Local Asymmetry and the Inner Radius of Nodal Domains

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arXiv:math/0703663v4 [math.SP] 13 Apr 2008LocalAsymmetryandtheInnerRadiusofNodalDomains

DanMangoubiAbstractLetMbeaclosedRiemannianmanifoldofdimensionn.LetϕλbeaneigenfunctionoftheLaplace–Beltramioperatorcorrespondingtoaneigen-valueλ.Weshowthatthevolumeof{ϕλ>0}∩Bis≥C|B|/λn,whereBisanyballcenteredatapointofthenodalset.Weapplythisresulttoprovethateachnodaldomaincontainsaballofradius≥C/λn.TheresultsinthispaperextendpreviousresultsofF.Nazarov,L.Polterovich,andM.Sodin,andoftheauthor.

1IntroductionandMainResultsLet(M,g)beaclosedRiemannianmanifoldofdimensionn,andlet∆=−div◦gradbetheLaplace–BeltramioperatoronM.Weconsidertheeigen-valueequation∆ϕλ=λϕλ.(1.1)

Aλ-nodaldomainonMisanyconnectedcomponentoftheset{ϕλ=0}(seeFig.1,wherethepositivitysetiscoloredinwhite).Inthispaperwestudyasymptoticlocalgeometryofnodaldomains.LetΩλdenoteaλ-nodaldomainonM.LetCi,i=1,2,...denoteconstantswhichdependonlyontheRiemannianmetricg.Ourfirstresultis

Theorem1.2.Vol({ϕλ>0}∩B)

λ(n−1)/2,

forallgeodesicballsB⊆Msuchthat{ϕλ=0}∩12BisaconcentricballofhalftheradiusofB.

OnecanthinkofTheorem1.2asmeasuringthelocalasymmetryofnodaldomains.Namely,itmeasuresthevolumesratiobetweenthepositivityandthenegativitysetofϕλinB.OurmotivationtoprovethelocalasymmetryestimateinTheorem1.2comesfromtwomainsources.Thefirstoneisthefollowinglocalasymmetryestimateindimensiontwo:

1Figure1:NodaldomainsonaQuarterofaStadium,Dirichletboundarycon-ditions.CourtesyofSvenGnutzmann

Theorem1.3([NPS05]).LetΣbeaclosedRiemanniansurface.ThenVol({ϕλ>0}∩B)logλ√

2B=∅.TheproofofTheorem1.3isbasedonone-dimensionalcomplexanalysis.F.Nazarov,L.PolterovichandM.Sodinsuggestin[NPS05]toexplorelocalasymmetryinhigherdimensions.TheideaoftheproofofTheorem1.2isbasedonamethodofCarlemanin[Car26].Carlemanfindsadifferentialinequalitywhichrelatesthegrowthofaharmonicfunctioninatwodimensionalballtoitsvolumeofpositivity.In[NPS05],theauthorsindicatehowtoobtainalocalasymmetryestimateforharmonicfunctionsindimensionsn≥3basedonCarleman’smethod.InthispaperweadaptCarleman’smethodtosolutionsofsecondorderellipticequations.AsaresultwecangetalocalasymmetryestimatealsoforeigenfuncionsoftheLaplace–Beltramioperator.Oursecondsourceofmotivationcomesfromourwork[Man05].InthatworkwegavealowerboundfortheinnerradiusofnodaldomainsbasedonagrowthboundforeigenfunctionsbyH.DonnellyandC.FeffermanandtheLocalCourant’sNodalDomainTheorem:

Theorem1.4([DF90,CM91]).LetMbeaclosedRiemannianmanifoldofdimensionn.LetΩλbeaλ-nodaldomain.Then

Vol(Ωλ∩B)λ3n2,

forallgeodesicballsB⊆MsuchthatΩλ∩1InthepresentpaperTheorem1.2replacesTheorem1.4.Namely,wenowconsidertheunionofallcomponentsofthepositivitysetofϕλinB,whileinTheorem1.4onlyonedeep(i.e.whichintersects1

λα(n)≤inrad(Ωλ)≤C6λ,whereα(n)=12n.Theproofoftheupperboundandofthetwodimensionalcaseisgivenin[Man05].Inthispaperweassumen≥3.

OrganizationofthePaper.InSection2weexplaintheprinciplethatinsmallscalescomparedwiththewavelength1/√2EigenfunctionsontheWavelengthScaleInthissectionweexplainthefollowingprinciple.Principle:Onasmallscalecomparabletothewavelength(1/√

√g∂jϕλ)=λϕλ.(2.3)Weconsiderequation(2.3)inballsBr=B(0,r),wherer=󰀃

gr∂jϕλ,r)=ε0

gr,q=√

B1)≤K3,0≤q≤K4,(2.8)andanellipticityboundaijξiξj≥K5|ξ|2.(2.9)

Ifε0issmallenoughLisclosetobetheEuclideanLaplacian(afteralinearchangeofcoordinates)andϕisclosetobeaharmonicfunction.

43EstimatesforSolutionsofEllipticEquationsInthissectionwepresentsomepropertiesofsolutions,subsolutionsandsu-persolutionsofsecondorderellipticequationswhichwillbeusefulinthenextsections.Listheoperatorgivenin(2.6)intheunitballB1.Thefollowingtheoremisalocalmaximumprinciple.

Theorem3.1([GT83,Theorem9.20]).SupposeLu≤0onB1.Then

supB(y,r1)u≤C1(r1/r2,p)󰀂1

Vol(B(y,r1))󰀇B(y,r1)up󰀄1/p≤C2(r1,r2)infB(y,r1)u+C3(r1,r2)|δ|,

wherer1WeletL0u:=−∂i(aij∂ju),

whereaijareasin(2.5).ThenL=L0−ε0q.AmaximumprincipleforL0isTheorem3.3([GT83,Theorem3.7]).LetusatisfyL0u≤δonaballB⊆B1.Thensup∂Bu≥supBu−C4|δ|,

whereC4dependsonlyontheC1-boundsandtheellipticityboundsofthecoef-ficientsaij.

WerecallthatwedenotebyϕasolutionoftheSchr¨odingerequation(2.7).AsacorollaryofTheorem3.3weobtainthefollowingmaximumprinciple.ItsproofisgiveninSection7.

Corollary3.4.Wehavesup∂Bϕ+≥0.9supBϕ,

forallballsB⊆B1,andforallε0smallenough.ThenexttheoremisaMeanValueProperty.ItsproofisgiveninSection7.Theorem3.5.Supposeϕ(0)=0.ThensupBr1ϕ−≤C5(r1,r2)supBr2ϕ+,

wherer15