托福听力考试背景知识综合辅导(三十二)

听力考试概述TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language ibt: internet based test ETS ：“What we cared about is whether a student has the ability to study in an academic environment劣势：• 机考形式 • 内容学术 • 耐受力要求高 优势：• 能刷高分 • 环境真实 四级通过----80六级通过----95 阅读—20 中国：77 18 口语—19 写作—20日本：70 韩国：84 1. 听力考试形式⏹ 答题形式：听--笔记--读题--确定答案⏹ 题目形式：单选；多选；排序；搭配；表格 ⏹ 语音形式：美音为主+国际语音 2．考试界面展示3．听力考试内容听力材料题目数量时间Conversation: 2-3个长对话5 2-3 min/conversationLecture:4-6个学术讲座6 4-6 min/lectureTotal:6-9(加试)34+ 60—90 minConversation考察场景⏹Office hour（可能涉及学术内容或与课程相关）⏹Service encounter（通常为非学术性内容）⏹讲座四大类话题：⏹Arts (艺术)⏹Life Science (生命科学)⏹Physical Science (自然科学)⏹Social Science (社会科学)听力能力提升之笔记一、Why to Take Notes?•无预览•对话/讲座持续时间长•防止听力过程中走神•训练听力思维能力二、How to Take Notes?•速记•听懂后总结•只记录核心观点•有一定结构性三、What Notes to Take?•主旨•分论点＝: equal to, the same as≠: difference↑: increase, promote, enhance, improve, go up↓: decrease, fall, worsen, reduce＋: plus, add, besides, moreover－: minus, deduct, except→: result in, lead to←: originate from, date back to√: correct, good, positive, affirmative×: wrong, bad, mistaken, negative☆: outstanding, elite∵: because, owing to, thanks to, since, as∴: therefore, consequently, as a result, so, hence ∑: total, amount～：about/around，or so，approximately∈：belong to, be part of, fall into, remain with,++：最高级best, most高：superior to，surpass低：inferior to2.列顺序｛⒈⒉⒊Ⅰ；Ⅱ；ⅢA; B ; C3.做比较= Equals=/= Does not equal& And> Is more than< Is less than4.表因果→Leading to∴Therefore∵Because5.表年代1929→Since 1929←1929 1929 and earlierC. Century6.表增减↑To increase↓To decrease/ Per% Percent7.表举例e. g. -----For example8.其它常用符号♂Man; Men♀Woman; Women$ dollar£ pound€eurob.速记方法二：缩写1.拿掉所有元音msg messagestd standardmkt marketrspct respect2.保留前几个字母wk--------weekbd---------boardpl----------peoplebk---------bank,book3.后缀缩写able/ ible/ ble bling: Gtion: Nment: T/ mtize: Ztive: TVless: LSful: FLed: dent/ant: T4.后缀缩写impossible-----------impoblshopping-------------SHPGoccupation-----------OCPNamendment----------amdmtorganization----------ognzeffective----------------efctvregardless-------------rgdlsurgent------------------URGT五、文章结构及笔记方法论⏹完整的结构---从牌面分类到规则梳理⏹清晰的逻辑---由浅入深⏹个性的符号---拼音图片联用⏹主次分明---不含次要信息六、Conversation 结构七、conversation 笔记要点• 提出问题• 原因诊断1、原因诊断2、原因诊断3 • 解决方案1----拒绝+理由 • 解决方案2----拒绝+理由 • 最终解决方案 • 建议/保证问答 矛盾 八、1.Consultation-an engineering courseQ ：上 Eng 课----take again Why ？ Do better ？Half + rest = better next time Fill a form有form-----need sig必须滴！听力材料(student) Professor, I have a question about taking the engineering course that you’ll be teaching. I already took this course once, but I didn’t do very well on it, and I’d like to take it over again.(professor) Why do you want to try it again? Do you think you can do it better this time?(student) Well, I understood about half material last time, and if I concentrate on the rest of the material, I think I can do much better next time.(professor) It’s …uh…possible to repeat a course to try for a higher grade, as long as the appropriate form is filled out.(student) I’ve got the form right here, and I’ve already filled out most of it. All I need is your signature at the bottom.(professor) That’s fine. You really do seem prepared. Give me the form, and I’ll sign it. 2.Consultation-the grade reportQ：×收到grade report两周前出了move了？×Take all exam了？√等我在电脑上查查听力材料(student) I have a problem, and I hope you can help.(worker) What’s you problem?(student) I haven’t received my grade report from last quarter, and my friends have already received their grade reports.(worker) Grade reports from last quarter were mailed out two weeks ago. You haven’treceived yours yet?(student) No, I haven’t.(worker) Did you move in last quarter? Has your address changed? Um,…maybe the grade report went to the wrong address.(student) No I’m still in the same place. I haven’t moved. The address should be accurate.(worker) And did you take all of your final exams? If you missed an exam, then you grade report would be held up.(student) No I took all my exams…(worker) Then, uh, you should’ve received your grade report by now. Give me a moment, please, and I’ll look your grade report up in the computer system and see if I can figure out what the problem is.(student) Thanks very much for your help.九、Lecture笔记注意事项⏹听懂主旨、态度、结构即可作对大多数题目⏹顺序性原则---笔记结构清晰⏹出题点集中于主题，分论点，问答，观点和解释（原因）⏹经典段落结构不要听写要总结常见lecture结构：并列式1.Discussion-lakes地理课各种lake---怎么form的Lake Superior（LS）& Caspian Sea（CS）& Lake Baikal（LB）CS：ocean----cut offLS：glaciersLB：earth’s crust broke apart各种lake---怎么form的听力材料(woman 1) OK. Let’s see where we are on this project for geography class. Ourpresentation’s in two days, and I hope we’re almost ready.(man) I hope so, too. We are each going to look up information about a different lake-with an emphasis on how each lake formed-and we’ll each present information on the lake to the , to the class. My job was to look up information on Lake Superior, and I’ve done that.(woman 2) I’ve done my research on the Caspian Sea.(woman 1) And I’m already with information about Lake Baikal.(woman 2) Great. I’ll go first. I’ll be discussing the Caspian Sea, which is the largest inland body of water in the world. The Caspian Sea is a saltwater lake between Europe and Asia. It is believed that this lake was originally connected to the world’s ocean, which would account for its saltwater content. As the Earth’s plates moved, this arm of the ocean was cut off.(man) Well, here’s what I found on Lake Superior. Lake Superior is, of course, one ofthe Great Lakes in North America, and it’s the largest freshwater lake in the world. Along with the other Great Lakes, it was formed by glaciers. Glaciers, covered the northern part of North America until 10000years ago and were responsible for carving the Great Lakes,including Lake Superior.(woman 1) OK, now for Lake Baikal, which is the lake I’ll be discussing. Lake Baikal’s in Russia, and it was formed when the earth’s crust broke apart at a fault. Because Lake Baikal formed over a split in the Earth’s crust, it’s a very deep lake, the deepest lake in theworld. Lake Baikal’s so deep that, even though its surface area is much smaller than the surface area of Lake Superior, it could hold the water of all the Great Lakes combined.(man) Well, it looks like we’ve all found information about each of these lakes, and, in particular, how they were formed. Now we need to talk about how we can present theinformation to the rest of the class.常见lecture结构：递进式2.Consultation- an anthropology paper人类学discuss选topic什么topic？eyesight test that the Roman military used看见A星，做archer；看不见A星，做foot solider跟人类学的relationship？“survival of the fittest”为什么？原因？Archer生存几率高，因为在后方就这么写吧！听力材料(student) 1. Thanks for seeing me, Dr. Barton.(professor) No problem. It’s my office hour… What did you want to talk about?(student) I wanted to discuss the topic I’ve chosen for the paper I’m supposed to be writing for you anthropology course. The topic I’m thinking about is a bit unusual.(professor) Oh you know, it has to be related to some aspect of anthropology that we’re studying… What topic did you have in mind?(student) I wanted to write about a test used by the Roman military to test soldiers’ eyesight. (pro fessor) Hmmm… an eyesight test used by the Roman military? Are you sure this is related to our anthropology class?... Well, tell me about it… What is the eyesight test that the Roman military used?(student) Well, it was a test that the Romans used to determine if their soldiers would fight as foot soldiers on the front lines or as archers behind the front lines. Roman soldiers were required to undergo certain tests to determine their ability to perform as soldiers. One of these tests was simply to count the stars in the constellation, the Big Dipper. This test determined the acuity of their vision. See. Look at this picture of the Big Dipper. You can see the seven stars in the BigDipper. The star at the bend of the handle of the Big Dipper is called Mizar, and Mizar is a binary star. If you look closely, there’s a second star called Alcor next to Mizar. If a Roman soldier’s eyesight was good enough to see Alcor, he could fight as an archer. If he couldn’t see Alcor, he had to fight on the front lines as a foot soldier.(professor) So this eye test was based on the ability of the soldier to see Alcor next to Mizar. (student) Yes, exactly.(professor) Well, that’s a very interesting test, but I’m sure it’s related to the material in our anthropology class. Well, let’s put it away… how would you related this to the material in the anthropology course?(student) I’d related it to the idea of “survival of the fittest.”(professor) Um… interesting… and how would you related it to this concept? Survival of the fittest has to do with the idea that those who’s strongest or have some other physical or material advantage will be more likely to survival.(student) Well, this test for eyesight was used not only by Romans but also other groups of people for hundreds of years. The interesting point is that over time more people have been able to pass the test, and the fact that more people have been able to pass the test over time has been attributed to survival of the fittest. It was certainly true for Roman soldiers that those who passed the test had a better chance of surviving longer.(professor) And why was that? Why did Roman soldiers who passed the test stand a better chance of surviving longer?(student) Well, soldiers with better eyesight weren’t on the front line s. Those with bad eyesight were sent to the front lines and, more often than not, were killed on the front lines. Archers stood a better chance of survival and were around to father children, who would also tend to have better eyesight than those who failed the test. This is what supports the concept of survival of the fittest.(professor) 3. Umm. That’s an interesting idea. As long as you concentrate on the idea of survival of the fittest in your paper and use this example of an eye test to support the concept, I think you would have a solid paper.(student) That’s what I’ll do then. Thanks, Dr. Barton.•笔记：•笔记的目的：记录信息，防止遗忘•笔记的作用：帮助回忆文章，结合题目定位出题点•笔记的要素：主旨，结构（分论点），情感•笔记（听力）的提升：听懂句子---听懂文章---学会“读题”---掌握文章结构---针对文章要点进行笔记一级要点：分论点，段意二级要点：解释性，补充性内容。

托福听力备考3大类核心常识介绍老托福听力多篇mp3托福听力备考3大类核心常识介绍托福听力备考时间类常识介绍针对托福听力的练习时间知识，大家要明白托福听力练习时间有两个方面的理解，一是托福听力练习时间点，二是托福听力练习的时间长度。

大家在托福听力练习时间点上，提醒要尽可能的选择上午的时间来练习听力，原因在于托福听力考试是托福考试的第一场考试，同时还是在从上午开始。

在托福听力练习时间长度上，但并不建议大家使用太长时间但也不要太短，两个小时左右最佳。

对于这些时间只是也是我们要牢记在心的。

托福听力备考语音类常识讲解新托福听力方面语速是相当快的，听起来十分的模糊。

但是事实上这不单单是语速快慢问题，最关键的是比如连读、失爆、重音、弱化以及缩读等美音里经常看见的音变问题。

考生想要降低听力当中的阻碍，托福听力练习时大家必须要掌握有的语音知识，才可以实现听力能力的提升。

如果把这些问题都解决了，想必托福听力读得再快、再模糊，大家同样是可以“庖丁解牛”、反应机敏。

因此大家必须要注重语音知识的积累帮助同学们实现托福听力高分。

托福听力备考原则类常识解读托福听力一般是在有限的时间里，要求大家把有效的句子及词语抓住，如此不但需要靠实力同时还需要靠一些巧。

在托福听力的练习过程里，需要把四大原则掌握，才可以帮助大家降低托福听力中的阻碍。

这四大原则包括练习听力的耐力，听力的准确性，对话题的敏感性和记笔记。

利用这四项原则大家到了听时不但能够掌握文章的框架还可以抓住听力中的细节。

托福听力练习对照文本Thank you. It's great to see so many of you interested in this serieson“Survival in Outer Space."谢谢。

见到你们这么多人对“生存在外层空间”这个系列感兴趣真是太棒了。

Please excuse the cameras, we're being videotaped for the local TVstations.请原谅这些摄像机，我们正在为地方电视台录像。

托福听力考试背景知识综合辅导(三十四第一次世界大战中AIRSHIP的背景知识By the start of the Great War the airship had been developed into two main types - rigid and non-rigid (technically, the latter is more accurately described as pressure-rigid. Cylindrical in cross-section, both were given buoyancy by gas and motion by engine-driven propellers and were controlled by vertical rudders and horizontal elevators.In the rigid type, a solid framework, which might be likened to a skeleton, supports an external covering of fabric called the envelope (a very few experimental types had a metallic covering. Within the framework are contained bags of gas called balloonets. In the non-rigid, the envelope''s shape is maintained by the pressure of the gas that fills it; there is no framework. The rigid''s control car and engines are suspended from the framework; in the non-rigid they are attached directly to or suspended directly from the envelope. (In some later rigids the engines were mounted internally, driving the propellers by transmission belts.There was an intermediate type, now long vanished, called the semi-rigid. It had a pressure-rigid envelope but a solid keel.The rigid airship, employed so extensively by Germany during the Great War, was perfected soon after the turn of the century by a former Wurttenberg army cavalry officer, Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich Graf von Zeppelin, who had been inspired by a balloon ascent he had made in the United States on 19-Aug-1863. 2 His craft were, naturally , known as Zeppelins. "Zeppelin" is a proprietary, or trade, name (such as Kodak, Ferris Wheel and Autogiro, and is applied properly only to craft constructed by Luftshiffbau Zeppelin G.m.b.H. or firms licensed to use its patents. It should thus be spelled with a capital Z; modern writers who spell it in lower case are mistaken in their apparent belief that it is generic. 3It has become customary to refer to all German rigid airships of the Great War as Zeppelins, but in fact not all were. Some were constructed by a rival firm, Luftschiffbau Schutte-Lanz G.m.b.H., which employed a framework of laminated plywood instead of the aluminum alloy used in Zeppelins. 4The vast amount of literature devoted to German airships can easily, and has, led to the belief that these were the dominant LTA craft of the Great War. Actually, the British navy was the greatest exponent of the airship, receiving more than 200 non-rigids during 1915-1918 for anti-submarine patrolling. This type was also used, although in far fewer numbers, by the U.S. Navy and the French and Italian armies and navies. The German army and navy also had a handful.The rigid airship no longer exists; none has been built since the 1930s. 5 The demise is usually blamed on the Hindenburg disaster 6 although that had been preceded by the loss of a number of American, British, French and Italian rigids. All airships flying today are non-rigid types, popularly known as blimps.飞艇按其结构可分为软式、半硬式、硬式。

托福听力测试背景知识综合辅导(十三)古希腊三种柱子的详解ColumnsIn ancient Greece three types of columns can be found; Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. All three types of columns have three separate parts to their structure (base, shaft, and capital) with the exception of Doric which has no base. The base is all one piece as well as the capital. The shaft is composed of several pieces which fit together in a tongue-and-groove type of securing. Columns were constructed in a raw fashion first before the final product was produced Doric StyleOf the three columns found in Greece, Doric columns are the most basic and undecorative, with a square and circular capital and a plain 20 sided shaft. There is no base leaving this column with a very straightforward but powerful presence in its design. During the Archaic period, Doric columns were shorter compared to theirheight and diameter. Doric capitals showed an evolution from a broad flaring to a more compact form. Doric, like most Greek styles, emitted a strong horizontal presence in its architectural design. The area above the columns, the frieze and architrave, had no set style and is found to have a wide variety only following the simple pattern shown in the picture. Above each column a triglyph (vertical band) was carved and between each of these was a metope filled with sculpture of history, myths, religious events, etc.Ionic StyleIonic columns were more slender and narrowly fluted than Doric, and also had what is called entasis; which is a convex swelling to prevent an illusion of concavity in a column shaft. A large base was added consisting of a textured profile like that of stacked rings. Ionic capitals consist of a scroll-like portion above a decorative shaft portion. The Ionic style has a more decorative capital. Instead of the single scene carvings of the Doric style in the frieze, the Ionic had a continuous band of carvings. Corinthian Style The Corinthian columns are the most decorative andusually the most appealing to the modern eye. They too use entasis to correct the optical illusions of the massive Greek structures. The Corinthian capitals have flowering, leaf-like structures below a lesser scroll design than that of Ionian capitals. The shaft has indented sides and the base is a more refined version of the Ionian. Unlike the Doric and Ionian roofs, which are at a slant, the Corinthian roofs are flat. The Corinthian frieze is the same as the Ionic frieze, but on a smaller scale. Greek Temple Architecture The Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their own distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek orders are: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.DoricThe Doric style is rather sturdy and its top (the capital), is plain. This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily. IonicThe Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). This style was found in eastern Greece and theislands. CorinthianThe Corinthian style is seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on Roman temples. Its capital is very elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaves.。