Relationship between perimitral and peritricuspid conduction times
Sébastien Knecht, MD, Matthew Wright, MBBS, PhD, Frederic Sacher, MD, Kang-Teng Lim, MD, Seiichiro Matsuo, MD, Mark D. O’Neill, MBBCh, DPhil, Mélèze Hocini, MD, Pierre Ja?s, MD, Jacques Clémenty, MD, Michel Ha?ssaguerre, MD
From the H?pital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France.
BACKGROUND Conduction block across the left mitral isthmus (LMI) seems more challenging to achieve and validate compared with the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI).
OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the relationship be-tween peritricuspid and perimitral circuit times in the same pa-tient and to compare the dif?culty in achieving the CTI and LMI linear lesions.
METHODS We retrospectively studied 122 consecutive patients (46 paroxysmal and 76 persistent) admitted for atrial ?brillation ablation or subsequent atrial macroreentry who underwent both CTI and LMI ablation. The peritricuspid and perimitral conduction times were measured after validation of bidirectional block across their respective line by pacing from the septal side of the CTI or LMI and recording of the second late potential on the line of block. Atrial dimensions were measured by standard transthoracic echocardiographic techniques.
RESULTS The mean peritricuspid and perimitral times were 180 ?35 ms (range 120 to 300) and 189 ?42 ms (range 120 to 322), respectively, with a mean difference of 7 ?32 ms (?70 to 95).The correlation between both circuit times was highly signi?cant (r ?0.621, P ?.001). In 84 patients (68%), the perimitral time was within 30 ms of the peritricuspid time. In the remaining patients, only 12 (10% of the total patients) had a shorter per-imitral time compared with peritricuspid time. Radiofrequency energy delivered was signi?cantly longer for LMI (15 ?7 min [range 7 to 33]) compared with CTI (7 ?4 min [range 3 to 17]) (P ?.005).
CONCLUSION The peritricuspid and perimitral circuit times are strongly correlated. In 90% of patients, the perimitral conduction time is within 30 ms or longer than the peritricuspid time. In addition, both circuit times are always ?than 120 ms. Compared with the left mitral isthmus line, the CTI line is signi?cantly easier to perform.
KEYWORDS Catheter ablation; Atrial ?brillation; Linear lesions; Cavotricuspid isthmus; Left mitral isthmus
(Heart Rhythm 2008;5:400–405) ? 2008 Heart Rhythm Society. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Several different catheter ablation strategies have been de-scribed to treat atrial ?brillation (AF). In addition to pulmonary vein (PV) isolation1– 8 and ablation based on electrogram anal-ysis,9 –15 linear lesions are frequently needed during AF16 –19 or for subsequent atrial tachycardias (AT).3,20 –22 In the left atrium (LA), the 2 most common linear lesions are the roof line and the left mitral isthmus (LMI) line. The LA roof line joins both superior PVs,23 and the LMI line is from the mitral annulus to the left inferior PV.24 In the right atrium, the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) line is the most often performed and joins the tricuspid annulus to the inferior vena cava.25
Conduction block at the CTI line seems easier to achieve and to validate than at the LMI line,24 –28 although there are no studies comparing the dif?culty of both procedural techniques. When pacing at one side of the completed line, the circuit times for either tricuspid or mitral annuli are related to both conduc-tion velocity and perimeter of the respective annulus. These circuit times are highly variable between patients, precluding the use of speci?c conduction time as an end point for linear block. However, a close relationship between the perimitral and the formerly determined peritricuspid circuit times within the same patient could be used as a marker for success.
This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between peritricuspid and perimitral circuit times within individual patients, and to compare procedural dif?culty in achieving bidirectional block on both CTI and LMI lines during the same electrophysiological procedure. Methods
Study population
Since May2004,122consecutive patients admitted for drug-refractory symptomatic AF or AT in the context of
Dr.Knecht is supported by the Belgian Foundation for Cardiac
Surgery.Dr.O’Neill is supported by the British Heart Foundation.Drs.
Ja?s,Hocini and Ha?ssaguerre have served on the advisory board of,and
received lecture fees from,Biosense-Webster.Address reprint re-
quests and correspondence:Dr.Sébastien Knecht,Service de Ryth-
mologie,H?pital Cardiologique du Haut-L’évêque,Avenue de Magel-
lan, 33604 Bordeaux-Pessac, France. E-mail address: sebastien.knecht@
chu-brugmann.be. (Received October 18, 2007; accepted November 30,
2007.)
1547-5271/$-see front matter?2008Heart Rhythm Society.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.11.025
prior AF ablation have undergone both CTI and LMI abla-tion,with conduction block achieved and validated by stan-dard criteria during the same procedure. Electrophysiological study
All patients provided written informed consent.Antiar-rhythmic drugs,with the exception of amiodarone,were ceased at least5half-lives before the study.Oral anticoag-ulation(target International Normalized Ratio2to3)was maintained for at least1month before the procedure,and all patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography within48hours before the procedure to exclude the pres-ence of thrombus.Electrophysiological study was per-formed in the fasting state using mild sedation.The follow-ing catheters were introduced via the right femoral vein:(1) a steerable quadripolar or decapolar catheter(5-mm elec-trode spacing,Xtrem,ELA Medical,Le-Plessis-Robinson, France)was positioned within the coronary sinus(CS);(2) a10-polar circumferential mapping catheter(Lasso,Bio-sense Webster,Diamond Bar,California)was introduced in the LA and stabilized by using a long sheath(SLO,St.Jude Medical,St.Paul,Minnesota)that was continuously per-fused with heparinized glucose;and(3)a3.5-mm externally irrigated-tip ablation catheter(Thermocool,Biosense Web-ster)was used for ablation.Access to the LA was achieved by transseptal puncture,after which a single bolus of50 IU/kg heparin was administered.Surface electrocardio-grams and bipolar endocardial electrograms were continu-ously monitored and stored on a computer-based digital ampli?er/recorder system with optical disk storage for off-line analysis(Labsystem Pro,Bard Electrophysiology,Lowell, MA).Intracardiac electrograms were?ltered from30to500 Hz and measured with computer-assisted calipers at a sweep speed of100mm/s.
Ablation protocol
Pulmonary vein isolation was performed using radiofre-quency applications to eliminate electrograms around the ostia and was guided by a circumferential mapping catheter as previously described.4LA ablation was performed at all sites showing any of the following electrogram features potentially representing arrhythmogenic tissue:continuous electrical activity,complex fractionated potentials,sites with a gradient of activation(signi?cant electrogram offset between the distal and proximal recording bipoles on the map electrode)possibly indicating a local rotating wave,or regions with a cycle length shorter than the mean LA ap-pendage(LAA)AF cycle length or showing centrifugal propagation to the surrounding tissue.Ablation at all of these atrial sites was performed for20to60seconds to achieve local prolongation of cycle length.If AF continued after PV isolation and electrogram-based ablation,linear ablation at the most cranial portion of the LA roof was then performed with the end point of elimination of local elec-trograms.Ablation of the LMI
Linear ablation at the LMI was performed in patients in whom AF persisted after the above steps,or in case of subsequent perimitral AT.During AF,ablation was carried out on an anatomical basis with the end point being elimi-nation of local electrograms using a power between30and 35W.24Radiofrequency applications started at the lateral mitral isthmus(A:V electrogram amplitude ratio of approx-imately1:1)and was extended posteriorly to the ostium of the left inferior PV.During perimitral AT or distal CS pacing,it was often necessary to enlarge the line to the base of the LAA and inside the CS(with power limited to25W) to map and ablate residual gaps.After restoration of sinus rhythm,assessment of bidirectional conduction block was made as previously described.24Brie?y,pacing and record-ing were performed as close as possible to each side of the line of block.Electrical block was validated when pacing on the septal side of the line via the CS catheter resulted in late activation on the opposite side,and as the CS pacing site was moved more proximally(toward the septum),the con-duction time to the opposite side shortened.Pacing lateral to the line resulted in a proximal-to-distal activation sequence along the CS.Widely separated local double potentials equidistant along the length of the ablation line were often observed.
Ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus
A linear lesion at the CTI was performed in cases of per-sistent AF after LA ablation and in patients with evidence of peritricuspid AT(before or during the procedure).The CTI linear lesion was made by continuously dragging the abla-tion catheter from the ventricular side of the CTI(A:V electrogram amplitude ratio of approximately1:2)toward the inferior vena cava29using a power range between30and 35W.Radiofrequency delivery was executed at the medial part of the CTI(6o’clock in a Left anterior oblique(LAO) position);however,more lateral or septal positions were occasionally used when linear block could not be achieved. During AF,ablation was performed anatomically with the end point of elimination of local electrograms.During peri-tricuspid AT or CS pacing,residual gaps were mapped and targeted.30After restoration of sinus rhythm,bidirectional isthmus block was validated using standard criteria.27 Measurement of the circuit conduction times
The peritricuspid conduction time was measured after val-idation of the bidirectional block across the CTI.It was made by pacing from the septal side of the CTI approxi-mately1bipole away from the line of block(distance of5 mm)and recording the second late potential on the line of block.Similarly,the perimitral conduction time was evalu-ated after validation of the conduction block across the LMI. It was performed by pacing approximately1bipole septal to the line of block and recording the second late potential on the line of block(Figure1).
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Knecht et al Relationship Between Conduction Times
Echocardiography
Two-dimensional echocardiographic images of the LA and left ventricle were obtained in standard parasternal long-axis and apical 2-chamber and 4-chamber views with sec-ond harmonic https://www.doczj.com/doc/063758265.html, and right atrium dimensions (parasternal,transverse,and longitudinal diameters)were measured at end systole in the 3views according to Amer-ican Society of Echocardiography (ASE)guidelines.Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)was assessed by the Simpson method.
Statistical analysis
For descriptive statistics,we used the measure of the range,the mean ?the standard deviation (SD)for Gaussian val-ues,and the median ?SD for non-Gaussian values.For the analysis of the statistical correlation,we used the test of linear regression to compare continuous variables,and Stu-dent t test,Chi-square,and Fisher exact test for nonpara-metric variables.The results were signi?cant if the P value was ?.05.
Results
Patient characteristics
Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1.There were 122consecutive patients (100male)with a mean age
of 57?11years (range 26to 78)admitted for drug-refractory symptomatic AF or AT in the context of prior AF ablation.All of them underwent an ablation procedure re-quiring both CTI and LMI ablation with conduction block validated by standard criteria.Forty-six patients (38%)
had
Figure 1Measurement of both circuit conduction times.A:Anteroposterior view with a schematic representation of the tricuspid annulus (TA)and the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)line (white line).Quadripolar catheter inserted into the coronary sinus and ablation catheter placed on the CTI line.The peritricuspid conduction time (arrow)was measured by pacing from the septal side of the CTI (pacing sign)and recording the second late potential on the line of block (star).B:Anteroposterior view with a schematic representation of the mitral annulus (MA),right and left pulmonary veins (PV),left atrial appendage (LAA),and left mitral isthmus line (white line).Decapolar catheter inserted into the coronary sinus,circumferential catheter placed inside the right atrial appendage,and ablation catheter placed on the LMI line.The perimitral conduction time (arrow)was evaluated by pacing septal to the line of block (pacing sign)and recording the second late potential on the line of block (star).
Table 1
Patient characteristics
Studied population (n ?122)
Results
Age,yrs 57?11(range 26to 78)
Men 100(82%)Paroxysmal AF 46(38%)Persistent AF 76(62%)First procedure 36(30%)Second procedure 46(38%)Third or more procedure 40(33%)LVEF 61%?10%(range 26to 79)
LV diastolic diameter 54?6mm (range 37to 71)Longitudinal LA 59?7mm (range 43to 80)Transverse LA 42?7mm (range 26to 66)Longitudinal RA 55?6mm (range 39to 71)Transverse RA 38?8mm (range 21to 65)Peritricuspid conduction time 180?35ms (range 120to 300)Perimitral conduction time 189?42ms
(range
120to 322)
AF ?atrial ?brillation;EF ?ejection fraction;LA ?left atrium;LV ?left ventricle;RA ?right atrium.
402Heart Rhythm,Vol 5,No 3,March 2008
a history of paroxysmal AF,and 76(62%)had a history of persistent AF.Conduction block at both lines was simulta-neously validated during a ?rst ablation procedure for 36patients (30%),a second for 46(38%)and a third or more for 40(32%).
LVEF was 61%?10%(range 27%to 79%)for a left ventricular diastolic diameter of 54?6mm (range 37to 71).LA diameter was 45?9mm (range 13to 67)in the parasternal short-axis view.In the apical 4-chamber view,longitudinal dimensions of both right and left atria were 55?6mm (range 39to 71)and 59?7mm (range 43to 80)respectively (P ?NS),whereas transverse dimensions were 38?8mm (range 21to 65)and 42?7mm (range 26to 66)respectively (P ?NS).RA and LA surfaces were 18?5(range 11to 28)and 22?5(range 12to 33)respectively (P ?NS)
Perimitral and peritricuspid conduction time
The mean peritricuspid and perimitral conduction times were 180?35ms (range 120to 300)and 189?42ms (range 120to 322),respectively,with a mean difference of 7?32ms (range ?70to 95).The correlation between both circuit times was highly signi?cant (r ?0.622,P ?.001)(Figure 2).In 84patients (68%),the perimitral time was within 30ms of the peritricuspid time.In the remaining patients,only 12(32%)had a shorter perimitral time com-pared with peritricuspid time.
In total,only 12patients (10%)had a perimitral time shorter than 30ms compared with the peritricuspid time.Furthermore,peritricuspid and perimitral conduction times were always ?120ms.
Dif?culty of the linear ablation
Among the 36patients (30%)who underwent a ?rst ablation procedure requiring both LMI and CTI ablation with block on both lines,radiofrequency energy delivered was signif-icantly longer for LMI (15?7min [range 7to 33])compared with CTI (7?4min [range 3to 17])(P ?.005)(Figure 3).
Discussion
This study highlights the close relationship between the peritricuspid and the perimitral conduction times and con-?rms the dif?culty in achieving conduction block across the LMI line compared with the CTI line.
Relationship between peritricuspid and perimitral conduction times
There is a strong correlation between peritricuspid and per-imitral conduction times,which may be explained by sim-ilar left and right atrial dimensions,and by implication circuit length in the majority of the patients.In individual patients,peritricuspid conduction time was within 30ms to the perimitral conduction time in 68%of the cases.In the other 32%of the patients,the perimitral conduction time was longer compared with the peritricuspid conduction time in the majority of the cases.The individual differences in conduction times around respective annuli could be ex-plained by the following hypotheses:?rst,the difference in dimensions between both atria may render electrical prop-agation along the mitral annulus longer than around the tricuspid annulus;secondly,a slower electrical propagation around the mitral annulus may also be observed in case of injury of the LA tissue that occurs spontaneously or because of prior radiofrequency applications (delivered only in the LA in the majority of the cases);and ?nally,in case of instability at the lateral side of the LMI,the recording catheter was placed within the LAA with a subsequent modi?cation of the perimitral conduction time proportional to the distance between LMI and LAA.
Linear lesions
Radiofrequency applications were signi?cantly longer for LMI than CTI while using the same power range.The anatomy of both lines has already been extensively de-scribed 28,31–35and may explain some of the difference.The wall thickness of the LMI ranges from 4to 10mm (with
the
Figure 3Duration of radiofrequency applications to obtain bidirectional block across the left mitral isthmus (LMI)and the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)lines.SE ?standard
error.
Figure 2Correlation between peritricuspid and perimitral conduction
times.
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Knecht et al Relationship Between Conduction Times
thickest portion close to the left inferior PV),31whereas the CTI has been shown to be thinner (between 0and 7mm).32,34Recesses and cavities can also greatly prolong the procedure;however,they have been described for both the cavotricuspid and the mitral isthmus.28,33,34Furthermore,some investigators have described that residual conduction gaps at the LMI line may frequently be located at the epicardial side of the line (i.e.,inside the coronary sinus)or between the left inferior PV and the LAA.35Extension of linear ablation to these structures can add time but also risk to the procedure.36Finally,catheter positioning during CTI ablation is often more stable compared with LMI ablation.This dif?culty in achieving conduction block at the LMI line raised the question of the timing and overall necessity to perform this linear lesion.The global aim of linear lesions is to reproduce the surgical MAZE procedure,37based on the concept of macroreentrant loop and wandering wavelets participating in the AF process.38–41Several studies have described the additional bene?t of the LMI line,particularly for persistent AF,16,17,24,42,43but at the expense of more complications.24,36Importantly,even when not performed during AF,both LMI and CTI lines frequently have to be done after AF termination for subsequent perimitral or peri-tricuspid ?utter.12
Clinical implications
When both CTI and LMI lines are needed to treat AF or subsequent AT in a patient,the close relationship of both circuit conduction times is useful for the operator.When the patient is in sinus rhythm,the easier CTI line should be achieved and validated ?rst,and the peritricuspid conduc-tion time measured.Then the more dif?cult LMI line should
be attempted or completed during CS pacing.A conduction time 30ms less than the CTI time or ?120ms would suggest that the line is not complete,saving additional time-consuming pacing maneuvers (Figure 4).
Study limitations
The main limitation of this study is that CTI ablation is not routinely performed in all centers in the context of AF ablation.This situation of absence of CTI conduction block obviously precludes the use of the association between the peritricuspid and perimitral times that we have described.Secondly,to evaluate the dif?culty in performing linear lesions at the CTI and LMI,only the patients with block of both lines during the ?rst procedure were selected.It was aimed at avoiding bias caused by prior ablation in the vicinity of both lines and to reproduce the same electro-physiological conditions at the time of the conduction block.Finally,there was no measure of the radiation and duration required to obtain block on both lines;however,radiofrequency energy was assumed to be the best param-eter re?ecting procedural dif?culty given that the same power was used to perform both lines.
Conclusion
Compared with the LMI line,the CTI line is signi?cantly easier to perform.The peritricuspid and perimitral circuit times are strongly correlated,and in 90%of patients,the perimitral conduction time is within 30ms or longer than the peritricuspid time.In addition,both circuit times are always ?than 120ms in this cohort of patients ablated for AF.When both lines are necessary,the easier CTI line should be completed before the mitral line,and
standard
Figure 4Example of the usefulness of the relationship between both circuit times in one patient.Recording with the ablation (RF)and coronary sinus (CS)catheters.In this patient,the peritricuspid conduction time was calculated at 170ms (A).During ablation of the left mitral isthmus,the perimitral conduction time was ?rst measured at 136ms,suggesting the incompleteness of the line and precluding standard validation maneuvers (B).Further mapping at the epicardial side of the line within the CS (?uoroscopic anteroposterior view)indeed revealed a gap potential (star)(C).Ablation at this placed delayed the second potential on the line to a similar value as the peritricuspid conduction time (D).Pacing maneuvers con?rmed the presence of the bidirectional block.
404Heart Rhythm,Vol 5,No 3,March 2008
validation maneuvers at the LMI are only worthwhile once the perimitral conduction time is within30ms of the peri-tricuspid time.
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Knecht et al Relationship Between Conduction Times
2018年上半年CATTI英语三级笔译实务真题 目录 2018年上半年CATTI英语三级笔译实务真题 (1) 2018年上半年CATTI英语三级笔译实务真题详细答案 (4) (总分100, 做题时间180分钟) Part ⅠTranslation Directions:For this part, you are allowed to translate a passage fromEnglish intoChinese. All Luciano Faggiano wanted when he purchased the seemingly unremarkable building at 56 Via Ascanio Grandi, was to open a restaurant. The only problem was the toilet. Sewage kept backing up. So Mr. Faggiano enlisted his two older sons to help him dig a trench and investigate. He predicted the job would take about a week. “We found underground corridors and other rooms, so we kept digging,”said Mr. Faggiano, 60. His search for a sewage pipe, which began in 2000, became one family’s tale of discovery. Lecce was once a critical crossroads in the Mediterranean. Severo Martini, a member of the City Council, said archaeological relics turn up on a regular basis —and can present a headache for urban planning. A project to build a shopping mall had to be redesigned after the discovery of an ancient Roman temple beneath the site of a planned parking lot. One week quickly passed, as father and sons discovered a tomb of the Messapians, who lived in the region centuries before the birth of Jesus.
医师三基考试试卷及答 案 Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】
姓名：科室得分 一选择题（每题1分，共40分） 【A型题】 1．胸骨角两侧平对（） A.第5肋 B.第4肋 C.第3肋 D. 第2肋 E.第一肋 2．膀胱三角的标志为（） A.尿道内口与膀胱底之间 B.输尿管间与膀胱尖之间 C.尿道内口与膀胱尖之间 D.两输尿管口与膀胱尖之间 E.尿道内口与两输尿管口之间 3．血细胞比容指血细胞（） A．占全血容积的百分比 B.占全血质量的百分比 C．与血清容积之比 D.与血管容积之比 E.与血浆容积之比 阳性是指红细胞膜上有（） A .D抗原抗原抗原抗原抗原 5降压反射的生理意义主要是（） A．降低动脉血压 B升高动脉血压 C增强心血管活动D．减弱心血管活动 E.维持动脉血压相对恒定 6.肾小球率过滤是指每分钟（） A．两肾生成的终尿量 B.两肾生成的原尿量 个肾脏生成的终尿量个肾单位生成的原尿量 个肾脏生成的原尿量 7.属于真核细胞微生物的是（） A．衣原体 B.立克次体 C.支原体 D.真菌 E.细菌 8．杀灭物体上所以微生物的方法称为（） A.无菌操作 B.无菌 C.防腐 D.灭菌 E.消毒 9.下列对单克隆抗体的描述哪项是错误的（） A.某种抗原进入机体也可产生单克隆抗体. B.具有高度的转移性 C.具有高度的均匀一致 D.只针对某一特定抗原决定簇的抗体 E.是由一株B淋巴细胞增值产生的抗体 10.免疫具有（） A.对病原微生物的防御功能 B.抗原微生物的感染功能 C.识别和排除抗原性异物的功能 D.清除损伤和衰老细胞的功能 E.清除突变细胞的功能 11.下列哪一类水、电解质紊乱早期就易发生循环衰竭（） A.高渗性脱水 B.等渗性脱水 C.低渗性脱水 D.水中毒 E.低钾血症 12.小儿失钾的最重要原因是（） A．利尿药用量过大 B.严重腹泻.呕吐 C.肾上腺皮质激素过多
2014年11月份三级笔译实务（汉译英）真题 【译之灵笔译培训】2014年CATTI三级笔译汉译英真题出自《第67届联合国大会中方立场文件》中关于能源安全方面的内容： Section2：Translate Chinese into English 外交部：2012年第67届联合国大会中方立场文件 （五）能源安全 5. Energy Security 能源安全同世界经济的稳定发展和各国人民的福祉息息相关。在当前国际金融危机背景下，维护全球能源安全对有效应对国际金融危机冲击、推动世界经济全面复苏和长远发展具有重要意义。 Energy security has a close bearing on the stability and growth of the world economy and the well-being of people in all countries. Against the backdrop of the global financial crisis，ensuring energy security is vital to effectively tackling the impact of the crisis and promoting the full recovery and long-term development of the world economy. 国际社会应树立互利合作、多元发展、协同保障的新能源安全观，共同稳定能源等大宗商品价格、防止过度投机和炒作，保障各国特别是发展中国家能源需求，维护能源市场正常秩序。同时，各国应改善能源结构，加强先进能源技术的研发和推广，大力发展清洁和可再生能源，在相关领域积极开展国际合作。 To this end，the international community should foster a new energy security outlook featuring mutually beneficial cooperation，diversified development and coordinated supply. Joint efforts must be made to stabilize the prices of energy and other commodities and prevent excessive speculation and market hype，so as to meet the energy demands of all countries，particularly the developing countries，and maintain order in the energy market. Meanwhile，countries should improve their own energy mix，promote the research，development and diffusion of advanced technologies，vigorously develop clean and renewable energies，and actively advance international cooperation in relevant fields. 中国政府高度重视能源和能源安全问题。在解决中国的能源问题上，始终坚持节约优先、立足国内、多元发展、保护环境的原则，加强国际互利合作，大力改善和调整能源结构，努力构筑稳定、经济、清洁、安全的能源供应体系，（加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会。哥本哈根会议前夕，中国宣布了到2020年非化石能源占一次能源消费比重15%，单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%的目标。这一部分试题删节了）中国愿与世界各国一道共同努力，建立起能源合作长效机制，为保障全球能源安全、应对气候变化做出应有的贡献。 The Chinese government attaches great importance to issues of energy and energy security.
医技三基考试试卷及答案 学号____________ 姓名_______________ 科室_______________ 分数___________ 一、单选题：每一道考试题下面有A、B、C、D、E五个备选答案。请从中选择一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应题号的相应字母所属的方框涂黑。(每题1.0分，共30.0分) 1．卵巢分泌的激素是( ) A．雌激素、孕激素、雄激素B．雌激素、孕激素 C．雌激素、孕激素、促黄体素D．雌激素、孕激素、促卵泡激素 E．雌激素、孕激素、催乳素 2．有关喹诺酮类性质和用途的叙述，错误的是( ) A．萘啶酸为本类药物的第一代，仅用于尿路感染，其作用弱 B．吡哌酸对尿路感染有效外，用于肠道感染及中耳炎 C．第三代该类药物的分子中均含氟原子 D．本类药物可以代替青霉素G用于上呼吸道感染 E．环丙沙星属于第三代喹诺酮类抗菌药物 3．下列关于股动脉描述哪项是正确的( ) A．续于髂外动脉B．外侧有股静脉伴行C．内侧有股神经伴行 D．近端浅表有肌肉覆盖E．是髂内动脉的直接延续 4．导致心肌细胞自律性降低的因素是( ) A．部分Na＋通道处于失活状态B．最大复极电位绝对值增大 C．阈电位绝对值增大D．4期自动去极化速度增大 E．心肌细胞直径增粗 5．血液凝固的发生是由于( ) A．因子Ⅷ激活B．血小板聚集与红细胞叠连C．纤维蛋白溶解 D．纤维蛋白的激活E．纤维蛋白原变为纤维蛋白 6．干化学法测定蛋白质系用指示剂蛋白质误差原理，下列哪项提法不准确( ) A．尿pH对测定影响颇大B．服用奎宁、奎宁丁或嘧啶者，可出现假阳性反应C．主要对清蛋白敏感D．标本中含生殖系统分泌物可出现假阳性 E．对肾病患者，特别需要系统观察尿蛋白病例，最佳方法仍为干化学法 7．脂肪组织的CT值是( ) A．10～20Hu B．20～50Hu C．100Hu左右 D．-20～-10Hu E．-90～-70Hu或更低 8．接触疑似传染性非典型肺炎患者和I临床诊断患者的医务人员，脱离隔离区后需进行医学观察的天数为( )
2015 年5月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语三级《笔译实务》试卷 Section1 For generations, coal has been the lifeblood of this mineral-rich stretch of eastern Utah. Mining families proudly recall all the years they toiled underground. Supply companies line the town streets. Above the road that winds toward the mines, a soot-smudged miner peers out from a billboard with the slogan “Coal = Jobs.” 对这个地处犹他州东部、矿产丰富的地区而言，煤炭在过去几代人的眼里一直都是这个地区的生命线/经济命脉。每当回忆起作为矿工在地下采煤的岁月时，每个家庭都会感到无比自豪。大街的煤炭供应公司栉比鳞次/鳞次栉比。在蜿蜒通向矿区的马路上方，可见一处广告牌，上面除了有句“煤炭=工作”的口号，还有位满身烟灰的矿工正凝视着前方。 But recently, fear has settled in. The state’s oldest coal-fired power plant, tucked among the canyons near town, is set to close, a result of new, stricter federal pollution regulations. 但是最近，人们开始担忧起来。由于新的联邦污染防治法规更加严格，位于县郊（译者注：根据本文倒数第二段该地区实为卡本县，这里的town指的就是卡本县，所以此处译为县郊。）峡谷之中的犹他州历史最久的燃煤电厂即将关闭。 As energy companies tack away from coal, toward cleaner, cheaper natural gas, people here have grown increasingly afraid that their community may soon slip away. Dozens of workers at the facility here, the Carbon Power Plant, have learned that they must retire early or seek other jobs. Local trucking and equipment outfits are preparing to take business elsewhere. 由于能源公司摒弃煤炭转而发展更加清洁、更加廉价的天然气，这里的人们越来越担心他们的家园可能很快就会悄然消失/不复存在。卡本电厂（Carbon Power Plant）的几十号工人已得知，他们必须提前退休或另谋职业。当地的卡车运输和装备人员正准备到其他地方去发展业务。“There are a lot of people worried,” said Kyle Davis, who has been employed at the plant since he was 18. Mr. Davis, 56, worked his way up from sweeping floors to managing operations at the plant, w hose furnaces have been burning since 1954. “I would have liked to be here for another five years,” he said. “I’m too young to retire.” 凯尔·戴维斯（Kyle Davis）自18岁起就一直在这家电厂工作，他说：“许多人现在都忧心忡忡。”该公司自1954年成立以来，运转至今，从未间断。现年56岁的戴维斯先生在该公司从清扫工人一路做到负责公司运营的高管职位。他说道：“我本想在公司再干五年的，毕竟现在退休还太年轻。” But Rocky Mountain Power, the utility that operates the plant, has determined that it would be too expensive to retrofit the aging plant to meet new federal standards on mercury emissions. The plant is scheduled to be shut by Ap ril 2015.“We had been working for the better part of three years, testing compliance strategies,” said David Eskelsen, a spokesman for the utility. “None of the ones we investigated really would produce the results that would meet the requirements.” 但是目前负责运营卡本电厂的落基山电力公司（Rocky Mountain Power）已决定，如果为了达到有关汞排放量的新联邦标准而对该电厂的老旧设备进行翻新改造，代价过高，并不可行。该电
精品文档 八月份医生三基考试试题 科室姓名分数 单选题（每小题 1 分）。 1. 输血的主要适应症是（） A．慢性贫血 B ．感染 C ．肿瘤 D ．凝血异常 E ．大量失血 2 手术区皮肤消毒范围要包括手术切口周围（） A． 10cm 的区域 B ． 15cm的区域 C． 20cm的区域 D ． 25cm 的区域 E ． 30cm的区域 3 用物理方法杀灭细菌称（） A．消毒法 B ．抗菌术 C ．灭菌术 D ．无菌术 E ．隔离术 4 急性肾衰少尿或无尿期哪项不正确（） A．水中毒 B ．高钾血症 C ．低镁血症 D ．低钠血症 E ．低钙血症 5 下列哪个选项不是急性阑尾炎的并发症（） A．腹腔脓肿 B ．内、外瘘形成 C ．门静脉炎 D ．细菌性肝脓肿E．粘连性肠梗阻 6. 急性胰腺炎常见病因（） A. 胆石症 B. 大量饮酒 C. 胰管阻塞 D. 暴饮暴食 E. 高脂血症 7. 代谢性酸中毒最突出的症状是（） A. 呼吸深快，呼气有酮味 B. 唇干舌燥，眼窝凹陷 C. 呼吸浅慢，呼气时有烂苹果味 D 心率加快，血压下降 E. 全身乏力，眩晕 8. 下列疾病中，属于特异性感染的是（） A. 疖 B. 痈 C. 破伤风 D. 急性阑尾炎 E. 急性乳腺炎 9. 外科急性感染是指病程在（） A. 1 周以内 B.2 周以内 C.3 周以内 D.4 周以内 E.6 周以内 10. 疖不发生在身体的（） A. 头颈部 B. 面部 C. 背部 D. 臀部 E. 胸部 11. 破伤风最可靠的预防方法是（） A. 注射破伤风类毒素 B. 及时彻底清创 C.3 ％过氧化氢清洗伤口 D. 注射大剂量青霉素 E.注射人体破伤风免疫球蛋白 12. 慢性胆囊炎较少有的症状是（） A. 厌食油腻 B. 寒战高热 C. 腹胀 D. 肩背部隐痛 E. 嗳气 13. 胃穿孔的 X 线检查所见主要为（） A．双侧横膈抬高 B ．膈下游离气体 C ．腹胀伴肠型 D ．晚间或下午呕吐大量宿食 E ．食量减少 14. 溃疡病穿孔后最早出现的体征（） A. 肠麻痹 B. 高热 C. 血压升高 D. 满腹强直 E. 寒战 15. 输血后1-2 小时，患者寒战，高热40℃，头痛，血压120/80mmHg应考虑（） A．过敏反应 B ．溶血反应 C ．发热反应 D ．体温中枢受损害 E ．疟疾感染 16. 各型休克的共同特点是（）
犹太教简介 犹太教（?????），旧称挑筋教、蓝帽回回，是在公元前2000年西亚地区的游牧民族希伯来人中产生的，耶路撒冷是犹太教的圣地，同时也是基督教、伊斯兰教的圣地。犹太教是世界三大一神信仰中，最早而且最古老的宗教，也是犹太民族的生活方式及信仰。犹太教的主要诫命与教义，来自托拉，即《圣经》的前五卷书。犹太教最重要的教义，在于只有一位神，即无形并且永恒的上帝。他愿所有的人，行公义，好怜悯，因为上帝按照他的形象造人，所以人都应该有尊严且受到尊敬地对待。 犹太人以学习及祈祷来侍奉上帝，同时遵行摩西五经上所指引的诫命。对于圣约的坚信，犹太人认为这就是上帝对他们的呼召，也是他们对世人的见证、他们的使命。但犹太教并不主张其他民族为了被救赎而必须接受她的宗教信仰和敬拜方式；这世界会因为它所行的而受审判，而不是因它所信的教条而受审判；所有公义的民族皆分享将要到来的和平世界，因此，犹太教并不是一个积极传教的宗教。 起源和形成 犹太教 中东的幼发拉底河和底格里斯河流域是人类文明的最早发祥地之一。早在公元前2300年，美索不达米亚文化就达到了相当发达的程度。大约3800年前，当美索不达米亚文明已经趋于衰败时，一位名叫亚伯兰(Abram)的人从两河流域南部的乌尔(Ur)经巴比伦(Babylo n)、马利(Mari)、哈兰(Haran)迁徙到被称作迦南(Canaan)的地方(即现在的巴勒斯坦地方)，几经辗转后定居在别是巴(Beersheba)。 据《圣经》的描述，亚伯兰的这次迁徙乃是受上帝指使的：“耶和华对亚伯兰说， 你要离开本地、本族、父家，往我要道指示你的地去。我必叫你成为大国。我必赐福给你，叫你的名为大，你也叫别人得福。为你祝福的，我必赐福与他；那咒诅你的，我必咒诅他。地上的万族都要因你得福”(《创世记》12：1－3)。在亚伯兰99岁时，耶和华又与他立约，令其子孙繁多，并赐迦南地为他们永久的基业(《创世记》17：2－22)。此后， 亚伯兰更名亚伯拉罕(Abaraham)。亚伯拉罕生子以撒(Isaac)，以撒生子雅各(Jacob)。他们就是通常所说的犹太人的列祖(Patriarchs)，也是犹太教的最早奠基人。 亚伯拉罕的故乡美索不达米亚古时候信奉萨比教，以日月星辰为崇拜对象，其中太阳是最主要的神祗。传说亚伯拉罕曾与故乡的人们发生争执，宣称比太阳更伟大的造物主才值得人
翻译三级笔译实务-1 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、{{B}}Section Ⅰ English Chinese Translation{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：60.00) 1.A few weeks back, I asked a 14-year-old friend how she was coping with school. Referring to stress, she heaved a big sigh and said: "Aiyah, anything bad that can happen has already happened." Her friends nearby then started pouring out their woes about which subjects they found hard, and so on. Pessimism again, in these all-too-familiar remarks about Singapore's education system, widely regarded as too results-oriented, and I wonder why I even bothered to ask. The school system of reaching for A's underlies the country's culture, which emphasizes the chase for economic excellence where wealth and status are must-haves. Such a culture is hard to change. So when I read of how the new Remaking Singapore Committee had set one of its goals as challenging the traditional roads to success, encouraging Singaporeans to realize alternative careers in the arts, sports, research or as entrepreneurs, I had my doubts about its success in this area, if not coupled with help from parents themselves. The new Remaking Singapore Committee is a brainchild of the Singaporean Prime Minister, formed to make Singaporeans look beyond the five C's: cash, condos, clubs, credit cards and cars, to help prepare the nation for the future. It is good that the government wants to do something about the country's preoccupation with material success. But it will be a losing battle if the family unit itself is not involved because I believe the committee's success is rooted in a revamp of an entire culture built from 37 years of independence. This makeover has to start with the most basic societal unit—the family. Parents should not drown their children in mantras of I-want-hundred-marks. Tuition lessons are not the be-all and end-all of life. And a score of 70 for a Chinese paper is definitely not the end of life. If ever I become a parent, I will bring my children camping. I will show them that cooking food in a mess tin over a campfire is fun. I will teach them that there is nothing dirty about lying on a sleeping bag over grass. In fact, it is educational because Orion is up there in the night sky with all the other bright stars whose shapes and patterns tell something more than a myth. For instance, they give directions to the lost traveler, I will say. And who knows, my child may become an astronomer years down the road. All because of the nights I spent with him watching the twinkles in the sky. That's my point. Parents should teach their children that there's more to life than studies. Better still if the nation's leaders echo that idea as well. This way, when their children aspire to be the next Joscelin Yeo, they won't feel like they are fighting a losing battle against a society that holds doctors and lawyers in awe. However, the culture that babysits economic excellence is deeply ingrained and so are the mindsets of many parents. But parents can take the cue from the new Remaking Singapore Committee and be aware of giving their children the right kind of education. It is now wait-and-see if, say, 10 years down the road, more would choose alternative careers. Hopefully, by then no one would think sportsmen or musicians as making too big a sacrifice in chasing their dreams. （分数：60.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：() 解析：几个星期前，我问一个14岁的朋友她如何应对自己的学业。谈到压力，她深叹一口气说：“哎呀，这儿事要多糟，有多糟。” 随后，她周围的朋友便开始就他们认为那些难学的学科倾诉自己的苦恼。人们普遍认为，新加坡的教育制度过分注重成绩，而这些孩子耳熟能详的言晤再次表现了对新加坡教育制度的悲观情绪。我不知道自己为什么还要费心一问。追求功课得优的学校体制构成了新加坡文化的基础，这一文化重在追求经济上的杰出成就，而这一成就则体现在一定要获得财富和地位。这种文化是难以改变的。新成立的改造新加坡委员会已将其目标之一确定为向传统的成功之路发起挑战，鼓励新加坡人去从事其它职业，如艺术，体育、研究或成为企业家。当我获知此情时，我怀疑如果没有家长的配合，这方面的改造
临床医师“三基”理论考试卷姓名________＿＿__ 科室＿______＿__分数__＿＿_＿_______ 一、单选题(每题２分) 1。下列关于三腔双囊管得叙述错误得就是() Ａ.胃气囊内注入空气100—200ml Ｂ、食管气囊内注入空气10０—１5０m ｌ C.每8—１2小时放松食管气囊一次D、气囊压迫一般总时间3—５天 2、淋证得共同特征就是( ) A、无尿 B、尿多C。尿痛 D、小便频数且短涩、滴沥刺痛欲出未尽小腹拘急或痛引腰腹 3。男,57岁,教师,近半月常于夜间有发作性心前区疼痛,每次持续约１5分钟,但白天仍上班,昨夜又突然发作而痛醒,出冷汗,今来院急诊。心电图示ＶV导联ST段抬高。该患者可诊断为() Ａ.急性前壁心肌梗死 B.卧位性心绞痛 Ｃ、中间综合征D、变异型心绞痛 4. 问诊正确得就是() A。您心前区痛反射到左肩不? B。您右上腹痛反射到右肩痛不？ C。解大便有里急后重不？D。您觉得最主要得就是哪里不适? 5。肝细胞性黄疸应除外以下哪种临床表现() A、血中结合胆红素增加Ｂ、严重者可有出血倾向 C。尿中结合胆红素阳性Ｄ、严重时大便呈陶土色 ６. 下列问诊内容正确得就是( ) A.您心前区痛反射到左肩不B、您右上腹痛反射到右肩痛不 C.解大便有里急后重不D、您觉得最主要得就是哪里不适 7、下列关于无菌操作得叙述错误得就是( ) A、锐利器械、内镜与腹腔镜等适于热力灭菌 Ｂ.手术中如手套破损或接触到有菌得地方时应另换无菌手套 C、手术室每周应彻底大扫除1次 D。每台参观手术人员得数目不宜超过2人 ８、风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄最具特征性得检查就是( ) A。心电图检查B。X线检查 C。第一心音亢进 D.以上均不就是 9、毒蛇咬伤早期局部最佳用药为( ) A。中草药局部外敷B、胰蛋白酶局部注射 Ｃ、高锰酸钾溶液冲洗D。普鲁卡因局部及套式封闭 10、呼气末正压通气(PEＥP)得作用有( ) A。使肺泡扩张,减少肺泡气压伤 B。增加肺内分流,提高动脉氧分压 Ｃ.增加肺泡通气量增加肺泡气—动脉血氧分压差
2007年11月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试 三级笔译实务 Section 1 English-Chinese Translation (英译汉) (60 points) Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this section is 120 minutes. One of the biggest decisions Andy Blevins has ever made, and one of the few he now regrets, never seemed like much of a decision at all. It just felt like the natural thing to do. 安迪·布莱文斯曾经做过的最大的、同时也是他现在很少后悔的决定之一，看起来一点也不像个决定。它仅仅让人感觉是本来应该做的事情。 In the summer of 1995, he was moving boxes of soup cans, paper towels and dog food across the floor of a supermarket warehouse, one of the biggest buildings here in southwest Virginia. The heat was brutal. The job had sounded impossible when he arrived fresh off his first year of college, looking to make some summer money, still a skinny teenager with sandy blond hair and a narrow, freckled face. 在1995年的夏天，他正在搬动着成箱的汤罐头、纸巾和狗食穿过超市仓库，该仓库是弗吉尼亚西南部最大的建筑物之一。烈日当头，酷暑难当。当刚结束大学一年级时，他来这寻找机会度过一个挣钱的夏日暑假，那时他还是一个很瘦的少年，头发是褐色夹杂着金色，脸型狭窄，有些雀斑，那时这份工作对于他似乎是不可能做到的。 But hard work done well was something he understood, even if he was the first college boy in his family. Soon he was making bonuses on top of his $6.75 an hour, more money than either of his parents made. His girlfriend was around, and so were his hometown buddies. Andy acted more outgoing with them, more relaxed. People in Chilhowie noticed that. 虽然他是家中第一个大学生，但是他明白应该把艰苦的工作做好。很快的，他挣得的奖金多达6.75美元/每小时，这也比他父母任何一个挣得的都要多。他的女朋友和家乡好友也加入进来了。奇洛威的人们注意到，安迪对待他们更友好更放松。 It was just about the perfect summer. So the thought crossed his mind: maybe it did not have to end. Maybe he would take a break from college and keep working. He had been getting C's and D's, and college never felt like home, anyway. 这是一个很棒的暑假。因而一个想法穿过他的脑海：或许这不该就此结束。也许他可以休学来工作。他的成绩常常是C 和 D, 而且他感觉大学不像家一样。 "I enjoyed working hard, getting the job done, getting a paycheck," Mr. Blevins recalled. "I just knew I didn't want to quit." So he quit college instead, and with that, Andy Blevins joined one of the largest and fastest-growing groups of young adults in America. He became a college dropout, though nongraduate may be the more precise term. 布莱文斯先生回忆说：“我很享受艰苦工作，做好工作，挣得工资。我只是知道自己不想放弃。”因此他选择离开学校，加入了美国最大和成长最快的成人群体之一。他成了一名大学辍学生，或许用非毕业生这个词形容更准确。 Many people like him plan to return to get their degrees, even if few actually do. Almost one in three Americans in their mid-20's now fall into this group, up from one in five in the late 1960's, when the Census Bureau began keeping such data. Most come from poor and working-class families. 很多像他一样的人计划返回学校得到学位，但是很少人真正这样做了。当人口调查局开
医技三基考试试卷 学号____________ 姓名_______________ 科室_______________ 分数___________ 一、单选题：每一道考试题下面有A、B、C、D、E五个备选答案。请从中选择一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应题号的相应字母所属的方框涂黑。(每题1.0分，共30.0分) 1．卵巢分泌的激素是( ) A．雌激素、孕激素、雄激素B．雌激素、孕激素 C．雌激素、孕激素、促黄体素D．雌激素、孕激素、促卵泡激素 E．雌激素、孕激素、催乳素 2．有关喹诺酮类性质和用途的叙述，错误的是( ) A．萘啶酸为本类药物的第一代，仅用于尿路感染，其作用弱 B．吡哌酸对尿路感染有效外，用于肠道感染及中耳炎 C．第三代该类药物的分子中均含氟原子 D．本类药物可以代替青霉素G用于上呼吸道感染 E．环丙沙星属于第三代喹诺酮类抗菌药物 3．下列关于股动脉描述哪项是正确的( ) A．续于髂外动脉B．外侧有股静脉伴行C．内侧有股神经伴行 D．近端浅表有肌肉覆盖E．是髂内动脉的直接延续 4．导致心肌细胞自律性降低的因素是( ) A．部分Na＋通道处于失活状态B．最大复极电位绝对值增大 C．阈电位绝对值增大D．4期自动去极化速度增大 E．心肌细胞直径增粗 5．血液凝固的发生是由于( ) A．因子Ⅷ激活B．血小板聚集与红细胞叠连C．纤维蛋白溶解 D．纤维蛋白的激活E．纤维蛋白原变为纤维蛋白
6．干化学法测定蛋白质系用指示剂蛋白质误差原理，下列哪项提法不准确( ) A．尿pH对测定影响颇大B．服用奎宁、奎宁丁或嘧啶者，可出现假阳性反应 C．主要对清蛋白敏感D．标本中含生殖系统分泌物可出现假阳性 E．对肾病患者，特别需要系统观察尿蛋白病例，最佳方法仍为干化学法 7．脂肪组织的CT值是( ) A．10～20Hu B．20～50Hu C．100Hu左右 D．-20～-10Hu E．-90～-70Hu或更低 8．接触疑似传染性非典型肺炎患者和I临床诊断患者的医务人员，脱离隔离区后需进行医学观察的天数为( ) A．1周B．8天C．15天D．10～14天E．6天 9．体外检测诊断用核仪器有( ) A．放射性活度计B．脏器功能测定仪 C．单光子发射型计算机断层(SPECT) D．正电子发射型计算机断层(PET) E．γ闪烁计数器 10．某人的红细胞与B型血的血清凝集，而其血清与B型血红细胞不凝，此人血型应该是( ) A．AB型B．O型C．A型D．B型E．Rh阳性型 11．放射性制剂的放射化学纯度要求( ) A．放化纯度控制在85％以上B．放化纯度控制在99％以上 C．放化纯度控制在95％以上D．放化纯度控制在80％以上 E．放化纯度控制在70％以上 12．彩色多普勒技术不用于下列哪项检查( ) A．表浅器官B．心血管系统C．腹水、胸腔积液定位 D．腹腔脏器E．外周血管 13．宫颈原位癌累及腺体是指( )
关于犹太人的资料 特勒在其撰写的臭名昭著的《我的奋斗》一书，鼓吹反动种族论，主张德意志种族是最优秀的种族，应该夺取更多的生存空间，应该消灭犹太人和其他劣等民族，消灭共产主义。 （1）盛行于欧洲的反犹传统。它从犹太人流落欧洲之初就开始了；在中世纪，主要是宗教上的反犹主义，它起源于基督徒对传说中犹太人杀害耶酥的仇恨情绪，这种宗教仇恨由于犹太教的排它性（只有犹太人才是耶和华惟一的选民，不信仰基督教义，不与异教徒通婚等）而愈加深重了。进入近代前后，经济上的反犹主义强化，其借口是犹太人自古就依靠经商、放高利贷致富（其实正是传统基督教的守贫说教和禁止教徒从商，特别是放高利贷的规定才逼使犹太人为了生存而经营此道），敲骨吸髓地剥削基督教徒。欧洲人高喊：“反犹主义是场经济战争。”他们把工业革命以后所有的社会不平——工人失业、农民破产、甚至经济危机都嫁罪于犹太人。从19世纪后期开始，种族反犹主义，即从种族差异上排除犹太人的思潮（胡说犹太人的民族本性就是贪财、好色、工于阴谋、制造混乱的，它不能改造，只能消灭）猖獗起来。 （2）德国法西斯的现实需要。a．挑起种族战争，为未来无限繁衍的德意志民族寻求无限扩大的“生存空间”，而犹太人就是实施种族灭绝计划所选定的第一个猎物。在希特勒看来，为了巩固对欧洲的占领，独霸世界，必须利用和激化民族、种族间的隔阂，驱使本民族投入一场消灭最孤立无助而又广泛分布、最不得人心而又封闭保守的犹太民族的战斗。b．反对共产主义，镇压共产党和一切进步运动、强化政治和文化专制。希特勒借口马克思是犹太人。胡说布尔什维主义是犹太国际集团阴谋的产物，正是十月革命迫使一战结束，并更导致了德国的投降，它们应为凡尔赛条约给德国带来的屈辱及战后德国的危机和混乱承担罪责。c.掠夺犹太人财富，充实纳粹国库。在近、现代资本主义经济中，犹太人拥有举足轻重的实力，特别是在贸易和金融信贷领域，德国也不例外。为了强化法西斯的经济基础，纳粹以各种方式剥夺犹太人。 二战时期德国纳粹资料 纳粹主义或国家社会主义指1933年至1945年间统治德国的独裁政治，即“第三帝国”。尽管纳粹通常声明支持极权民族主义国家社会主义形式（与马克思的马克思主义相反），但纳粹主义通常与法西斯主义有关联。独裁者阿道夫·希特勒成为国家社会德国工人党，这一政党的领袖。这一时期的德国也称为纳粹德国。纳粹主义也称为国家社会主义。纳粹主义的信徒称为纳粹。当代德国已取缔纳粹主义，尽管有少量的残余份子仍在德国和其他国家活动，即新纳粹。一些历史修正主义者仍然散布否认和淡化大屠杀及其他纳粹行径的宣传，并努力美化纳粹政权的政策和行为。希特勒等人正是利用了德国民众对《凡尔赛和约》的仇恨和经济危机爆发的绝佳时机，将民族主义演变为民族复仇主义，使纳粹主义得以形成。德国纳粹主义首先把矛头指向国内的犹太人，宣称雅利安—北欧日耳曼人是上苍赋予了“主宰权力”的种族，而犹太人是劣等民族，应予淘汰和灭绝。反犹主义得逞后，纳粹主义又主张世界是弱肉强食、优胜劣汰的丛林，各民族必须在激烈的生存竞争中求胜，实行对外侵略扩张，将全世界引向战争和灾难。纳粹主义是政治投机者可耻地偷换了社会主义的概念，操纵病态的民族主义，演变成的极端化、恶质化的民族主义。纳粹主义自我标榜为“社会主义”，却与社会主义“解放和发展生产力”的本质背道而驰，主张通过对内独裁和对外侵略谋求发展，实质是极端野蛮的帝国主义、种族主义和恐怖主义，必会对人类文明造成毁灭性的灾难。是上古时代许多部落的一种符咒，在古代印度、波斯、希腊、埃及、特洛伊等国的历史上均有出现，后来被古代的一些宗教所沿用。最初人们把它看成是太阳或火的象征，以后普遍被作为吉祥的标志。随着古代印度佛教的传播，“卍”字也传入中国。这个字梵文读“室利踞蹉洛刹那”，意思是“吉祥海云相”，也就是呈现在大海云天之间的吉祥象征。它被画在佛祖如来的胸部，被佛教徒认为是“瑞相”，能涌出宝光，“其光晃昱，有千百色”。中国佛教对“卍”字的翻译也不尽一致，北魏时期的一部经书把它译成“万”字，唐代玄奘等人将它译成“德”字，强调佛的功德无量，唐代女皇帝武则天又把它定为“万”字，意思是集天下一切吉祥功德。字有两种写法，一种是右旋，—种是左旋(“卐”)。佛家大多认为应以右旋为准，因为佛教以右旋为吉祥，佛家举行各种佛教仪式都是右旋进行的。这个被佛教徒视为吉祥和功德的具有神秘色彩的符号，竟被德国法西斯头子希特勒用来做了他的党旗标志。当然这与佛教毫无关系。希特勒亲自设计的党旗为红底白圆心，中间嵌一个黑色“卐”字。希特勒对他 们设计非常满意，认为“这是一个真正的象征”。他在《我的奋斗》一书中说：“红色象征我们这个运动的社会意义，白色象征民族主义思想。…字象征争取雅利安人胜利斗争的使命。”后来，希特勒还为他的冲锋队员和党员设计了“字臂章和“卐”字锦旗。二,纳粹主义，是德文“Nationalsozialismus”缩写“Nazismus”的音译，意译为“民族社会主义”，是第二次世界大战