Beam Simulation Tools for Geant4
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arXiv:hep-ex/0210057v1 24 Oct 2002BeamSimulationToolsforGEANT4(andNeutrinoSourceApplications)
V.DanielElvira†,PaulLebrun†,andPanagiotisSpentzouris†§†Fermilab,P.O.Box500,Batavia,IL60555,USA
Abstract.Geant4isatoolkitdevelopedbyacollaborationofphysicistsandcomputerprofessionalsintheHighEnergyPhysicsfieldforsimulationofthepassageofparticlesthroughmatter.ThemotivationforthedevelopmentoftheBeamToolsistoextendtheGeant4applicationstoacceleratorphysics.Althoughtherearemanycomputerprogramsforbeamphysicssimulations,Geant4isidealtomodelabeamgoingthroughmaterialorasystemwithabeamlineintegratedtoacomplexdetector.TherearemanyexamplesinthecurrentinternationalHighEnergyPhysicsprograms,suchasstudiesrelatedtoafutureNeutrinoFactory,aLinearCollider,andaveryLargeHadronCollider.
§CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoV.DanielElvira(daniel@fnal.gov)BeamSimulationToolsforGEANT4(andNeutrinoSourceApplications)21.IntroductionGeant4isatoolkitdevelopedbyacollaborationofphysicistsandcomputerprofessionalsintheHighEnergyPhysics(HEP)fieldforsimulationofthepassageofparticlesthroughmatter.ThemotivationforthedevelopmentoftheBeamToolsistoextendtheGeant4applicationstoacceleratorphysics.TheBeamToolsareasetofC++classesdesignedtofacilitatethesimulationofacceleratorelementssuchasr.f.cavities,magnets,absorbers.TheseelementsareconstructedfromthestandardGeant4solidvolumessuchasboxes,tubes,trapezoids,orspheres.AvarietyofvisualizationpackagesareavailablewithintheGeant4frameworktoproduceanimageofthesimulatedapparatus.ThepicturesshowninthisarticlewerecreatedwithOpenInventor[3],whichallowsdirectmanipulationoftheobjectsonthescreen,plusperspectiverenderingviatheuseoflight.Althoughtherearemanycomputerprogramsforbeamphysicssimulations,Geant4isidealtomodelabeamthroughamaterialortointegrateabeamlinewithacomplexdetector.TherearemanysuchexamplesinthecurrentinternationalHighEnergyPhysicsprograms.
2.ABriefIntroductiontoGeant4Geant4istheobjectorientedC++versionoftheGeant3toolkitfordetectorsimulationdevelopedatCERN.Itiscurrentlybeingusedinmanyfields,suchusHEP,spaceexploration,andmedicine.Asatoolkit,Geant4providesasetoflibraries,amainfunction,andafamilyofinitializationandactionclassestobeimplementedbytheuser.Theseclassesaresinglets,andtheirassociatedobjectsareconstructedinmain.Theobjectscontaintheinformationrelatedtothegeometryoftheapparatus,thefields,thebeam,andactionstakenbytheuseratdifferenttimesduringthesimulation.TheGeant4libraryclassesstartwiththeG4prefix.Theexampledescribedinthissection,calledMuCool,usesonlysomeofthemanyavailableuserclasses.
2.1.DetectorandFieldConstructionThedetectorandfieldgeometry,properties,andlocationareimplementedintheconstructorandmethodsoftheMuCoolConstructuserclass,whichinheritsfromG4VUserDetectorConstruction.IntheConstruct()methodtheuserdoestheinitializationoftheelectromagneticfieldandtheequationofmotion.ThereareavarietyofRunge-Kuttastepperstoselectfrom,whichperformtheintegrationtodifferentlevelsofaccuracy.Nextcomesthedetectordescription,whichinvolvestheconstructionofsolid,logical,andphysicalvolumeobjects.Theycontaininformationaboutthedetectorgeometry,properties,andposition,respectively.Manysolidtypes,orshapes,areavailable.Forexample,cubic(box)orcylindricshapes(tube),areconstructedas:BeamSimulationToolsforGEANT4(andNeutrinoSourceApplications)3G4Box(constG4String&pName,G4doublepX,G4doublepY,G4doublepZ);G4Tubs(constG4String&pName,G4doublepRMin,G4doublepRMax,G4doublepDz,G4doublepSPhi,G4doublepDPhi);
whereanameandhalfsidelengthsareprovidedforthebox.Inner,outerradii,halflength,andazimuthalcoveragearetheargumentsofacylinder(tube).Alogicalvolumeisconstructedfromapointertoasolid,andagivenmaterial:
G4LogicalVolume(G4VSolid*pSolid,G4Material*pMaterial,constG4String&name)
Thephysicalvolume,orplacedversionofthedetectorisconstructedas:G4PVPlacement(G4RotationMatrix*pRot,constG4ThreeVector&tlate,constG4String&pName,G4LogicalVolume*pLogical,G4VPhysicalVolume*pMother,G4boolpMany,G4intpCopyNo);
wheretherotationandtranslationareperformedwithrespecttothecenterofits“mother”volume(container).Pointerstotheassociatedlogicalvolume,andthecopynumbercompletethelistofarguments.
2.2.PhysicsProcessesGeant4allowstheusertoselectamongavarietyofphysicsprocesseswhichmayoccurduringtheinteractionoftheincidentparticleswiththematerialofthesimulatedapparatus.Thereareelectromagnetic,hadronicandotherinteractionsavailablelike:“electromagnetic”,“hadronic”,“transportation”,“decay”,“optical”,“photolepton