.②作原因状语: Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人.③作方式状语,表示伴随: He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗.④作条件状语: If Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间.⑤作结果状语: He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎.⑥作目的状语: He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了.⑦作让步状语: Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了.⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了.Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习.有时也可用with without +名词代词宾格+分词形式 With the lights burning,he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了.⑨作独立成分: udging fromby his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看,他一定是个演员. Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心.过去分词一、形式:只有V-ed一种形式.①规则,V-ed, ②不规则二、句法功能1.过去分词作定语:①单个过去分词做定语时用于被修饰的名词前,做前置定语 frozen food、polluted river、a terrified boyVt.过去分词作定语,表被动及完成Vi 过去分词作定语,表示完成 a married man an escape man the risen sun a fallen leafOur class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行.Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会.②凡是用作定语修饰人或表示与个人相关的心理状态,用过去分词,而修饰物时,则用现在分词做定语a satisfied smile a satisfying answerTom tired at the tiring speech,started to sleep.③过去分词短语做定语时,用于被修饰的名词之后,相当于省略了which/who is/are:A book written by luxun a student called MaryThe meeting being held now is important.The meeting held yesterday was importantThe meeting to be held tomorrow is important.2.过去分词作表语: The window is broken. 窗户破了.They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕.注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态.区别: The window is broken.系表 The window was broken by the boy.被动有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成.如:boiled water开水 fallen leaves落叶newly arrived goods新到的货 the risen sun升起的太阳 the changed world 变了的世界这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等.3.过去分词作宾语补足语:①做宾语补足语的动词一般是Vt,表示被动或完成With+sth./sb. DoneWith the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了.With trees planted around the school, it looks nicer.②Have /get + sb/sth. Done 叫人做....Make oneself kmow/ understood/ hearted 让自己被....③see /hear/ watch / notice/ observe / listen to等构成的感官动词及 think/ find 等表示心理状态的动词 ~ sth/ sb. done1)I hear this song sung2)I found the dooe unlocked when I got home.④ want / wish / like / expect / order sth /sb. Done 希望、命令......被做I want the problem discussed at the meeting.4.过去分词作状语:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲.原因Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了.时间Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好.条件Though told of the danger, he s till risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子.让步Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞. 方式/伴随。
高考英语语法复习十三:非谓语动词(二)动词ing形式(二)-ing形式:动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。
-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征,可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。
1、-ing的形式:-ing有一般式和完成式。
及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态,而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。
现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例,将其-ing动词语态形式及物动词make 不及物动词go 主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式making being made going完成式having made having been made having gone2、-ing形式的基本用法。
(1)作主语:Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Talking is easier than doing. –ing 作主语时,如果其结构较长,可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的-ing后置。
如:It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.(2)作表语:Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.(3)作宾语:①作及物动词的宾语。
She likes drawing very much.;②作某些短语动词的宾语。
Mary is thinking of going back to New York.;③ do+限定词(my, some, any, the 等)+ -ing,表示“做…事”之意,如:We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? ④作介词的宾语:Her sister is good at learning physics.;⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语:This book is well worth reading. –ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时,要用it作为形式宾语,而将作宾语的-ing后置,如:We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?(4)作定语:The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注:-ing形式作定语用时,如果-ing只是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前,如果是-ing短语,就位于其修饰的名词之后,-ing作定语时,被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing 的逻辑主语。
第二十一讲非谓语动词(二)动名词1. 动名词,顾名思义,具有双重作用:它既有动词的作用(后面可加自己的宾语),又有名词的作用(可以做句子的主语、宾语等)。
2. 动名词做宾语1) 有些动词只能接动名词做宾语,而不能接不定式。
这是考试中常见的考点。
请大家务必多练多用多读多说,尽量培养语感,这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。
这些动词是:acknowledge, advice, admit, anticipate,appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, can't help, cease, commence, complete,confess, delay, deny, discourage, detest, dread, endure, enjoy,envy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, figure, finish, imagine, involve,justify, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, quit, recall,repent, require, resent, resume, risk, save等等。
例:1995年6月四级第42题Mark often attempts to escape _______ wheneverhe breaks traffic regulations.A) having been fined B) to have been finedC) to be fined D) being fined动词escape后接动名词,不能接不定式,所以先排除了B和C。
全句的意思是:“每当马克违反交通规则式,他常常企图逃避罚款”。
fine是及物动词,在这里要用被动语态;而且,句子讲的是经常性动作,应当用一般时态,因此,答案是D。
例:1998年6月四级第49题(同1997年12月四级第37题)People appreciate with him because he has a goodsense of humor.A) to work B) to have worked C) working D) having working全句的意思是:因为他很有幽默感,所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。
根据句意,动名词动作与句子谓语动作并无时间上的先后,必须用动名词一般时态。
答案是C。
2) 凡是动词+介词、名词+介词或形容词+介词形成的词组,都要求接动名词做宾语,因为所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。
例:1998年6月四级第46题He gives people the impression ____________ allhis life abroad.A) of having spend B) to have spentC) of being spent D) to spent全句的意思是“他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过”。
这是名词+介词+动名词(短语)的形式。
答案是A。
也就是说,“名词+ of+动名词”结构表示特指的、具体的、单一的、所属的机会或习惯,而名词接不定式形式只表示有某种机会或习惯,指客观现实。
3) 满足句型“it is +名词或形容词+动名词”和句型“动词+it +形容词或名词+动名词”的形容词和名词有:good, no good, nuisance,no use, senseless, use, useless, waste, worthwhile。
例:Do you think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money inthis project?(你认为向该项目大量投资值得吗?)4) 有些动词后既可加不定式,也可加动名词,但用法不同,意义也不同。
注意remember,forget, stop, regret, go on, afford, attempt, try, 等单词的用法。
例如:afford(a) can (not) afford / be (not) ableto afford + to do:经受得/不起,负担得/不起。
后面一般加表示时间、金钱方面的内容。
例:We can't afford to buy this house because wewon't make the ends meet.(我们买不起这房子,因为我们将入不敷出。
)(b) afford + doing:提供例:The bill is a measure necessary to afford protecting labor.(这条法案是提供劳工保护的必要措施。
)deserve, need, require, want这几个词的共同特点是:它们后面既可加不定式,也可加动名词,意义相同。
但是,表示被动时,动名词依然使用主动形式,不定式则变成被动形式。
其中,这几个词后面加动名词的格式是常考项目之一。
例:1997年6月四级第48题Your hair wants _________. You'd better have it done tomorrow.A) cut B) to cut C) cutting D) being cut本题的want等于need,是一种口语习惯用法,后面接动名词主动形式表被动。
此时,动名词和主语之间是动宾关系。
本句的意思是:“你的头发该理了,最好明天就去理。
”因此,本题答案是C)cutting。
选项A) 的cut是过去分词,可以用在want后面,但只能做宾语补足语。
选项B) to cut是动词不定式的主动形式,与want连用时表示谓语动词主体的一种愿望,放在本句中显然意思不通。
头发怎么会有什么愿望呢?D) being cut与语法规定不相符,因为使用动名词时要求用主动形式。
所以这三个选项都不是正确答案。
注意bear的用法与这几个词类似,但表示被动时,它后面加动名词时的形式与上述几个词不同。
例:She can't bear being looked down upon by others.(她无法容忍被人瞧不起。
)She can't bear to be looked down upon by others.(她无法容忍被人瞧不起。
)She can't bear looking down upon others.(她无法容忍瞧不起别人(的行为)。
)此时,例句一被动形式中的动名词要用being looked down,以免与例句三的主动表示相混淆。
dislike, dread, hate, like, love, prefer这些词加动名词时,表示喜欢或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的某事、某物;加不定式时,表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。
prefer的用法稍微复杂一点,它后面加不定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定结构或习惯用法决定的。
常见的结构是:wouldprefer + to do(更想做某事); prefer doing A todoing B(比起做B来说,更喜欢做A。
特别注意:这里的比较使用的不是than,而是to)。
forget, neglect, regret, remember这几个词的共同特点是:它们后面加不定式时,表示记得、忘记、遗憾、忽略要做或应该做的事,总之是还没有做的事;而加动名词时,表示记得、忘记、遗憾、忽略所做的事,也就是已经发生了、已经做了的事。
例:1996年1月四级第40题If I had remembered ________ the window, thethief would not have got in.A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed本句的意思是:"我要是记得把窗子关起来的话,小偷就进不来了。
"remember后接动名词表示记得过去曾做过某事,接不定式则表示记得要做某事。
本句说的是:"记得把窗子关起来"。
因此A)toclose是答案。
有些考生误选了C) to have closed。
注意remember后面不能用动词不定式的完成式。
至于选项B)closing,因为这里"关窗子"这件事"我"并没有做,所以是不对的。
例:1993年6月四级第61题Mr. Johnson preferred _____ heavier work to do.A) to be given B) to be givingC) to have given D) having givenprefer后面的动名词或动词不定式的动作主体就是句子的主语。
动词give一般要有双宾语,而句子里并无give的间接宾语(给谁),因此全句意思应是:“约翰逊先生宁可有(被给予)更重的活干”。
可见,答案是A)to be given。
stop stop to do表示停止前文说的那件事,去做另一件事。
stop doing表示停止做正在做的一件事。
例:The professor asked us to stop to discuss.(教授让我们停下来,开始讨论。
言外之意是,我们正在做的事不是讨论,而是,例如阅读一篇材料,然后教授让我们停止阅读,开始讨论。
)The professor asked us to stop discussing.(教授让我们停止讨论。
言外之意是我们正在做的事是讨论。
)从某种程度上说,stop 和continue的用法很相似。
3. 动词出现在介词后面是大多是情况下是以动名词而不是以不定式的形式出现,要特别注意:admitto(承认),approach to(方法),contribute to(起作用),confess to(承认),resortto(求助于),reconcile to(顺从于),revert to(重新开始),submit to(忍受),swear to(断言),taketo (开始从事),be used to(习惯于),look forward to(盼望),oppose to (反对),中的to都是介词而不是不定式符号。
例:1991年6月四级第48题The match was cancelled because most of the members______ a match without a standard court.A) objected to having B) were objected to have C) objectedto have D) were objected to having结合选项克制,全句意思是:"比赛取消了,因为大多数人反对在没有一个标准球场的情况下举行比赛"。