名词根据其可数性

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一.名词根据其可数性,可分为可数名词和不可数名词 可数名词:book boy desk egg student teacher. 有单数和复数两种形式。 不可数名词: money. time. water rice bread tea 无复数形式只有一种形式。 二.复数形式的构成。 (一)规则变化。 (1) 一般情况在词尾加 -s,如 book / books, desk / desks。 (2) 以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词,通常加词尾 -es:bus ---buses, box ---boxes, dish ---dishes watch---watches。 3) 以y 结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词,将 y 改为 ies;以―元音字母+y‖结尾的名词,直接加词尾-s: city / cities, factory \factories. Story\stories. dictionary\ dictionaries toy / toys, holiday / holidays day\ days. boy—boys (4) 以 o 结尾的名词,无生命的加词尾 -s,有生命的加-es。 但在中学英语范围内,以o结尾的名词变复数加词尾-es 的主要有以下4个:tomato(西红柿),potato(土豆),hero(英雄),Negro(黑人)。 phone (5) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,也有两种可能:即有些直接加词尾-s,有些则把 f / fe 改为 ves:roof / roofs(屋顶),knife / knives(小刀)等。但在中学英语范围内,要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词):wife(妻子),life(生命),knife(小刀),leaf(树叶),thief(贼),half(一半),self(自己),shelf(架子),loaf(面包),wolf(狼)。 (6) 单复同形。 sheep 绵羊 fish 鱼 deer 鹿 fish表示几条鱼时单复同形,如 five fish (五条鱼).表示种类是用fishes.如five fishes(五种鱼) (二)不规则变化。需特别记忆:

man / men 男人 woman / women 女人 child / children 小孩 tooth / teeth 牙齿 foot / feet 脚 goose / geese 鹅 mouse / mice 老鼠 (三)注意点: 1. 中日不变英法变,德美后面加s. Chinese 中国人 Japanese 日本人

Englishman\ Englishmen (英国人) Frenchman/men(特指法国男人) Frenchwoman/women(特指女人)

German\ Germans German\Germans policeman / policemen(警察) 2. 复合名词。 an apple tree ----two apple trees. 3. 一些以 man, woman 结尾的合成词,在构成复数时与 man, woman 的变化形式相同:a man teacher ---two men teachers. a woman doctor ----three woman doctors. policeman / policemen(警察) 三.名词所有格。 英语名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式,译为“的’’ 1. –’s所有格的构成方法:以s结尾的名词加’,不以s结尾的名词加’s。 Boy—boy`s woman ---woman`s Boys----boys` students ---students’

2.如果两个名词并列,并且分别带有 -’s,则表示“分别有”;若只带一个 –’s,则表示“两者共有”。如:

This is Tom and Jim’s room, and these are Jack’s and Mary’s rooms. 这间汤姆和吉姆的房间(两人共用),这两间是杰克和玛丽(各自)的房间

3. of 所有格 . a map of China, the capital of England a friend of mine

4. “数词+名词”作定语时,其中的名词要用单数形式。如: eight years old 八岁 eight-year-old 八岁的 two months' holiday 和two-month holiday 都表示“两个月的”, (二) 正误辨析 [误]Please give me a paper. [正]Please give me a piece of paper. [析]不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词,这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了,所以造成了这样的错误,因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类,是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时,要用与之相关的量词来表达,如:two pieces of paper.

[误]Please give me two letter papers. [正]Please give me two pieces of letter paper. [析]paper作为纸讲是不可数名词,而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词,如:Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt. [误]My glasses is broken. [正]My glasses are broken. [误]I want to buy two shoes. [正]I want to buy two pairs of shoes. [析]英语中glasses-眼镜,shoes-鞋,trousers-裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如:This pair of glasses is very good.

[误]May I borrow two radioes? [正]May I borrow two radios? [析]以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式,但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo-zoos,piano-pianos.

[误]This is a Mary's dictionary. [正]This is Mary's dictionary. [析]如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时,则不要再加冠词。

[误]There are much people in the garden. [正]There are many people in the garden. [析]可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰,而people是可数名词,而且是复数名词,如:The people are planting trees here.

[误]I want a few water. [正]I want a little water. [析]不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰,但不可用many,few来修饰。 [误]Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me. [正]Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me. [误]Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us. [正]Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us. [误]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me. [正]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me. [析]集合名词如果指某个集合的整体,则应视为单数,如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有:family class, team等。

[误]Don't eat too much meats. [正]Don't eat too much meat. [误]Food in that restaurant is very good. [正]The food in that restaurant is very good. [析]物质名词是不可数名词,在使用中不可以加s,即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如:I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.

[误]Please give me two waters. [正]Please give me two glasses of water. [正]Please give me two coffees. [析]物质名词如要加计量时,一定要加量词,如:two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,

a piece of bread,a box of sugar,