欧洲文化入门复习资料第九部分
2006-4-28 16:11自考365社区【大中小】【我要纠错】
第九章
1、Realism名词解释
In art and literature the term realism is used to identify （区分）a literary movement in Europe and the United States （选）in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice （应用）of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally （根本的）the difference between romanticism and realism. In Europe，the Realist movement arose （起源于）in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel （侧重于小说的创作）and lay emphasis on fidelity （准确的）to actual experience. （用现实主义创作现实）
2、Realism is a literary movement In Europe. （错）and also in United States
3、The spirit of realism lies in （在于）the literary area.
4、The realist literary focus on （侧重于）novel writing.
5、The character realistic Stendhal （司汤达）of the method used by the
realists.
6、“A novel is a mirror walking along the road”said Stendhal.（司汤达）小说
是映射现实的镜子
7、By the 1850s the term realism was applied to the art of Gustave Courbet.
（哥斯塔王）
8、现实主义与浪漫主义的区别realism can be track back to the ancient times，but romanticism can not. And the realist…s language was usually simple，clear
and direct.
9、The European Communist （共产主义）movement，armed （武装）with
Marxist thought in realism.
10、Germany and Italy，achieved their unification （完成统一）in realism.
11、Stendhal —→Armance
French —→The Red and the Black
—→The Charterhouse of Parma （帕尔玛大教堂）
12、Balzac —→The Human Comedy （人间喜剧）
—→Divine comedy （神曲）受但丁神曲影响
—→Eugenie Grandet （葛朗台）
—→Le Père Goriot （高老头）
—→La Cousine Bette （贝蒂姨妈）
13、The novels contented in the Human Comedy mark the beginnings of
French realism. （标志着法国现实主义的开端）
14、Balzac has been called “the French Dickens” as Dickens has been called
“the English Balzac”
15、Flaubert —→Madame Bovary （包法利夫人）
⊙写作特点：the right word or phrase （用词恰如其分）⊙Flaubert is called “the first French realist”（法国现实主义第一人）
⊙a model not only to French authors，among them Maupassant and Zola，but to Americans and Russians as well，notably （值得一提的是）Henry James
and Turgenev.
16、Zola —→Les Rougen-Macquarts （罗根。马塔里）
⊙Zola was the founder of the naturalist school. （自然主义流派的创始人）
17、自然主义的特点：
⊙the naturalistic novel is not only a record （记录）of men and manners （行
为）。
⊙to the naturalists the novel is a demonstration of social law. （社会法则的
显示与说明）
⊙the language used by naturalists must be the actual language used by
people.
18、Maupassant —→The Necklace （项链）
—→The Piece of String （红丝带）
—→The Umbrella （雨伞）
⊙Norman people （纯正法国后裔）Franco-Prussian War （普法战争）
19、In the French realism，Maupassant was the only short story teller.
20、The literary school in Russia realism was dangerous men.
21、The beginnings of modern Russian literature are to be traced to the Napoleonic wars. （拿破仑战争）Later the Russians participated in the battle of
Waterloo. （滑铁卢战役）
22、Gogol （果戈尔）—→The Inspector General （钦差大臣）
Russia —→Dead Souls （死魂灵）主人公是：Chichikov
23、Turgenev —→A Hunter…s Sketches （猎人日记）
on the abolition （废除）of serfdom
—→Rudin
—→A Nest of Gentlefolk （富人的巢穴）
—→Fathers and Sons
24、Dostoyevsky （托斯妥耶夫斯基）—→The House of Death （死亡之屋）
a record of life in Sibria （西伯利亚）
—→Crime and Punishment （罪与罚）
criminal psychology （第一次研究犯罪心理学）
—→The Brothers Karamazov （～家族的三兄弟）
never completed
25、The first novel on the study of criminal psychology in the European
literature is Crime and Punishment written by Dostoyevsky.
26、Leo Tolstoy （列夫。托尔斯泰）—→War and Peace （战争与和平）
—→Anna Karenina （安娜卡列尼那）
—→Resurrection （复活）
27、With Dostoyevsky，Tolstoy made the Russian realistic novel a literary genre （类型）that ranks in importance with （与…并驾齐驱）classical Greek tragedy （悲剧）and Elizabethan drama. （莎士比亚的戏剧为主）
28、He is especially known as an early champion of the non-violence protest.
（非暴力运动先驱）
29、He preached （倡导）a primitive Christianity. （基督教最初的教义）
30、He denounced art for art…s sake. （反对为艺术而艺术）
31、Chekhov （契诃夫）—→The Seagull （海鸥）
—→Uncle Vanya （万亚叔叔）
—→The Three Sisters （三姐妹）
—→The Cherry Orchard （樱桃园）
—→The Man in the Shell （套中人）
32、His work is of smaller scope. （文学领域很狭窄）
33、Chekhov is the only short story teller of the Russia realist literature.
34、He avoided （没有使用）the “big scene” （大场面）and ignored the “heroic
hero”。
35、Stanislavsky （可能是主人公）
36、Ibsen （挪威－易普生）—→A Doll…s House （玩偶之家）
Norwegian —→Ghosts （魂灵）
—→An Enemy of the People （人民公敌）
—→The Wild Duck （野鸭传）
—→Hedda Gabler （海达。盖勒普）
37、Ibsen looked to ordinary （平常的）social and domestic relationships （国
内关系）and situations for the subject-matter of his plays.
38、His work is sharply （锐利的）critical of the hypocrisy （伪善）and seamy
（丑恶的）politics of Norwegian provincial （地方性的）life.
39、Ibsen…s plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama.
（当代戏剧的源头）
40、Realism in England is Victoria…s period. The climax of Capitalism. （资本
主义全盛时期）
41、Dickens （狄更斯）—→Pickwick Papers （皮克。威克外传）
—→A tale of Two Cities （双城记）
—→Oliver Twist （雾都孤儿）
—→A Christmas Carol （圣诞欢歌）
—→Hard Times （艰难时刻）描写了资本主义扩张时期
—→Bleak House （荒凉山庄）
—→David Copperfield （大卫。科波菲尔）
42、Dickens reflects the history of the French Revolution.
43、George Eliot （乔治。艾略特）—→Middlemarch （米德马其）
—→The Mill on the Floss （福罗斯和尚的睡房）
based on his own experience
—→Adam Bede （亚当拜德）
—→Silas Marner （织工马南）
44、George Eliot belongs to the second generation of the critical realism. （加
了心里活动和自然主义的笔调）
45、Thomas Hardy （托马斯。哈代）—→Far from the Madding Crowd （远
离尘嚣）
—→The Return of the Native （还乡）
以Wessex为源泉—→The Mayor of Casterbridge （卡斯特拉桥市长）
—→Tess of the d…Urberyvilles （苔丝）
—→Jude the Obscure （无名的求得）
46、Thomas Hardy is of local colorism. （地方色彩主义）
47、Bernard Shaw （萧伯纳）—→Heartbreak House （心碎之屋）一战前的社
会
—→St. Joan （圣女贞德）
—→Man and superman （人与超人）哲学
—→The Doctor…s Dilemma （医生的抉择）悲剧
—→The Apple Cart （苹果车）examination of monarchy
—→Major Barbara （巴巴拉上校）喜剧
—→Pygmalion （茶花女）喜剧
48、Stowe （斯陀）—→Uncle Tom…s Cabin （汤姆叔叔的小屋）废除奴隶制
49、Walt Whitman （惠特曼）—→Leaves of Grass （草叶集）
—→When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom…d （当花园里的紫丁香开放的时候）
悼念林肯
50、Whitman is the best representative of free verse. （自由体诗歌）
51、Whitman is the first American modern poet.
52、Whitman is put forward the idea of universal brotherhood.
53、Whitman used the common people…s language or the humble speech. （卑
下的发音）
54、Whitman used long，sweeping lines. （拖沓冗长的诗）
55、Mark Twain —→Life on the Mississippi （密西西比河上的生活）
—→Jumping Frog （跳蛙）成名之作
—→The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn （哈克贝恩历险记）
美国第一部现代小说
—→The Gilded Age （镀金时代）
—→The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （汤姆索亚历险记）
—→The Prince and the Pauper （王子与贫儿）
56、Mark Twain is of local colorism，based on the Mississippi.
57、Mark Twain is called “the Lincoln of American literature”and “Father of
the American Novel”
58、开创了美国当代小说，美国的民族文学是从马克吐温开始的。海明威说的
59、Henry James —→The Portrait of a Lady （贵妇人的画像）
—→Daisy Miller （米勒）
—→The Golden Bowl （金杯）
60、“the Master beyond all masters” refers to Henry James.
61、Impressionism （艺术的表现形式）名词解释
Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century. It was most pervasive （普及）in painting，but it was also found in literature and art. （在文学与艺术中也可发现他的踪影）The term “impressionism”first appeared in 1874 in a newspaper review of an exhibition held in the studio （工作室）by a group of young painters. It was taken directly from the title of Monet…s （莫纳）
Impression：Sunrise. （日出印象）
62、Post-Impressionism （后印象主义）名词解释
During the 2nd half of the 19th century，French impressionism created a dramatic break with the art of the past，and created a form of art that was to affect （影响）nearly every ambitious （有雄心的）artist in the Western world. Van Gogh reacted against impressionism by using colour to suggest his own
emotion and temperament （气质）。
63、Van Gogh —→Starry Night （夜空）后印象主义的代表是凡高
—→Sunflower （向日葵）
—→The Night Café（夜间咖啡屋）
64、Dvorak （德望侠克）—→From the New World （新世界的交响）
—→Goin… Home （回家）
65、Dvorak is Czech.
66、三种音乐形式：Program music （标题音乐）
Symphonies （交响乐）
Chamber works （室内乐）
67、Debussy （德彪西）—→French composer
68、Debussy was among the first to break away from the melodic （旋律）and harmonic （和谐）conventions （常规的）of the 18th and 19th centuries. （打
破传统旋律性和和谐性的音乐家）
69、The American history is sharply Divide by the Great divide.
70、The Civil War has divided the American history，last （持续）from 1681
to 1685.
71、Contrasted with （对比）the British industrialization （工业化），the
Industrialization in American began after the Civil War.
72、In the realist period of American，the Cultural centre transformed from
New England to New York.
论述简答
一、What is the historical background of Realism？
答：
1、The realism movement was greatly influenced by the development of
science in the 19th century. The age of realism was age of technological
inventions.
2、The 19th century is the century of greatest change in the history of Western civilization. Germany and Italy，achieved their unification （完成统一）。
3、The Profound （极深的）social dislocation （断层）and urban （都市的）poverty （贫穷）brought about by the social and economic changes created severe problems to which the political and intellectual leaders of the 19th century reacted in a number of ways. One group was the liberals （自由党）。Another group was the nationalists （民主党），A third group was the socialists
（社会党）。
Part I Directions: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. ****** 1 ****** 1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans 2. _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world." A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid 3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _________ A. 395 B. 27 C. 1453 D. 476 4. The City of God was written by ________, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought. A. Jesus B. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Martin Luther 5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist----- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. A. Michelangelo B. Raphael C. Shakespeare D. Leonardo Da Vinci 6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. A. Don Quixote B. Hamlet C. Leviathan D. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 7. The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. A. The Praise of the Folly B. As You Like It C. Divine Comedy D. Utopia 8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West. A. Machiavelli B. Dante C. Bacon D. Locke
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游
课程《欧洲文化入门》考试时间 120 分钟日期年月日姓名学号学院班级 Ⅰ.Read the following unfinished statements or questionas carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have choosen in the corresponding spcae on the answer sheet. (40 points, 2 point for each) 1. ———— was the founder of scientific mathematics. A. Pythagoras B. Democritus C. Aristotle D. Diogenes 2. Which of the following figures was regarded as “the master of those who know”by Dante A. Plato B. Socrates C. Aristotle D. Cicero 3.
________ was called “the greatest historian that ever lived”by Macaulay. A. Thucydides B. Herodotus C. Socrates D. Aristotle 4. The first king to unite the Hebrews was a warrior-famer name________ . A. Moses B. Joshua C. Saul D. David 5. Who issued the Edict of Milan in 313,whick granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal A. Domitian B. Valerian C. Constantine D. Theodosius 6. The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean ________ . A. wanderers B. travelers C. traders D. merchants 7. In the latter part of the fourth century the ________ swept into Europe from central Asia. A. Turkish B. Huns
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1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the
2014年10月北京自考欧洲文化入门模拟试题和答案100017 一、Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question，four suggested answers marked A，B，C and D are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points，2 points each) 第1题 In the second half of the 4th century B.C.， all Greece was brought under the rule of___________ ，King of Macedon. A. Homer B. Sophocles C. Alexander D. Alfred 【正确答案】 C 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第2题 In ancient Greece，plays were performed in_____________. A. theatres B. open-air sports ground C. private houses D. open-air theatres 【正确答案】 D 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第3题 The first emperor of the Roman Empire was________________. A. Constantine B. Julius Caesar C. Octavius D. Augustus 【正确答案】 D 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第4题 The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean______________. A. wanderers B. travelers
欧洲文化入门复习资料第七部分 2006-4-28 16:6自考365社区【大中小】【我要纠错】 第七章 1、Romanticism名词解释 Romanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement （狂飙运动）in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations （灵感）above those of society. As a reaction （反应）to the industrial revolution （工业革命），it looked to （承上启下）the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature （与大自然的直接接触）for inspiration （灵感）。Romanticism gave impetus （动力支持）to the national liberation movement （民族解放运动） in 19th century Europe. 2、The literary and philosophical trend （倾向）in the Romantic philosophy was represented by Transcendentalism.（先验论） 3、the theoretical （理论上的）groundwork （基础）for capitalism was Adam Smith…s the wealth of Nations. 4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出，惠特曼的草叶集也提到 5、French revolution with its slogans （口号）of liberty （自由），equality and universal brotherhood. 6、Blake —→Songs of Innocence （清白之歌）happy world —→Songs of Experience （经验之歌）bitter world （苦涩） 7、The Laker poets （The Lakers） ①Wordsworth —→Lyrical Ballads （抒情民谣）与Coleridge 合写 —→The Prelude （序曲） ②Coleridge —→Kubla Khan （忽必烈汗）exotic culture （外来文化） —→The Rime of the ancient Mariner （古舟船泳） 8、Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of the Romantic literature. 9、Coleridge…s works possessed the characteristic of exotic culture. （外来文 化） 10、Byron —→Isles of Greece （希腊诸岛）
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结 1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas