欧洲文化入门复习资料第七部分
2006-4-28 16:6自考365社区【大中小】【我要纠错】
第七章
1、Romanticism名词解释
Romanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement （狂飙运动）in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations （灵感）above those of society. As a reaction （反应）to the industrial revolution （工业革命），it looked to （承上启下）the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature （与大自然的直接接触）for inspiration （灵感）。Romanticism gave impetus （动力支持）to the national liberation movement （民族解放运动）
in 19th century Europe.
2、The literary and philosophical trend （倾向）in the Romantic philosophy
was represented by Transcendentalism.（先验论）
3、the theoretical （理论上的）groundwork （基础）for capitalism was Adam
Smith…s the wealth of Nations.
4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出，惠特曼的草叶集也提到
5、French revolution with its slogans （口号）of liberty （自由），equality
and universal brotherhood.
6、Blake —→Songs of Innocence （清白之歌）happy world
—→Songs of Experience （经验之歌）bitter world （苦涩）
7、The Laker poets （The Lakers）
①Wordsworth —→Lyrical Ballads （抒情民谣）与Coleridge 合写
—→The Prelude （序曲）
②Coleridge —→Kubla Khan （忽必烈汗）exotic culture （外来文化）
—→The Rime of the ancient Mariner （古舟船泳）
8、Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of the Romantic literature.
9、Coleridge…s works possessed the characteristic of exotic culture. （外来文
化）
10、Byron —→Isles of Greece （希腊诸岛）
—→Don Juan （唐璜）莫扎特改编成歌剧（选择）
⊙Byron 是浪漫主义时期中国最熟悉的
⊙两个战役hence （战役）the mention （提到的）of Marathon （马拉松）and
Thermopylae
⊙Byronic hero 对中国影响最深的是鲁迅
11、Byron created a typical hero which is call The Byronic hero.
12、Byron mentioned two important wars of Marathon and Thermopylae in
Isles of Greece.
13、Byronic hero名词解释
Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. The Byronic hero is characterized by bravery and hard working spirit，such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero.
14、Shelly —→Ode to the West Wind （西风颂）（If Winter comes，can Spring
be far behind？）
—→Prometheus Unbound The Lyrical drama 抒情戏剧
15、“If Winter comes，can Spring be far behind？” was written in Ode to the
West Wind by Shelly.
16、Shelly wrote a Lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound which is a parody
Prometheus bound written by Aeschylus
17、Keats —→Ode to a Nightingale （夜莺赋）
—→Ode on a Grecian Urn （希腊古瓮颂）Beauty is truth，truth beauty.
—→sonnets （伤籁十四行诗）只有真理才是永恒的美
18、“Beauty is truth，truth beauty，”was written in Ode on a Grecian Urn by
Keats.
19、（略）Scott —→The Heart of Mid-lothian （密德罗安市的监狱）
—→Ivanhoe （撒克逊劫后英雄传）
20、The death of Scott marked the end of Romanticism in England. 他的死
标志着浪漫主义结束
21、Victor Hugo —→Cromwell （介于浪漫主义与古典主义之间）
—→Notre Dame de Paris （巴黎圣母院）
—→Les Miserables （悲惨世界）主人公：Jean Valjean
22、Victor Hugo was a best representative writer of Romanticism in France.
23、George Sand —→Indiana （印第安纳州）misunderstook woman没受到
公正待遇的女性
24、Russian Romantic literature was against The Tzarist rule.（沙皇统治）
25、The representative writers of Russia Romanticism were Pushkin and
Lermontov.
26、Pushkin —→Ruslan and Liudmila （罗斯兰与雷尔达米拉）与leaves of grass
相似
—→Boris Godunov （布达耶夫）
It is people，not the Tzar that could change history.不是沙皇改变了历史而是
人
—→Eugene Onegin （奥涅金）based on Byron…s model Don Juan.
⊙Pushkin was himself a “Byronic hero”
27、Lermontov （雷蒙托夫）—→The death of a Poet 主人公（poet）是：Pushkin
—→A Hero of Our Time （时代英雄）
28、Romantic Music名词解释承前启后的年代音乐家是重点
The Romantic Movement in music dominated （统治）the period about 1830 to about 1900. It was merely part of a general movement，which，all over Europe，especially in Germany and France，affected （感染着）all arts. The Romantic Music is divided into two periods：The early Romantic Music represented by Beethoven，Schubert，Chopin，Schumann，and the later Romantic Music represented by Brahms and Tchaikovsky.
29、Beethoven —→Fate （命运交响曲）
German —→Pastoral （田园交响曲）
30、Beethoven…s most important contributions to the musical world were in those musical forms associated with （伴随着）the growth of the sonata.（把奏
鸣曲放入钢琴去中）
31、His treatment of the piano.
32、Schubert —→Lied （art song）艺术歌曲是由Schubert创的Austrian （奥
地利）
Music came to him as naturally as breathing. （像呼吸一样顺畅）是形容
Schubert的
33、Chopin （肖邦）Polish （波兰）
⊙piano music的奠基者
⊙He stood in the same relation to piano music that handle did to the oratorio （清唱剧），Mozart to the concerto （协奏曲）and opera，Beethoven to the symphony （交响乐），and Schubert to the lied （艺术歌曲）。
34、Schumann German
⊙His works were full of imagination. （充满幻想力）
⊙He went a good deal further than most towards individualization （个性化）
and program music （标题音乐）。
35、Mendelssohn （门德尔松）—→Fingal…s Cave （圣格尔的洞穴）German
⊙He was also a master in painting landscapes in music. （像描述风景一样）
36、Belioz —→Fantastic Symphony （交响乐狂想曲）
37、Brahms浪漫主义与古典主义的完美结合—→German cerebral composer （理
智的作曲家）
38、Three B…s refers to Bach，Brahms，Beethoven.
39、Tchaikovsky （Russian）—→Ballet （芭蕾舞）—→Swan Lake （天鹅
湖）
His music mirrored the deep，emotional character of his people. （National
emotion）民族情节
论述简答
一、What is the historical background for Romanticism to develop？
（What gave a push for Romanticism？）
启蒙运动的三个背景的后两个为浪漫主义的背景
答：
1、The Enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused
Romanticism to rise.
2、First，the French revolution which broke out in 1789，established bourgeois democracy with its slogans （口号）of liberty （自由），equality and universal brotherhood （博爱）。Individualism prevailed （个人主义流行）。
3、Second，the Industrial Revolution，made possible by technological advances such as James Watt…s （瓦特）invention of the steam engine in 1764，
brought unforeseen （无法预料的）changes to each individual and society as a whole. Man?s thinking was fundamentally affected （发生了根本性的变化）。New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations laid the theoretical （理论上的）groundwork （基础）for capitalism.
Part I Directions: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. ****** 1 ****** 1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans 2. _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world." A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid 3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _________ A. 395 B. 27 C. 1453 D. 476 4. The City of God was written by ________, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought. A. Jesus B. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Martin Luther 5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist----- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. A. Michelangelo B. Raphael C. Shakespeare D. Leonardo Da Vinci 6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. A. Don Quixote B. Hamlet C. Leviathan D. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 7. The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. A. The Praise of the Folly B. As You Like It C. Divine Comedy D. Utopia 8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West. A. Machiavelli B. Dante C. Bacon D. Locke
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游
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1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the
《 欧 洲 文 化 入 门》 复 习 题 I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer. 每题1分） B. Iliad C. Odyssey D. An tigo ne 3. Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus? A. An tig one B. Agame mnon C. Persia ns D. Prometheus Bound 4. Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles? A. Electra B. An tig one C. Troja n Woma n D. Oedipus the Ki ng 5. Who was the founder of scientific mathematics? D. Pythagoras A. Heracleitus B. Aristotle C. Socrates 6. Whois chiefly things ”？ no ted for his doctri ne that “ man is the measure of all A. Protagoras B. Pythagoras C. Pyrrh on D. Epicurus 11. .Who wrote, “1 came, I saw, I conq uered ” ? A. Horace Cicero B. Julius Caesar C. Virgil D. Marcus Tullius 12.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is A. Virgil B. Julius Caesar C. Horace D. Lucretius 13. Which of the following is not Roman architecture? A. The Colosseum B. The Pan the non C. The Parthe non D. Pont du Gard 14. Who wrote, “ Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive ”？ A. Sappho B. Plato C. Virgil D. Horace 15. Which of the followi ng is by far the most in flue ntial in the West? _______ A. Buddism B. Islamism C. Christia nity D. Judaism 16. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called _________ . A. Exodus B. Comma ndme nts C. Amos D. Pen taeuch 19. After the ______ cen tury Nestoria nism reached Chi na. A. sixth B. fifth C. seco nd D. third 20. Which of the followi ng emperors made Christia nity the official religio n of the empire and outlawed all other religi ons? ________ A. Theodosius B. Augustus C. Con sta nti ne I D. Nero Caesar 1. 2. In ___________ the Roma n conq uered Greece. A. 1200 B. C. B. 700 Which of the following B. C. C. 146 B. C. works described the war led D. The 5 th century by Agame mno agai nst （考30题， the city of Troy? A. Oedipus the King
2014年10月北京自考欧洲文化入门模拟试题和答案100017 一、Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question，four suggested answers marked A，B，C and D are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points，2 points each) 第1题 In the second half of the 4th century B.C.， all Greece was brought under the rule of___________ ，King of Macedon. A. Homer B. Sophocles C. Alexander D. Alfred 【正确答案】 C 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第2题 In ancient Greece，plays were performed in_____________. A. theatres B. open-air sports ground C. private houses D. open-air theatres 【正确答案】 D 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第3题 The first emperor of the Roman Empire was________________. A. Constantine B. Julius Caesar C. Octavius D. Augustus 【正确答案】 D 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第4题 The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean______________. A. wanderers B. travelers
欧洲文化入门复习资料第七部分 2006-4-28 16:6自考365社区【大中小】【我要纠错】 第七章 1、Romanticism名词解释 Romanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement （狂飙运动）in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations （灵感）above those of society. As a reaction （反应）to the industrial revolution （工业革命），it looked to （承上启下）the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature （与大自然的直接接触）for inspiration （灵感）。Romanticism gave impetus （动力支持）to the national liberation movement （民族解放运动） in 19th century Europe. 2、The literary and philosophical trend （倾向）in the Romantic philosophy was represented by Transcendentalism.（先验论） 3、the theoretical （理论上的）groundwork （基础）for capitalism was Adam Smith…s the wealth of Nations. 4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出，惠特曼的草叶集也提到 5、French revolution with its slogans （口号）of liberty （自由），equality and universal brotherhood. 6、Blake —→Songs of Innocence （清白之歌）happy world —→Songs of Experience （经验之歌）bitter world （苦涩） 7、The Laker poets （The Lakers） ①Wordsworth —→Lyrical Ballads （抒情民谣）与Coleridge 合写 —→The Prelude （序曲） ②Coleridge —→Kubla Khan （忽必烈汗）exotic culture （外来文化） —→The Rime of the ancient Mariner （古舟船泳） 8、Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of the Romantic literature. 9、Coleridge…s works possessed the characteristic of exotic culture. （外来文 化） 10、Byron —→Isles of Greece （希腊诸岛）