托福听力背景知识：建筑学(Architecture)

托福阅读--建筑学词汇architect 建筑师architecture 建筑学arch 拱形baroque style 巴洛克rococo style洛可可pillar post柱bar tendon 钢筋construction 建造icon 肖像，画像statue 雕像dam 坝tunnel 隧道pyramid 金字塔canyon、gorge 峡谷monument 纪念碑church 教堂abbey 教堂landmark 路标里程碑suspension bridge 悬浮桥beam梁dome vault穹顶granite 花岗岩collapse 坍塌magnificent 壮丽的reinforce 加强stable 稳定的absorber 减震器masterpiece 杰作名著skyscraper 摩天大楼sideways 侧面的erect 盖，树立peg 钉，栓sway 摇晃upright 垂直的vertical 垂直的wedge 三角木storey 层eave 屋檐watchtower 瞭望塔staircase 楼梯overhang 悬垂roof 屋顶trunk 树干craftsman 工匠column 圆柱flex 弯曲concept 概念concrete混凝土toughened glass钢化玻璃aerial view/bird eye view鸟瞰图symbol象征statue\sculpture雕塑blueprint 蓝图sketch 草图building orientation建筑朝向building structure建筑结构civil土木water supply and drainage给排水plot plan总图H.V.A.C (heating、ventilation and a ir conditioning) 采暖通风electric power supply电力供应electric lighting电气照明telecommunication电讯instrument仪表heat power supply热力供应civil architecture民用建筑piping管道auxiliary buildings附属建筑fire-prevention防火aseismatic, quake-proof防震anti-corrosion防腐dump-proof防潮water-proof防水dust-proof防尘rust-proof防锈pedestrian volume人流量perspective drawing透视图wind load风荷载scheme, draft方案bearing wall承重墙balcony阳台marble大理石granite花岗岩reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土。

托福听力建筑演讲各位托福小伙伴们，今天咱们来聊聊托福听力里那些关于建筑的演讲内容。

一、建筑风格。

1. 哥特式建筑（Gothic architecture）这种建筑风格那可相当酷炫。

想象一下，高高的尖塔直指天空，就像要和老天爷握手似的。

它的特点呢，有尖拱（pointed arch），这可不是普通的拱，看起来特别优雅，像一个高高瘦瘦的绅士在弯腰行礼。

还有飞扶壁（flying buttress），这就像是建筑的小翅膀一样，从侧面支撑着建筑主体，让整个建筑能够建得更高更稳。

在哥特式教堂里，彩色玻璃（stained glass）那也是一大亮点。

阳光透过彩色玻璃洒进来，教堂里面就像是被彩虹笼罩了一样，充满了神秘而神圣的氛围。

2. 巴洛克式建筑（Baroque architecture）巴洛克式建筑就像是建筑界的大明星，特别爱炫耀自己的华丽。

它喜欢用大量的曲线和椭圆形（ellipse）。

建筑的外观看起来非常动感，就像一个正在跳舞的美女，曲线玲珑。

里面呢，装饰超级豪华，有很多精美的雕塑（sculpture）和壁画（mural）。

天花板上常常画着各种神话故事里的场景，人物都好像要从天花板上跳下来一样，特别逼真。

这种建筑就是要给人一种震撼、豪华、充满戏剧性的感觉。

二、建筑功能。

1. 住宅建筑（residential architecture）住宅建筑嘛，就是咱们住的地方。

不同的文化和地域，住宅的样子可就千差万别了。

比如说在北欧，有些房子屋顶特别陡（steep roof），这是为啥呢？因为那边雪下得大啊，陡屋顶能让雪顺利地滑下来，不然雪在屋顶上堆得太厚，房子可就要被压垮啦。

而在一些热带地区，房子的窗户很大，通风良好，这样就能让凉爽的微风在屋子里穿梭，住在里面就不会觉得闷热了。

2. 公共建筑（public building）公共建筑的种类可就多了去了。

图书馆（library）得有宽敞明亮的空间，方便大家找书、看书。

里面的书架布局得合理，不能让读者在里面像走迷宫一样。

托福听力背景知识(一)Troy 特洛伊“荷马史诗”包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部长诗，被认为是古希腊最伟大的作品，也是欧洲文学中最古老、最杰出的叙事诗。

相传史诗的作者是古希腊盲诗人荷马。

他生于爱奥尼亚（今土耳其西海岸），生存年代约是公元前8世纪的后半叶。

《伊利亚特》共24卷，15693行，记载了希腊联军攻陷特洛伊城的10年战争，而主要描述战争最后一年的一个事件，着重描绘了希腊英雄阿基里斯的的伟大形象。

相传在古希腊的弗提亚地方，有个叫珀琉斯的国王举行婚礼。

他邀请了奥林匹斯山上的众神出席，却把专管争吵的女神厄里斯给忘记了。

厄里斯便挑起是非，偷偷把一个写着“送给最美丽的女神”的金苹果放在了婚礼宴席上。

参加喜宴的天后赫拉、智慧女神雅典娜、爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂（即罗马神话中的维纳斯）都认为自己是美丽的，应该得到这个金苹果，于是争吵起来。

天神宙斯无法，只得让她们去特洛伊，让特洛伊王子帕里斯判定金苹果该给谁。

当3位女神见到帕里斯后，都争着向他许愿：赫拉愿给他权力和财宝；雅典娜愿给他胜利和智慧；阿芙罗狄蒂愿让他挑选世界上最美丽的女子为妻。

结果，帕里斯把金苹果判给了阿芙罗狄蒂。

阿芙罗狄蒂便与帕里斯约定帮他得到世界第一美女。

大约在公元前12世纪，希腊半岛上建立了许多小王国，斯巴达是其中的一个。

一天，斯巴达王宫来了两位尊贵的客人，他就是特洛伊国王普里阿摩斯和他的二儿子帕里斯。

特洛伊是小亚细亚半岛（今土耳其）上的一个小王国。

斯巴达国王米雷劳斯以隆重的礼节欢迎两位贵宾，连年轻的王后海伦也亲自出来接待。

海伦是当时全希腊最美丽的女人。

帕里斯禁不住看了她两眼，顿时动心。

海伦见了这位英俊的王子，也感到满心欢喜。

当晚，趁斯巴达国王外出的时候，帕里斯在阿芙罗狄蒂的帮助下，拐走了海伦，乘船逃回特洛伊。

蒙受奇耻大辱的斯巴达国王，立刻找到他的哥哥、另一个小国迈锡尼的国王阿加米农商量，决定向全希腊各王国求助。

于是，以阿加米农为统帅，组织了10万希腊联系，乘坐1013艘战船，越过爱琴海攻打特洛伊城。

托福听力真题词汇(历史类)-architecture1. architecture 建筑学2. architect 建筑师3. industrial 工业的4. semester 学期5. machinery 机器的6. plant 植物7. fireproof 防火的8. assemble 组合9. vibrate 震动10. bibliography 自传11. frame 框架12. inefficient 没有效率的13. breakthrough 突破14. cramp 狭窄的15. sturdy 结实的、健壮的16. turn of the century 世纪之交17. fire hazards 火灾隐患18. dig out 找出19. reinforced concrete 被加固的混凝土20. factory 工厂21. design 设计22. decide 决定23. research 研究24. invent 发明25. assembly line (工厂产品的)装配线26. automobile 汽车27. revive 复苏28. classical 古典的29. major 重大的30. contribution 贡献31. steel manufacturing 钢铁制造32. coal mine 煤矿33. textile 纺织品34. transportation 运输35. efficiency 效率36. beauty 美观37. focus on 集中关注38. famous 著名的39. provide 提供40. enough 足够的41. huge 巨大的42. cheap 便宜的43. career 成就44. background 背景45. look up 查阅46. library 图书馆47. modern 现代的。

新托福听力背景分类词汇-建筑音乐场景新托福听力背景分类词汇-建筑medieval 中世纪音乐场景音乐
建筑 accompaniment 伴奏 architecture 建筑学 audition 试听，试表演architect 建筑师 band music 乐队音乐 architectural 建筑风格 chord 弦乐
art deco 装饰艺术 classical music 古典音乐 geometric patterns 几何图形concerto 协奏曲 arch 拱门 lullaby 催眠曲 castle 城堡 duet 二重奏 framing 结构 harmony 和弦，和谐 cathedral 大教堂 rock and roll 摇滚 lobby 大厅serenade 小夜曲 elevator 电梯 solo 独奏façade 正面 sonata 奏鸣曲 stairs 楼梯 symphony 交响乐 interior 内部的 ballad 歌谣 exterior 外部的 folk music 民间音乐 mosque 清真寺 prelude 前奏 pyramid 金字塔 epilogue 尾声revival 复活 score 乐谱 renaissance 文艺复兴 note 音符
notation 乐谱，记号法
chord symbol 和弦符号
lyrics 歌词
tempo 节奏 melody 主旋律 rhythm 节奏 tune 旋律
conduct 指挥 violin 小提琴 viola 中提琴 cello 大提琴 oboe 双簧管clarinet 单簧管 harp 竖琴。

托福听力场景学科分类词汇大全新托福IBT听力场景词汇对话场景选课学科major 主修minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学 electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学 economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Attend class 上课Miss class 缺课 Skip class逃课Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与杂semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要major 主修minor 副修exemption 免修syllabus 教学大纲Professor’s sig nature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）,openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家mathematician 数学家chemist 化学家historian 历史学家statistician 统计学家作业、论文assignment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业lab report 实验报告 book report 读书报告project 作业presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查survey 调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考 plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间） open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试 pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BB plus B加A minus A减pass the iexam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录 bibliography 参考书目title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程HypothesisAlternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect data Survey, questionnaire ExperimentInterfere, influence ObservationAnalyze dataInterpret data AnalysisAnalyticalSubjectSampleTreatment groupNon-treatmentControl group校工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助Letter of reference/recommendation CompetitiveBenefit future careerField researchCollect data for papersWaiter, waitress，Babysitter Work at the library Qualification资格, qualified合格的Resume, CVfinancial aid经济援助Scholarship Fellowship Teaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Membership 成员资格Career service入学enrollment 登记, 注册 opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼） orientation meeting开学说明会。

托福听力词汇完整版文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-新托福IBT听力场景入学：enrollment/register 登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition fee 费用placement test 开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓: university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院science/ arts school 理科/文科学院undergraduate 本科postgraduate /graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅/cafeteria.自助餐厅dining hall 食堂administration building 行政大楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hallassembly n.集合,集会computer lab 计算实验室，机房选课学科major 主修 minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学（micro-微marin-海洋）geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistic 语言学pedagogy 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学课程类型required、 compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与Otherssemester/term 学期 quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要exemption 免修Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长faculty 全体教职员dean 院长coordinator 班主任，协调人tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人作业：assignment 作业（lab/book/oral/mix media）report 实验报告project 项目survey 调查presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲 (roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试：mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和B B plus B加A minus A减pass the exam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆：library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalog 图书目录classified catalog 分类目录title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架（vt.）stacks 书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程Hypothesis 假说Alternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey 调查Questionnaire 调查问卷Experiment 实验Interfere, influence 打扰Observation 观察Analyze data 分析数据Interpret data 翻译数据Analysis 分析Analytical 分析的Subject 主题,科目,受制于…的SampleTreatment group 实验组Control group 实验对照组校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letter ofreference/recommendation 推荐信Competitive 竞争的Benefit future careerField research 实地调查研究Collect data for papers Waiter, waitress，Babysitter 临时保姆Work at the library Qualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CV 简历financial aid经济援助Scholarship/Fellowship 奖学金Teaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Career service住宿：宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台， sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electricappliance(instrument;equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶fridge(refrigerator/freezer)冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personalpossessions/property/belonging s个人财产get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongs garbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入讲座场景词汇Geology地质学Slide n. 滑坡Landslide n.山体滑坡Mud泥土, soil土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n. 灌溉Freeze, froze, frozen v.冷冻Melt v.融化 moltenGravity n.重心Aggravate v.加重Lean v.倾斜Slope n.斜坡Steep adj.陡峭Erode v., erosion n.腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dinosaur n.恐龙Sediment, deposit 沉淀物Marble 大理石granite 花岗岩Ore 矿石Stalactite 钟乳石Refine v. 提炼Platinum v. 铂金Seismology 地震学Vibration, tremor, 震动Wave 波动Volcano, volcanic 火山，火山的Volcanic eruption 火山喷发Magnitude 级数Collision n.碰撞Active adj.积极的Dormant adj.休眠的Extinct adj. 熄灭的Magma n.岩浆Lava n.岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v.爆炸 (explosion) boom n.爆炸Blast n.爆炸Avalanche n.雪崩地球科学Earth’s interior 地球的内部Seismic waves地震波Compression 压缩Shear （a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a directionparallel to themselves）Slow down减慢速度Reflect 反射Depth深度Density 密度Boundary边界Mantle地幔Crust地壳Core地心Continental plate 大陆板块Tectonic plate (地球表面的)构造板块Continental drift 大陆漂移Layer, strata 层Stratify 分层Crack 裂缝Molten lava 融化的岩浆Climatic shift=Climatic changes气候变化Consistent pattern 统一的，始终一致的Solar energy太阳能Radiate 发射，放射Crude approximation 大概的猜测Speculation猜测Cooling down冷却Mechanism 机制Length of the dayPhysical force 体力Imaginary line虚拟线Artificial reservoir 人工水库LatitudeRedistribute再分配，再分布Spin 快速旋转Minerals 矿物质Diverse 多样的Specimen，Sample样品Abundant 丰富的Glassy像玻璃的Amazon stones天河石Firing vapor 炙热的水蒸汽Wipe out 根除，彻底消灭Mt Everest 珠穆朗玛峰Elevation 海拔，海拔增高Precise measurement精确的测量Global Positioning System全球定位系统Longitude 经度Latitude 维度Alternative sources of energy 可替代资源Gas hydrate气体水合物Trap 困住Flame 火焰Potential 潜在的Model 模式Geological fault地质断层Crack 裂缝seismic gap地震活动空白地带postulate 假设chunk 大块cylinder 圆柱cylindrical 圆柱形的ground tilt measurement地倾斜观测evacuate 撤出sedimentary adj. 沉淀性的accumulate 积累商业Insurance 保险Note 注意Contract合约Verbal agreement口头协议Repay 偿还Interest 利息Merchant 商人Cautious 谨慎的Paramount 极为重要的Manufacture 制造Label 标签Contention 所持观点Inform 告知Cost成本Profit利润loss损失Net净的，gross粗略的Supply and demand供求Supply chain供应链Fluctuation 浮动Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus 剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail 零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算哲学Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Theme 主题Logic 逻辑Rhetoric 修辞Fundamental causes 基本原因Principles of the universe 宇宙的原则Perceive 看待，观察Perception 观点Sense 感觉Soul 灵魂spiritElement 组成成分Reasoning 推理Ration理性, rational有理性的Contemplation 沉思，思考Judgment判断Just公正的，justice公正Justify证明, justification 合理的理由Explicit 明确的Ethics道德规范Ethical theory 伦理理论Moral 有道德的Ultimate truth终极真理Universal 普遍的Search for truth 追求真理Vary v.不相同Intrinsic 内部的Extrinsic 外部的Critic 评论家Old-fashioned 过时的Valuable 有价值的Survive 生存，存活Conservative 保守的Liberal 开放的Impractical不实际的Empirical经验主义的Cognitive 认知的Weaken 削弱Diminish （影响力）减小Medieval 中世纪Renaissance 文艺复兴Doctrine教义,主义,学说Idealism 唯心论，理想主义Epistemology n. 认识论Metaphysics形而上学,玄学Reconcile和解,调停天文学astronomy constellation 星座zodiac （星象学的星座）planet 行星sun 恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto 冥王星Saturn 土星Mercury 水星Mars 火星Venus金星Neptune海王星Uranus天王星Ceres 谷物星（the largest asteroid and the first discovered）White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper 北斗七星Asteroid belt 小行星带Milky Way 银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n.轴track n. 轨道outer space外太空gravity n.重力equator n.赤道tropical 热带的brightness n.亮度dimension n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食)Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space）Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体 (rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen)Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学Big Dipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团，一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos宇宙,cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物，发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite 引燃Illusive object 幻影物体Image 影响，形象Infinite 无限的Infrared ray 红外射线Interferometer 干扰仪Intergalactic 星系间的International date line 国际日期变更线Interplanetary 星球间的Interstellar星际的Leap year 闰年Light year光年Luminosity光亮度Lunar阴历的，月亮的Massive 巨大的Meteor流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten 融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Planetarium 天文馆Planetoid 小行星Polestar 北极星Pseudoscience 伪科学Quasar类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotation 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas天体图Solar corona日冕Space debris 太空垃圾Space shuttle 太空飞船Space suit 太空服Spin 快速旋转Star cluster 星群，星团Stellar 星星的Sunspot 太阳黑子Time difference 时差Time zone 时区表演艺术（舞蹈，电影，音乐etc.）Genre 艺术分类Performing art 表演艺术modern dance piece现代舞concert 音乐会play剧opera歌剧film 电影camera 摄影camera shotanalytical 分析的parallel 平行的ballet芭蕾舞choreographer 舞蹈指导Fine/visual arts 视觉艺术Abstract art抽象艺术landscape风景photography摄影exposure 曝光develop film 冲洗胶卷negative n. 底片portrait(portray v. )肖像, 人像、still life静物sculpture雕塑statue 人物雕像lifelike 逼真的vivid anthem 国歌Critic 评论家Criticism 批评，评论Review n.评论Masterpiece 杰作Have aesthetic value 有美学价值Aesthetic appeal 美学吸引力Feature 特点Characteristics 特点Distinct adj.与众不同的Unique 独一无二的Style 风格Technique 技巧Gallery n.画馆Edition n.专辑Release v. 发行Debut n.首映Impressionist 印象主义者Impressionism 印象派Perspective 透视法Angle 角度Press/Publishing house出版社Acclaim v. 盛赞mirage 海市蜃楼prolific 多产Preserve v. 保存Extinct adj.灭绝的，消失的文学Literature 文学Poetry诗歌biography传记autobiography 自传detective stories 侦探小说drama戏剧novel小说Novelist 小说家collection of short stories短篇小说集Allegory寓言Comparative literature比较文学Diary 日记Editorial 社论，重要评论Fiction 小说Aestheticism 唯美Autobiography 自传Descriptive prose 描述散文Fairy tale 童话Futurism 未来派Legend 传说Literary studies 文学研究Narrative prose 叙述性散文Podium 讲台Prose 散文Realism 现实主义School of literature 文学派别Leading character 主要角色Literary criticism 文学评论Literary studies 文学学习Modernism 现代主义Plot 情节Poetry 诗歌Prologue前言Proverb谚语Surrealism 超现实主义美术Art gallery艺廊Calligraphy书法Imitating模仿Landscape painting风景画Oil painting油画Paste粘贴Crayon 蜡笔，粉笔，颜料Pigmentation 颜料Canvas 帆布Wax 蜡Spectrum 光谱Perspective透视画法Poster海报Portrait肖像Model模式，模特mural 壁画Panorama全景Pastel drawing蜡笔画Sketch草图Autograph手稿建筑Architecture建筑学Architect建筑师Architectural style建筑风格Art deco 装饰艺术Art moderneGeometric patterns 几何图形Arch 拱门Castle 城堡Cathedral大教堂Framing结构Lobby n. 大厅(entrance hall) Elevator n. 电梯Fa?ade n. 正面Stairs 楼梯Interior 内部的Exterior 外部的Impressionistic style印象派风格Mosque清真寺Pyramid金字塔Revival 复活Renaissance 文艺复兴Medieval中世纪527 (Sofia)-1520音乐Accompaniment 伴奏Audition 试听，试表演Band music 乐队音乐Chord弦乐，弦Classical music古典音乐Concerto 协奏曲Lullaby 催眠曲Duet 二重奏Harmony 和弦，和谐Rock and roll 摇滚Serenade 小夜曲Solo 独奏Sonata 奏鸣曲Symphony 交响乐Ballad歌谣Folk music 民间音乐Prelude 前奏Epilogue 尾声Score 乐谱Note 音符Notation 乐谱，记号法Chord symbol和弦符号Lyrics 歌词Tempo 节奏Melody 主旋律Rhythm节奏Tune 旋律Conduct 指挥Violin 小提琴Viola 中提琴Cello大提琴Oboe双簧管Clarinet单簧管krummhorn['kr?mh?:n]n. 变号(一种古双簧乐器)Harp 竖琴考古anthropologist 人类学家ecological 生态的anthropologist 生态人类学家archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学Ancient civilization 古代文明origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘Scoop铲子ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品pottery 陶器 (potter) Porcelain瓷器fossil 化石relic 遗物，文物Rock painting 岩石画antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老skull 颅骨Cranial颅骨的Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的Exhume 挖掘Paleoanthropology Prehistoric史前的Primitive原始的动物微生物Amino acid 氨基酸Antibody 抗体Bacterium 细菌Biological agency Calcium钙Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cell细胞Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒Enzymes 酶Fatigue 疲惫Fermentation 发酵Fungus 菌类Gene基因Genetic engineering 基因工程学Glucose 葡萄糖Immunology免疫学Incubation 孵蛋Inflection传染Malaria 疟疾Microbe 微生物Nucleus 细胞核One-celled单细胞的Oxidation氧化Parasitic animal 寄生动物Parasite disease 寄生虫病Parasitology 寄生虫学Pathogen 病菌，病原体Protozoa 原生动物Sanitation 卫生Schistosomiaisis 血吸虫病Starch 淀粉Sterilization 消毒Toxin 毒素Vaccine 疫苗Virus 病毒Yeast 酵母动物living organism 生物bacterium(pl.bacteria) 细菌algae海藻coral珊瑚rodent 啮齿类动物primate 灵长类动物ape 猿chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩gorilla 大猩猩monkey n. 猴子mammal 哺乳类动物dinosaur n.恐龙bat (ecolotion) 蝙蝠（声波定位）snowshoe hare 雪兔子raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊snout (动物的)口鼻部;reptile 爬行类动物snake, cobra眼镜蛇, rattle snake 响尾蛇lizard蜥蜴,snail 蜗牛amphibian adj. 两栖动物crocodile 鳄鱼frog n. 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪toad 蟾蜍pond 池塘puddle 水坑insect n.昆虫mosquito 蚊子fly 苍蝇cricket 蟋蟀grasshopper 蚱蜢honey beemonarch butterfly 大花蝶large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweedegg 卵larvae 幼虫caterpillar 毛虫pupa/ chrysalis 茧termite n. 白蚁marine adj. 海洋的beaver 狸whale 鲸shark 鲨鱼dolphin 海豚penguin 企鹅predator n. 捕食者prey n. 被捕食者aquatic adj.水生的shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾clam 蚌crab 螃蟹bird, humming birdartery 动脉scale 鳞片claw爪 , paw爪子horn 角hormone 荷尔蒙intestine 肠hive 蜂巢pollen n. 花粉pollinate v.授粉hibernate 冬眠migrate v. 迁徙communicate v. 交流保护色evolve 进化evolution n. 进化endotherm n.温血动物,恒温动物poikilotherm n. 冷血动物beak 鸟嘴enzymes 酵母secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌pancreas 胰腺odor 气味(还有aroma fragrance scent smell)gland 腺体chromosome 染色体植物botany植物学botanist 植物学家tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类laurel 月桂chestnut tree 栗子树root 根branch 枝stem 茎algae(pl. alga) 海藻organism 有机物birch tree (bark) 桦树crops 谷物corn 玉米maize 玉米chlorophyll 叶绿素amino acids 氨基酸protein 蛋白质nitrogen 氮photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用lichen 地衣,苔藓squash 南瓜one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as PUMPKIN sbean 豆类植物nectar花蜜flower花floral 花的petal 花瓣bloom 开花blossom 花pollen花粉moss 苔藓herbicide 除草剂herb 草本植物herbivorous 食草的classification 分类hierarchy 级别hazardous 有毒害的Meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层Convection 对流Stratosphere 同温层Barometer 气压计current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和absorb 吸收dew 露frost 霜fog (mist) 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水Thunder 雷Lightening 闪电breeze 微风Blast 大风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风Cyclone 旋风，飓风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风Monsoon 季风Sandstorm沙尘暴Dust storm沙尘暴tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风Tropical depression热带低气压Wind direction 风向Wind velocity 风速Wind scale 风力funnel 漏斗，漏斗云cumulonimbus 积雨云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没overwhelm v. 淹没drought 干旱Avalanche雪崩Balmy 温和的Chilly寒冷的Frigid僵硬的，严格的Heat-wave热浪Tepid adj.微温的环保environmental protection 环境保护environmentally-friendly 环保的preserve v.保护，保存污染：pollute, pollution, pollutant contaminant n.污染物contaminate v.污染ecosystem生态系统ecology n.生态学antiseptic adj.防腐的atmospheric pollution大气污染垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill),recycle, reduce, reuse,dump 回收:glass, paper, water, milk carton牛奶盒, tyre, aluminium cans铝罐,plastic bags, rubbish bags biodegradable packaging可降解包装,throwaway 可丢弃的disposable 可丢弃的discourage v. 不鼓励燃料none-renewable 不可再生的fossil fuels矿石燃料:natural gas, coal, petroleum limited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源alternative energy替代能源, replace=substitute v.取代wind power, hydropower水电, solar (lunar) power太阳能, nuclear power核能radioactivity n. 辐射性use up, deplete, exhaust v. 用光，耗尽conserve v. 节省，节约,污染: water pollution, air pollution,soil pollution土壤污染,noise pollutionsoil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil pollution土壤污染stain n.污染，污点，玷污stink v.发出臭味tar n.焦油toxic chemical 有毒的化学物品fume n.烟，气味light pollution日光污染refuse废物sewage污水pesticide n.杀虫剂chemical waste化学废料congest v.使充满危害动物:poaching非法打猎，盗猎, damage natural habitat破坏自然栖息地,rare breed稀有物种, endangered species濒危物种, extinct adj.灭绝 (die out, disappear),animal rights activist动物权益保护者 ,natural reserve(giant panda大熊猫)自然保护区,protect wild life保护野生动物, preserve v.保护disastrous灾难性的,devastation破坏,have disastrous effect on…对。

托福听力场景学科分类词汇大全新托福IBT听力场景词汇对话场景选课学科major 主修minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Attend class 上课Miss class 缺课Skip class逃课Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与杂semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要major 主修minor 副修exemption 免修syllabus 教学大纲Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）,openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家mathematician 数学家chemist 化学家historian 历史学家statistician 统计学家作业、论文assignment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业lab report 实验报告book report 读书报告project 作业presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查survey 调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BB plus B加A minus A减pass the iexam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录bibliography 参考书目title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程Hypothesis Alternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey, questionnaireExperimentInterfere, influenceObservationAnalyze dataInterpret dataAnalysisAnalyticalSubjectSampleTreatment groupNon-treatmentControl group校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助Letter of reference/recommendation CompetitiveBenefit future careerField researchCollect data for papersWaiter, waitress，BabysitterWork at the libraryQualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CVfinancial aid经济援助Scholarship FellowshipTeaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Membership 成员资格Career service入学enrollment 登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition, fee 费用placement test 开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓:university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院school 学院dean 院长principal 中学校长professor 教授associate professor 副教授assistant professor 助理教授coordinator 班主任，协调人counselor 辅导员advisor 指导老师instructor 讲师tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人undergraduate 本科graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅cafeteria.自助餐厅administration building 行政大楼main building主楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hall assembly n.集合,集会hallcomputer lab 计算实验室，机房dining hall 食堂住宿宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electric appliance(instrument; equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉range 煤气灶dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶refrigerator (freezer) 冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personal possessions/property/belongings个人财产get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongs garbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入【小站托福TPO】iPad版•Practice模式下，可以逐题突破，对照注解、原文及翻译；长按原文单词，可以开启字典查词功能，也可加入生词本，每日反复背诵加强；Test模式下，可高度模拟真实考试，为考试做好充分准备。

新托福TPO3阅读原文(一):ArchitectureTPO-3-1：ArchitectureArchitecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vitalorgans and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu highin theeastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.译文：TPO-3-1 建筑物建筑是一门出于实用和象征的双重目的，通过组织和利用空间来实现设计结构的艺术和科学。

architecture 怎么读
“Architecture”是一个英语单词，发音为英式音标/ˈɑːkɪtekt ʃə(r)/ 和美式音标/ˈɑːrkɪtektʃər/。

这个单词的发音可以拆分为两个音节：“arch-”和“-itecture”，并在“arch-”上放置重音。

在发音时，注意保持整个单词的音调平稳，并确保清晰地发出每个音节。

“Architecture”的基本含义是“建筑学”或“建筑式样”，它涉及建筑物的设计、构造、风格和外观等方面。

这个单词通常用于描述建筑物的整体结构和外观设计，也可以指建筑艺术的风格和流派。

此外，“Architecture”还可以引申为“体系结构”或“组织结构”的意思，用于描述系统、机器、软件或组织的内部结构和构成方式。

这种用法通常用于技术、工程或管理领域。

总之，“Architecture”是一个具有描述性和专业性的名词，用于表示建筑学、建筑式样、体系结构或组织结构等概念。

在发音时，注意将重音放在正确的音节上，并保持清晰的发音。

同时，在使用时也需要注意具体语境和语法规则，以确保表达的准确性和清晰度。

此外，由于“Architecture”是一个较为专业的词汇，因此在不同的领域和语境中可能会有不同的含义和用法，需要根据具体情况进行理解和运用。

Art TPO1TPO3TPO3TPO7TPO8TPO9艺术Lecture1Lecture2Lecture3 Lecture1Lecture2Lecture1TPO16TPO17TPO18TPO19TPO22TPO24Lecture4Lecture1Lecture2Lecture4Lecture4Lecture2Anthropology TPO1TPO7TPO22人类学Lecture3Lecture3Lecture1Psychology TPO2TPO10TPO14TPO15TPO30心理学Lecture1Lecture4Lecture1Lecture1Lecture1Philosophy TPO2TPO28哲学Lecture3Lecture1Biology TPO1TPO2TPO4TPO6TPO7TPO8生物学Lecture4Lecture2Lecture1Lecture2Lecture2Lecture1TPO15TPO16TPO17TPO18TPO19TPO20Lecture4Lecture3Lecture4Lecture4Lecture3Lecture4TPO25TPO25TPO26纸质TPO4TPO27TPO27Lecture1Lecture4Lecture2Lecture2Lecture1Lecture3Astronomy TPO2TPO3TPO5TPO13TPO14TPO18天文学Lecture4Lecture4Lecture2Lecture4Lecture3Lecture1纸质TPO5TPO30Lecture3Lecture3Geology TPO1TPO4TPO6TPO7TPO9TPO15地质学Lecture2Lecture3Lecture4Lecture4Lecture3Lecture2Environmental TPO3TPO9TPO10TPO11TPO12TPO13环境科学Lecture1Lecture2Lecture3 Lecture3Lecture4Lecture2Business TPO6TPO11TPO12TPO26纸质TPO4商业Lecture1Lecture4Lecture2Lecture1Lecture1Chemistry TPO5TPO8化学Lecture3Lecture4Architecture TPO11TPO13TPO29建筑Lecture2Lecture1Lecture2History TPO8TPO10TPO17TPO18TPO21TPO25历史Lecture3Lecture2Lecture3 Lecture3 Lecture4Lecture2Archaeology TPO14TPO23TPO14TPO28TPO29考古学Lecture4Lecture1Lecture3 Lecture4Lecture3Linguistics TPO9TPO19TPO20语言学Lecture4Lecture1Lecture1Literature TPO4TPO5TPO6TPO20文学Lecture2Lecture4Lecture3 Lecture3杂类U.S. Governme TPO4Sociology TPO5Choreography T PO23美国政府Lecture4社会学Lecture1舞蹈Lecture4Structural Engine TPO29结构工程学Lecture4无老师题：很多筒子们在准备新托福考试的时候，都感觉一方面自己的能力确实是有问题，但是同太高，使得很多考生都应付不来，无老师这次幸得一份图片版新托福突破口TPO听力部分的分类总结，特地放出横听。

【托福听力资料】托福TPO11 听力文本——Lecture 2众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO11 Lecture 2 ArchitectureNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in an Architecture Class.Professor：Today, we are taking a little detour from the grand styles ofpublic architecture we’ve been studying to look at residential architectures inthe United States. Since this is something we can all identify with, I think it will help us see the relationship between the function of a structure and itsstyle or form. This has been an ongoing theme in our discussions, and we will begetting back to it in just a moment. But before we get started, I want you to take a moment to think: does anyone know what the single most popular style fora house in the United States is today? Bob?Student 1：“I bet it is the ranch-style house.”Professor：“Well, in this area, probably. But are we typical? Yes, Sue.”Student 2：“How about the kind of house my grandparents live in? They call it a Cape Cod.Professor：That’s the one. Here is a drawing of what we consider of aclassic Cape Cod house. These days, you see this style all over the United States. But it first showed up in U.S. northeast, in the New England region, around the late 1600s. For those of you who don’t know the northeast coastalregion, Cape Cod is a peninsula, a narrow strip of land that jets out into theAtlantic, and so ... so, many houses in this particular style were built on CapeCod, that the name of the place became the name of the style.Now why did the Cape Cod style house become so popular in the northeast?Well, one reason is that it’s a great example of form following function. We’vetalked about this design principle a lot about form following function. And whatdid we say it meant? Someone give me an application of this principle. What isthis concept that form should follow function? How would it be applied tohousing design?Student 2：Well, if it means that the design of a building should be basedon the needs of the people who use it. Then, well, the architect has to be verypractical to think about the people who’ll actually be living in the house orworking in the office building, whatever, so for the architect, it’s all aboutthe users not about showing off how creative you can be.Professor：Good, of course, for a Cape Cod house, it might be even moreaccurate to say that form also follows climate. Who knows what the climate’slike on Cape Cod?Student 1：Cold in the winter…Student 2：And whenever I visit my grandparents, it’s really wet. It’susually either raining or snowing or foggy and windy, too. I guess because it’sso exposed to the ocean?Professor：That’s right. So take another look at this drawing, and you can imagine how this design might be particularly helpful in that kind of climate. Notice how the house sits fairly low to the ground. This relatively low compact structure helps the house withstand the strong winds blowing off the ocean. And look at the：slope of the roof, the steep angle helps keep off all that rain and snow that accumulates in the winter.Another thing, Cape Cod houses usually face south to take advantage of the sun’s warm through the windows. That’s helpful in winter.Now what can you tell me about the chimney, about its location?Student 2：Well, it’s in the middle. Because, does that have something to do with heating the houses? I mean since the heat never has to travel very far. Student 1：That’d mean you can heat the house more efficiently, right? Professor：Exactly, now see how the house has very little exterior decoration, that’s also typical of early Cape Cod houses. The wind was one reason, nothing sticking out that might blow away in the harsh weather, but there was probably another reason, not related to the climate, more a reflection of rural New England society back then, you see Cape Cod houses were not built in the big cities, where all the rich people lived back then. These were modest dwellings, the people who built them simply couldn’t afford lots of expensive decorative details. But it was more than just a matter of money. In these rural areas, people depended on each other for survival. Neighbors had to help andsupport each other in a difficult environment, so you didn’t want to appear to be showing off. You’d want to avoid anything that might set you apart from your neighbors, the same people you might need to help you someday. So all these help to create an attitude of conformity in the community, and you can see why a modest, a very plain style would have become so widely imitated throughout rural New England.Student 2：It is plain, but you know its nice looking.Professor：Good point, and in fact it’s precisely that aesthetic appeal, the…the purity, the nearly perfect proportions of the house…that’s another reason for the Cape Cod’s enduring popularity, even in places where the climate is so mild that its functional design doesn’t matter.希望这些对你的托福备考有帮助，预祝大家托福考试能取得理想成绩。

Architecturedetour['di:tuə]n. 绕行的路；绕道; 兜圈子vt. 绕道residential[,rezi'denʃəl]adj. 住宅的, 适于作住宅的；与居住有关的ongoing['ɔn,gəʊɪŋ, 'ɔ:n-]adj. 继续进行的;不断前进〔发展〕中的theme[θi:m]n. 主题, 主旨, 题目typical['tipikəl]adj. 典型的, 有代表性的；特有的, 独特的coastal['kəʊstl]adj. 在海岸上的;临海的,沿海的cape[keip]n. 斗篷, 披肩；海角, 岬Atlantic[æt'læntɪk]adj. 在大西洋里的；近大西洋的strip[strip]vi. 脱光衣服vt. 剥去, 脱去；剥夺, 夺走n. 脱衣; 脱衣舞表演；狭长的一块(材料、土地等)；(足球队员的)运动服principal['prinsəpəl]adj. 最重要的; 主要的n. 负责人, 校长；资本, 本金；被代理人, 委托人application[,æpli'keiʃən]n. 申请, 申请表, 申请书；实际应用, 用途；施用, 敷用, 涂抹architect['ɑ:kitekt]n. 建筑师, 设计师accurate['ækjurit]adj. 精确的, 准确的；正确无误的foggy['fɔ:gi:, 'fɔgi:]adj. 有雾的;雾气朦胧的；模糊的;混乱的chimney['tʃimni]n. 烟囱, 烟筒exterior[eks'tiəriə]n. 外面, 外貌, 外表；户外景色图, 外景adj. 外部的, 外面的harsh[hɑ:ʃ]adj. 刺耳的, 刺眼的, 粗糙的；严厉的, 严酷的dwelling['dwelɪŋ]n. 住处, 处所rural['ruərəl]adj. 农村的conformity[kən'fɔ:miti]n. 依照, 遵从; 符合, 一致imitate['imiteit]vt. 模仿；把…作为例子purity['pjuəriti]n. 纯, 纯洁, 纯正, 洁净proportion[prə'pɔ:ʃən]n. 均衡; 相称, 协调；一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系; 比例；部分; 份儿functional['fʌŋkʃənəl]adj. 有用的, 实用的；能起作用的, 产生影响的。