专业英语培训内容
1. A World without Oil假如世界上没有石油
Have you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of oil? Take a look at your day. The roof of your home is probably made waterproof by an oil product, bitumen. The same product is used for the road surface outside your home. Before you leave to go to work or school, just examine your surroundings. Is the room warmer than the cold air outside? oil , or electricity from oil-fed generators may be keeping you comfortably warm. If you are comfortably cool in a tropical climate, your air conditioning unit may also depend on oil-fed generators.
In the kitchen and the bathroom you will probably see some plastic fittings, such as tiles and working surfaces; polystyrene cups; curtains made from synthetic materials; disinfectants and detergents. All owe their origin to the oil known as petroleum。Latin/Greek 'petra', rock, and Latin 'oleum', oil), found deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboard for more petroleum products, medical paraffin and petroleum jelly. Cosmetics such as face creams, lipsticks and hair preparations are often based on petroleum.。
When you're out, notice the fields and gardens. Fertilizers and insecticides made from petroleum can improve crop production. Recently protein feeds for animals have been developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock.As you head for your bus, train or car, all of which use petroleum products in the form of fuel to move them and lubricants to keep them in working order. take a look in the mirror. What are you wearing today? A polyester shirt or dress, nylon socks or stockings, and acrylic sweater - a raincoat of PVC (polyvinyl chloride)? All of these are based on petroleum products.
Scientists predict that the world's 'known oil resources will run out early in the next century. But long before then the world will have to decide on its priorities. Can we afford to use so much of our limited petroleum supplies for private motoring? Should airlines compete on similar routes allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passenger seats? What alternative energy resources can be developed?。
There is an old English saying, "Necessity is the mother of invention,"which means that when you are faced with a need you will discover some way of fulfilling it. Already scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions. There is one suggestion that the
wheeled traffic and the footsteps of crowds walking the streets in major cities could generate energy.One company has presented an idea in which metal strips inserted in pavements and roads operate fly wheels by mean of a piston action using hydraulic fluid. They say the human and wheeled traffic in a busy city center could provide enough energy to light the streets of an entire town or power the heating system for a hospital or school.Some people are developing sophisticated versions of the windmill. Engines can run on alcohol, so surplus sugar cane could be used to produce energy. An air ship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. Such "sun ship" would have a large enough surface area to carry the enormous number of solar cells necessary to move any appreciable load. Such "sun ship" might travel at over one hundred kilometers an hour. In such circumstances, of course, the tropical parts of the world would have a head start in the race to find new energy sources.
2. An Introduction to Distillation蒸馏概述
Petroleum refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions and the subsequent treating of these fractions馏分to make them into petroleum products. Most petroleum products, including kerosenes, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and waxes, are fractions of petroleum that have been treated to remove undesirable components .Other products, for example, gasolines, aromatic solvents, and even some asphalts, are totally or partly synthetic in that they have compositions that are impossible to achieve by direct separation of these materials from crude petroleum. They result from chemical processes that change the molecular nature of selected portions of crude petroleum; in other words, they are the products of refining or they are refined products.
Refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude material is eventually converted into salable products with the desired qualities and, perhaps more important, in the amounts dictated by the market.
In fact, a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of products produced; refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation: that is, crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of each. For example, the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion of petroleum automatically produces a certain amount of
higher boiling components. If the latter cannot be sold as, say, heavy fuel oil, they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full .To prevent the occurrence of such a situation, the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as needed. This usually means more processes --a cracking process to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the residual product or a vacuum distillation process to separate the heavy oil into lubricating oil stocks and asphalt --to accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market.
In addition, a complete refining installation must include the following: all necessary non-processing facilities; adequate tankage for storing crude oil, intermediate, and finished products; a dependable source of electrical power, material-handling equipment; workshops and supplies for maintaining a continuous 24 h/day, 7 day/week operation; waste disposal and water-treating equipment; and product-blending facilities.
In the early stages of refinery development, when illuminating and lubricating oils were the main products, distillation was the major and often only refinery process. At that time, gasoline was a minor, but more often unwanted, product. As the demand for gasoline increased, conversion processes were developed because distillation could no longer supply the necessary quantities.
Nevertheless , distillation has remained a major refinery process and a process to which just about every crude that enters the refinery is subjected. A multitude of separations are accomplished by distillation, but its most important and primary function in the refinery is its use for the separation of crude oil into component fractions.
Thus it is possible to obtain products ranging from gaseous materials taken off the top of the distillation column to a heavy residue or "bottom", which is usually nonvolatile, with correspondingly lighter materials taken off at intermediate points. However. the majority of crude oils, and this applies to the heavier, more viscous粘性的petroleums, which are processed by distillation, are usually separated into the lighter fractions (gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil) and the bottom or, as it is more generally called, the reduced crude.
The reduced crude may then be processed by vacuum or steam distillation to separate the high-boiling lubricating oil fractions without the danger of decomposition, which occurs at high (>350℃，660℉) temperatures. Indeed, atmospheric distillation may be terminated with a lower boiling fraction ("cut") if it is thought that vacuum or steam distillation will yield a better quality product or if the process appears to be economically more favorable.
3. An Introduction to Petrochemicals
The petroleum era was ushered in by the 1859 finding at Titusville, Pennsylvania, but the flourishing of chemicals from petroleum has been only since the early twentieth century. Natural gas and petroleum are in fact our chief sources of hydrocarbons. Natural gas is quite variable in composition, but the major constituent (>60%) is methane. Other components are the homologous alkanes, ethane, propane, and higher hydorcarbons. In terms of volume, most of the natural gas produced is used for fuel, although a substantial amount is used as raw material for the synthesis of various types of chemicals.
The chemical industry depends very heavily on petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas liquids as sources of raw materials. It is likely that in excess of 90% of the literally thousands of different basic organic chemicals employed today are derived from these sources.
The petrochemical industry has grown with the petroleum industry and is considered by some to be a mature industry. However, as is the case with the latest trends .in changing crude oil types, it must also evolve to meet changing technological needs.
The manufacture of chemicals or chemical intermediates from petroleum and natural gas constituents is an excellent example of the conversion of such materials to more valuable products. The individual chemicals made from petroleum and natural gas are numerous and include industrial chemicals, household chemicals, fertilizers, and paints, as well as intermediates for the manufacture of products, such as synthetic rubber and plastics.
The processing of petroleum hydrocarbon to yield materials that are, essentially, the building blocks of other chemicals industries, is now very extensive.
Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by-products from the variety of processes that are used during the refining of petroleum. Gasoline, kerosine, fuel oils, Lubricating oils, waxes, asphalts, and the like are excluded from the definition of petrochemicals, since they are not, in the true sense, chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons.
The classification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source
of the chemical compounds, but it should be remembered that many common petrochemicals can be made from other sources, and the terminology is therefore a matter of source identification.
The starting materials for the petrochemical industry are obtained from crude petroleum in one of two general ways. They may be present in the virgin petroleum and as such, are isolated by physical methods, such as distillation or solvent extraction. On the other hand, they may be present in trace amounts and are synthesized during the refining operations. In fact, unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are not usually present in virgin petroleum, are nearly always manufactured as intermediates during the various refining sequences.
The manufacture of chemicals from petroleum is based on the ready response of the various compound types to basic chemical reactions, such as oxidation, halogenation, nitration, dehydrogenation, addition, polymerization, and alkylation. The low-molecular-weight paraffins and olefins, as found in natural gas and refinery gases, and the simple aromatic hydrocarbons have so far been of the most interest because it is these individual species that can readily be isolated and dealt with. A wide range of compounds is possible, many are being manufactured, and we are now progressing the stage in which a sizable group of products is being prepared from the heavier fractions of petroleum. For example, the various reactions of petroleum heavy ends, in particular the asphaltenes, indicate that these materials may be regarded as chemical entities and are able to participate in numerous chemicaI or physical conversions to, perhaps, more useful materials.
The overall effect of these modifications is the production of materials that either afford good-grade aromatic cokes comparatively easily or the formation of products bearing functional groups that may be employed as a nonfuel material.
For example, the sulfonated and sulfomethlated materials and their derivatives have satisfactorily undergone tests as drilling mud thinners, and the results are comparable to those obtained with commercial mud thinners. In addition, these compounds may also find use as emulsifiers for the in sim recovery of heavy oils. There are also indications that these materials and other similar derivatives of the asphaltenes, especially those containing such functions as carboxylic or hydroxyl, readily exchange cations and could well compete with synthetic zeolites. Other uses of the hydroxyl derivatives and/or the chloroasphaltenes include high-temperature packings or heat transfer media,
Reactions incorporating nitrogen and phosphorus into the asphaltenes are particularly significant at a time when the effects on the environment of many materials containing these elements are receiving considerable attention. Various measures have been and will be taken to release such effects.
Nevertheless, the main objective in producing chemicals from petroleum is the formation of a variety of well-defined chemical compounds that are the basis of the petrochemical industry. It must be remembered, however, that ease of separation of a particular compound from petroleum does not guarantee its use as a petrochemical building block. Other parameters, particularly the economics of the reaction sequences, including the costs of the reactant equipment, must also be taken into consideration.
Words and Expressions of the petrochemical industry. It must be remembered, however, that ease of separation of a particular compound from petroleum does not guarantee its use as a petrochemical building block. Other parameters, particularly the economics of the reaction sequences, including the costs of the reactant equipment, must also be taken into consideration.
4.Better Refinery Gas Utilization
1.Refinery gas is mostly methane and hydrogen produced as a by-product in the many refining processes. Traditionally, refinery gas is utilized as plant fuel gas to fire process heaters and to generate process steam and power. In the past there were no economical alternative uses for this gas because its market value was controlled by the price of natural gas which was very low. Today, however, natural gas prices are moving toward low sulfur fuel value. Therefore, refinery gas is quickly becoming a valuable product which must be utilized in only premium applications.
2.The refinery gas analysis, yield, variability, and best utilization varies greatly with every specific refinery. However, as natural gas proceeds toward deregulation, a general forced ranking of the best to the worst refinery gas uses is beneficial. We consider the following application the best use of refinery gas in decreasing order:
Hydrogen for hydroprocessing
Synthesis gas for chemicals
Fuel gas for radiant heating
Natural gas for export sales
Fuel gas for combustion turbine shaft power
Fuel gas for steam generation
3.The most valuable use of refinery gas is for hydrogen production. The decline in crude quality and changing refinery product markets is increasing the hydrogen requirements of oil refineries. Hydrogen can be effectively and economically recovered from the refinery gas by cryogenics, pressure swing absorption, or semipermeable membranes. The methane-enriched refinery gas from hydrogen separation can then be steam reformed to meet any additional hydrogen requirements. Our detailed technical and economic analyses indicate that steam methane reforming (SMR) is the lowest cost source of hydrogen even at relatively high methane values. SMR is a cheaper hydrogen source than even low value alternative feedstocks such as high sulfur residue, high sulfur coke, or coal.
4.the second most valuable use of refinery gas is the production of synthesis gas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) for the manufacture of chemicals such as methanol. Large scale testing of methanol as a primary engine fuel continues, with impressive results. Important research and development advances are being made on the chemistry and catalysis of synthesis gas reactions for the manufacture of other chemicals, essentially all these chemicals have a much higher value than gasoline. However, they must meet the potential competition from products currently made via ethylene or from imports produced from low priced remote natural gas.
5.The third best use of refinery gas is as fuel gas to fire radiant-type process furnaces. This type of heat transfer is commonly used in oil refinery processes to meet the high temperature requirements of most processes, plus the necessary high heat transfer rate and heat flux control, and for ease of decoking. The use of refinery gas has a number of technical and operability advantages over direct combustion of coal or coke for radiant process heating. Efficient use of refinery gas for this application required recovery of the lower level heat by convection-type heat transfer. Therefore, he process feed, combustion air, and fuel gas should be preheated as much as possible before considering steam generation in the convection section.
6.The fourth best use of refinery gas is purification and sale as natural gas, if the market value of the as (on an energy basis) is near that of low sulfur fuel oil. This situation already exists in Europe and Japan. After natural gas deregulation, this situation may also develop in the United States. Purification of the refinery gas to produce substitute natural
gas is relatively easy, especially if hydrogen is already being recovered from the raw refinery gas.
7.A lower value use of refiner gas is to generate shaft power. Purchased electricity is usually a lower cost option if utilities in the area generate most of the electricity from coal. If the electricity price is high enough to warrant the consideration of making shaft power from premium fuel like refinery gas, it is likely that the local utility is making making much of the electricity from premium fuels such as natural gas or low sulfur fuel oil. In most cases the combustion of coal or coke to generate steam will be the first alternative to purchased electricity. Nevertheless, refinery gas might be effective for shaft power if utilized efficiently. Specifically, the flue gas leaving the combustion turbine exhaust is about 1000 F and still contains 12-15 vol.% oxygen. This gas should be effectively utilized as preheated oxidant to steam methane reforming furnaces or to other large radiant-type process furnaces. Steam generation from this hot flue gas is a last resort option.
8.The lowest value use of refinery gas is direct combustion, specifically to cogenerate steam and power. It is usually more economical to generate steam from coal or coke because of their much lower value relative to refinery gas. It must be noted, however, that refinery gas usually generates a certain amount of steam in the convection section of refinery gas-fired radiant furnaces.
5. Oil
l. The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. Some of theIndians of North America used to collect and sell the oil from the wells of Pennsylvania. No one, however, seems to have realized the importance of this oil until it was found that paraffin-oil could be made from it; this led to the development of the wells and to the making of enormous profits. When the internal combustion engine was invented, oil became of worldwide importance.
2. What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft?Scientists are confident about the formation of coal, but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil. They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past, and was formed from living things in the sea. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed.
They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry,
pressure and temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil. For there creatures to become oil, it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time. The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfield of the world; very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today. In some places gas and oil come up to the surface of the sea from its bed. The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too. They are sedimentary rocks, rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bed of the ocean. Almost.always the remains of shells, and other proofs of sea life, are found close to the oil.
A very common sedimentary rock is called shale, which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.
3. Geologists, scientists who study rocks, indicate the likely places to the oil drillers. In some cases oil comes out of the ground without any drilling at all and has been used for hundreds of years. In the island of Trinidad the oil is in the form of asphalt, a substance used for making roads. Sir Walter Raleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in 1595; it is said to contain nine thousand million tons of asphalt. There are probably huge quantities of crude oil beneath the surface.
4. The king of the oil field is the driller. He is a very skilled man. Sometimes he sends his drill more than a mile into the earth. During the process of drilling, gas and oil at great pressure may suddenly be met, and if this rushes out and catches fire, the oil well may never be brought into operation at all. This danger is well known and steps are always taken to prevent it. '
5. There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil. The drill may just miss the oi although it is near; on the other hand, it may strike oil at a fairly high level. When the drill goes down, it brings up soil. The samples of soil from various depths ar{ examined for traces of oil. If they are disappointed at one place, the drillers go to another. Great sums of money have been spent, for example in the deserts of Egyp in 'prospecting' for oil. Sometimes little is found. When we buy a few gallons oJ petrol for out cars, we pay not only the cost of the petrol, but also part of the cosl of the search that is always going on.
6. When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a
little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remaihs is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
7. There are four main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. The
first is that of the Middle East, and includes the regions near the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, another is the area between North and South America, and the third, between Asia and Australia, includes the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
8. The forth area is the part near the North Pole. When all the present oi!fields are exhausted, it is possible that this cold region may become the scene of oil activity. Yet the difficulties will be great, and the costs may be so high that no company will undertake the work. If progress in using atomic power to drive machines is fast enough, it is possible that oil-driven engines may give place to the new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil will fall, the oilfields will gradually disappear, and the deposits at the North Pole may rest where they are for ever.
6. SO2 Emission Reduction 降低二氧化硫排放
1.Throughout the world, pollutant emission standards for combustion plants have become increasingly strict over the past ten years. This has stimulated interest in different approaches to reducing these emissions. The principal emissions from coal-fired combustion plants are mainly sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and particulate. Sulfur dioxide reduction can be achieved in many different ways. These methods can be classified on the basis of the waste, or product produced, after the scrubbing of flue gas. In the wet flue gas desulfurization method, the product of desulfurization is in the form of a solution or sludge and in the dry system is ‘dry gas’. In general wet methods are further divided into regenerative and non-regenerative processes. Among regenerative processes, the wellmanlord process is based upon using a concentrated solution of sodium sulfite. This solution is contacted with flue gas in an absorber and sodium sulfite is reclaimed in the evaporator by separation of the rich stream of SO
2. The other well-known regenerative process is citrate process. It has two versions. In both a scrubbing solution of sodium citrate is used, but they differ in regeneration step. The buffering action of citrate maintains the pH in the range
3.5-5.0. regeneration is carried out by stream stripping or reaction with
专业英语培训内容 1. A World without Oil假如世界上没有石油 Have you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of oil? Take a look at your day. The roof of your home is probably made waterproof by an oil product, bitumen. The same product is used for the road surface outside your home. Before you leave to go to work or school, just examine your surroundings. Is the room warmer than the cold air outside? oil , or electricity from oil-fed generators may be keeping you comfortably warm. If you are comfortably cool in a tropical climate, your air conditioning unit may also depend on oil-fed generators. In the kitchen and the bathroom you will probably see some plastic fittings, such as tiles and working surfaces; polystyrene cups; curtains made from synthetic materials; disinfectants and detergents. All owe their origin to the oil known as petroleum。Latin/Greek 'petra', rock, and Latin 'oleum', oil), found deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboard for more petroleum products, medical paraffin and petroleum jelly. Cosmetics such as face creams, lipsticks and hair preparations are often based on petroleum.。 When you're out, notice the fields and gardens. Fertilizers and insecticides made from petroleum can improve crop production. Recently protein feeds for animals have been developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock.As you head for your bus, train or car, all of which use petroleum products in the form of fuel to move them and lubricants to keep them in working order. take a look in the mirror. What are you wearing today? A polyester shirt or dress, nylon socks or stockings, and acrylic sweater - a raincoat of PVC (polyvinyl chloride)? All of these are based on petroleum products. Scientists predict that the world's 'known oil resources will run out early in the next century. But long before then the world will have to decide on its priorities. Can we afford to use so much of our limited petroleum supplies for private motoring? Should airlines compete on similar routes allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passenger seats? What alternative energy resources can be developed?。 There is an old English saying, "Necessity is the mother of invention,"which means that when you are faced with a need you will discover some way of fulfilling it. Already scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions. There is one suggestion that the
36 To Be Content with One's Lot乐天知命 （be content with 对…满足；lot n. 命运） 1. Peter Hessler described two lifestyles and asked his Chinese students to choose the one they preferred, either a very long yet<但是> ultimately
4 How to Negotiate<谈判> with Americans 如何与美国人谈判 1.美国是一个富有吸引力的市场。它给世界带来的诸如“股东价值”和“首次公开募股”的商业文化近几年来一直引导着商业思想，并且在未来几年内还将保持。但是无论是谁，想要在美国取得成功，都必须记住游戏的规则。 2.美国的商业，在《纽约，纽约》这首歌的歌词中是这样描述的：“如果你能在这里取得成功，你就能在别的任何地方取得成功!” 但是愉快的做生意的方法是绝对不够的。虽然在美国的商业沟通是愉快的和自在的，但是它同时也因为不讲情面而成为焦点。
3.沟通是美国人与生俱来的才能。双方谈判的时候，闲聊和微笑是很重要的。美国人比英国人更幽默也更直接。（that 引导定语从句，可以译为：美国人自由地使用幽默感，这种幽默感比英国人更加直接。）如果你和美国人谈话，要很放松并且要准备很多笑话来吸引听众的注意力。 4.美国人不拘礼节。商业伙伴不会在他们的名片上写他们的毕业院校。会议期间会提供一些用塑料瓶或盒子装的三明治和饮料。你的生意伙伴很可能会在办公室随意地做一些事情或聊他们的家庭。
5.“时间就是金钱”这种态度在美国的生意场上的影响力比其他任何领域都强。在简单的寒暄之后，美国谈判双方很快地切入主题，甚至社会上举办的联欢会都会被利用来讨论生意。 6.美国人做生意很注重实效，他们就是想赢。相比之下，发展与商业伙伴的个人关系（与得到的谈判结果相比）就不是那么重要了。 7.而且美国谈判者想最快地获得结果。金融情况时刻受到关注（或直译为“财务业绩每季上报”），这对在短期内保证收益很重要。因此，许多美国契约在前言里面包含“时间就是生命”这一条款。所以美国人谈判很性急，但这不应该被理解为无礼，而是因为“时间就是金钱”的理念在起作用。
2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试 课后练习及答案 目录 1.SIX GOLDEN RULES FOR MEETING MANAGEMENT主持会议六大准则（2016新增） (2) 2. NETWORK SECURITY 网络安全(2013版) (2) 3 .ALL I LEARNED IN KINDERGARTEN 幼儿园所学的... . (4) 4. HOW TO NEGOTIATE WITH AMERICANS 如何与美国人谈判(2013版) (5) 5.CARBON-BASED ALTERNATIVE 碳基替代燃料（2010版） (7) 6. AUTOMATIC AUTO: A CAR THAT DRIVES ITSELF 无人驾驶汽车(2013版) (9) 7 OUR FAMILY CREED 家族的信条（2007版） (11) 8 THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 公共演讲的艺术(2007版) (13) 9. OIL AND GAS GENERATION油气生成（2016版新增） (16) 10.THE DRESS CODE FOR OFFICE LIFE办公室的着装礼仪（2016版新增） (16)
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management主持会议六大准则（2016新增） 课后练习： 1.If you are asked to chair【主持，椅子】a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting ____. A. treatment B.requirement C.management D.improvement 2.If you begin on time, group members who ____ late will realize the value of time. A.bring up https://www.doczj.com/doc/027290294.html,e up C.dress up D.show up 3. You may need to refer back to【查阅，重新提及】an issue ____ was discussed during the meeting at a later date. A.that B.what C.who D.where 4. ____, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than【而不是】really listening to other people. A.Traditionally B.Additionally C.Conditionally D.Exceptionlly 5.Many times important issues can get sidetracked【转变话题的】in a meeting, _____ when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. A.essentially B.entirelly C.extremely D.especially 6. If you ____ a conflict【冲突】prior to【在……之前】the meeting, discuss the issue with participants【参与者】in advance【提前】. A.anticipate B.participate C.preserve D.announce 7. If an unanticipated【不曾预料到的】conflict develops once the meeting is in progress 【进行中】, either appoint a subcommittee【小组委员会】to ____ the problem A.look into B.look on C. look over D.look through 答案：1C 2D 3A 4B 5D 6A 7A 2. Network Security 网络安全(2013版) 课后练习： 1.Internet ____ theft 【失窃】is a growing—and very costly【昂贵的，expensive】—problem A.identify B.identity C. identical D.identification
59. Forest Fires: a Major Disaster 森林大火：可怕的灾难 1.The United States Forest Service<林业局>defines a wildfire<野火，山火>as “any fire that b urns uncontrolled in vegetative
45 How to Become a Scientist 怎样才能成为一名科学家 1.Looking back at the time,nearly seventy years ago,when the love of science took hold of<吸引，控制住>me,I think of no big event but of many small things that influenced me.As a child I read books and learned lessons,but I did not have much curiosity<好奇>about the natural world<自然界>.This began to change when I looked at the stars.In Australia,where I grew up,the skies are often clear.I learned to recognize the stars and the constellations
52 Sales Promotion 产品促销 1. Sales promotion consists of those promotional activities<推销活动>other than<不同于，除了，绝不是>advertising, personal selling, and publicity<宣传>. As such<因此>, any promotional activities that do not fall under<归入…类> the other three activities of the promotion mix are considered sales promotion. The trade often uses the term indiscriminately
40 Fundamental<基本的> Techniques in Handling<处理> People 处理人际关系的基本技巧 1. On the morning of April 15, 1865, Abraham Lincoln lay dying<奄奄一息地躺在>in a hall bedroom of a cheap lodging<寄住的，暂住的>house directly across the street from Ford's Theater, where John Wilkes Booth had shot him. Lincoln's long body lay stretched<伸展> diagonally
20 A World without Oil 假如世界上没有石油 1. Have you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of<用完，用尽> oil? Take a look at your day. The roof of your home is probably made waterproof<防水的> by an oil product, bitumen<沥青>. The same product is used for the road surface outside your home. Before you leave to go to work or school, just examine your surroundings<周围的环境>. Is the room warmer than the cold air outside? Oil, or electricity<电力> from oil-fed generators<燃油发电机> may be keeping you comfortably warm. If you are comfortably cool in a tropical climate, your air conditioning unit<空调器> may also depend on oil-fed generators. 1.你曾想过没有，如果世界上用尽了石油，你的生活会发生什么样的变化呢？请看一看你的日常生活。你家的屋顶可能是用一种叫沥青的石油产品做成防水的。沥青同样可用来铺你家外面的路面。在你离家去上班或上学之前，请观察一下你周围的环境。房间里会比外面冷空气暖和吗？这是石油或由燃油发电机发出来的电使你感到舒适温暖。如果你在炎热的气候里感到舒适凉爽，那么你家的空调器可能也是靠燃油发电机工作的。 2. In the kitchen and the bathroom you will probably see some plastic<塑料的> fittings<器具> such as tiles<瓷砖，瓦片> and working surfaces; polystyrene<聚苯乙烯> cups; curtains<门帘>made from synthetic<合成的> materials; disinfectants<消毒剂> and detergents<去污剂>. All owe their origin to the oil known as petroleum (Latin/Greek 'petra', rock, and Latin 'oleum', oil), found deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboard for more petroleum
22The Germanic Languages 日耳曼语系 1. Most people have heard of the Tower of Babel<巴别塔> story in the Bible<圣经>. According to this story, long ago all people spoke the same https://www.doczj.com/doc/027290294.html,ter, however, they were punished<惩罚，处罚> by speaking a great number of different tongues<语言>. Today, there are literally<照字面意义，逐字地> thousands of different languages (defined as mutually<相互地> unintelligible<难解的> tongues) around the world, though many are related to one another. Indeed, the two largest language families, the Indo-European (the language family with the largest number of speakers) and Sino-Tibetan (containing the Chinese languages, Thai, Vietnamese, and Tibetan) include hundreds of languages with over half the world's population. 1. 大多数的人都听过圣经中巴别塔的故事。故事称很久以前，人们说的是同一种语言。但是，后来人们遭受惩罚，而开始说各种不同的语言。今天，全世界真是有好几千种不同的语言（此处指的是彼此无法相通的语言），虽然其中语言彼此都有所关联。的确，这两个最大的语系，印欧语系（最多人使用的语系）和汉藏语系（包括华语、泰语、越语和西藏语），涵盖了几百种不同的语言，使用者也超过了全世界半数的人口。 2. Because there are so many languages within the above two super-categories<种类，类别> of language families,linguists<语言学家> have further divided these linguistically<语言上地，语言学上地> rich and geographically<地理上地>diverse<不同的> families into sub-groups<次级语系>, one of which, the Germanic language group, has the second-largest number of speakers (Chinese being first). Within this group of over 500,000,000 speakers is the world's foremost<
33 What Do Parents Owe<欠> Their Children 父母欠子女什么？ 1. If I had to select<选择，挑选> a word that best describes the majority of American parents, that word would be guilt-ridden<内疚>. How sad it is to see parents become the willing victims<牺牲者> of the "give-me game", only to discover that, no matter what they do, it isn't enough. In the end, they are despised<轻视，蔑视>for their lack of firmness<坚定> and blamed<责备>when their spoiled<宠坏的> children get in trouble. With this in mind, I shall first answer this question:" What do parents owe their children?" and I shall start with what they don't owe them. 1. 如果我必须挑选一个词，来描述美国的大多数父母，这个词便是“内疚”。目睹父母们甘愿做“给我游戏”的牺牲者是很令人伤心的。但我们发现无论他们怎么做，都还是不够。到最后，父母们都会因自己的软弱而受到蔑视，因他们宠坏的孩子惹出事端而受到责备。认识到这些，我们应该首先回答这个问题：“父母欠子女些什么？”而我首先要从他们不欠子女什么谈起。 2. Parents don't owe their children every minute of their day and every ounce<一点儿，盎司> of their energy. They don't owe them round-the-clock<时时刻刻的全天候的> car service, singing lessons, tennis lessons, expensive bicycles, a motorcycle or a car when they reach sixteen, or a trip to Europe when they graduate<毕业>. 2. 父母不必把分分秒秒、点点滴滴的精力都花在孩子们身上。不必时时准备替他们开车外出，不必让他们上音乐课或网球课，不必给他们买很贵的自行车、摩托车、或在他们满十六岁时给他们买汽车，也不必在他们毕业时出钱让他们去欧洲旅游。父母并不欠子女这些。 3. I take the firm position<确信>that parents do not owe their children a college education. If they can afford it, fine; they can certainly send them to the best universities. But they must not feel guiltily<内疚地> if they can't. If the children really want to go, they'll find a way. There are plenty of loans<贷款项目> and scholarships<金学金>for the bright and eager who can't afford to pay. 3. 我还确信父母并不欠孩子高等教育的费用。如果付的起，很好，他们当然可以将子女送进一流大学。但付不起亦无须感到愧疚。假如子女们真愿意上大学，他们自己会