当前位置:文档之家› 英语语法教程

英语语法教程

英语语法教程
英语语法教程

3、代词

代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。

一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、

"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:

如:He is my friend.他是我的朋友。

It's me.是我。

二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。

如: I like his car.

我喜欢他的小汽车。

Our school is here,and theirs is there.

我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。

三、指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,hat,these,those等。

如: That is a good idea.那是个好主意。

四、表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为"反身代词"。

如: She was talking to herself.她自言自语。

五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。

如: They love each other.他们彼此相爱。

六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:

--- Do you have a car?--你有一辆小汽车吗?

--- Yes,I have one.--是的,我有一辆。

--- I don't know any of them.他们,我一个也不认识。

七、疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用

作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)

如:Tell me who he is.告诉我他是谁。

八、关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。

如: He is the man whom you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。

3.1、人称代词的用法

1)、人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:

John waited a while but eventually he went home.

约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。

John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.

约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。

说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

约翰一到就直接去银行了。

2)、人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:

I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)

a、-- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?

B、-- Me. --我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)

说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。

3.2、人称代词之主、宾格的替换

1)、宾格代替主格

a、在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。

--- I like English. --我喜欢英语。

--- Me too. --我也喜欢。

--- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?

--- Not me. --我可不要了。

b、在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。

He is taller than I/me.

He is taller than I am.

2)、主格代替宾格

a、在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。

b、在电话用语中常用主格。

--- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。

--- This is she. --我就是玛丽。

注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。

I thought it was she.我以为是她。(主格----主格)

I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)

I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格)

They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。(宾格----宾格)

3.3、代词的指代问题

1)、不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one,及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。

Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?

2)、动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。

Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。

3)、指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。

3.4、并列人称代词的排列顺序

1)、单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:

You, he and I should return on time.

2)、复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:

注意:在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。

a、在承认错误,承担责任时,

It was I and John that made her angry.

是我和约翰惹她生气了。

b、在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,

如:I and you try to finish it.

c、并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,

d、当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

3.5、物主代词

1)、物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:

John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.

约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。

物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。

名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构,例如:

Jack's cap 意为The cap is Jack's.

His cap 意为The cap is his.

2)、名词性物主代词的句法功能

a、作主语,例如:

May I use your pen? Yours works better.

我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。

b、作宾语,例如:

I love my motherland as much as you love yours.

我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。

c、作介词宾语,例如:

Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.

你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。

d、作主语补语,例如:

The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。

3.6、双重所有格

物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。

公式为:a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如:

a friend of mine.

each brother of his.

3.7、反身代词

1)、列表

I you you she he

Myself yourself yourselves herself himself

We they it one

Ourselves themselves itself oneself

2)、做宾语

a、有些动词需有反身代词

absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave

We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。

Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。

b、用于及物动词+宾语+介词

take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.

I could not dress (myself) up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。

注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。

Please sit down.请坐。

3)、作表语;同位语

be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。

The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。

4)、在不强调的情况下,but, except, for等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:No one but myself (me) is hurt.

注意:

a、反身代词本身不能单独作主语。

(错) Myself drove the car.

(对) I myself drove the car.我自己开车。

B、但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself作主语。

Charles and myself saw it.

5)、第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。

You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。

3.8、相互代词

1)、相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如:

It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.

显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。

2)、相互代词的句法功能:

a、作动词宾语;

People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。

b、可作介词宾语;

Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。

说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other,存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:

He put all the books beside each other.

他把所有书并列摆放起来。

He put all the books beside one another.

他把所有书并列摆放起来。

Usually these small groups were independent of each other.

这些小团体通常是相互独立的。

c、相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,例如:

The students borrowed each other's notes.

学生们互借笔记。

3.9、指示代词

1)、指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:

2)、指示代词的句法功能;

a、作主语

This is the way to do it.

这事儿就该这样做。

b、作宾语

I like this better than that.

我喜欢这个甚至那个。

c、作主语补语

My point is this.

我的观点就是如此。

d、作介词宾语

I don't say no to that.

我并未拒绝那个。

There is no fear of that.

那并不可怕。

说明1:

指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:

对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人)

(对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)

(错)He is going to marry this.(this作宾语时不能指人)

(对)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)

说明2:

That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:

(对) He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。

(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)

(错) He admired that who danced well.(that作宾语时不能指人)

(对) He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)

(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)

3.10、疑问代词

1)、疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:

指人: who, whom, whose

指物: what

既可指人又可指物: which

2)、疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:

疑问代词:

Whose are these books on the desk?

桌上的书是谁的?

What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?

美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?

限定词:

Whose books are these on the desk?

桌上的书是谁的?

What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?

哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?

说明1:

无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which 则指在一定的范围内,例如:

Which girls do you like best?

你喜欢哪几个姑娘?

What girls do you like best?

你喜欢什么样的姑娘?

说明2:

Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:

Who(m) did you meet on the street?

你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)

Who(m) are you taking the book to?

你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)

To whom did you speak on the campus?

你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。)

说明3:

疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:

For what do most people live and work?

大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)

What are you looking for?

你在找什么?(现代英语)

说明4:

疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:

I can't make out what he is driving at.

我不知道他用意何在。

Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?

你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?

Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.

你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。

3.11、关系代词

1)、关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom

I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)

2)、关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:

例如:

This is the pencil whose point is broken.

这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。

(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)

He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。

(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)

3)、关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:

He said he saw me there, which was a lie.

他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。

说明:关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,例如:

I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.

我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。

He's changed. He's not the man he was.

他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。

3.12、every , no, all, both, neither, nor

1)、不定代词有

all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。

2)、不定代词的功能与用法

a、除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。I have no idea about it.

b、all 都,指三者以上。

all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。

All goes well.一切进展得很好。

all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。

但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。

all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China,all the city,all my life,all the way

3)、both 都,指两者。

a、both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。

b、both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。

Who can speak Japanese We both (all) can.

4)、neither 两者都不

a、neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

b、作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。

c、可用于下列句型,避免重复。

She can't sing,neither (can) he.

neither 与nor

d、如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。

If you don't do it,neither should I.如果你不干,我也不干。

e、如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。

He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.

3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones

一、 none 无

1)、none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。在答语中,none可单独使用。

Are there any pictures on the wall? None.

2)、none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。

It is none of your business.

二、few 一些,少数

few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。

三、some 一些

1)、可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。

2)、当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain)

You will be sorry for this some day.

总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。

A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.

某些人不同意你的看法。

注意:

(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。

(2)some用于其他句式中:

a、肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。

Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:

Would you like some coffee?

b、在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:

If you need some help,let me know.

c、some位于主语部分,

Some students haven't been there before.

d、当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如:

I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.

这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。

四、any 一些

1)、any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。

当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。

Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。

五、one, ones 为复数形式

ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不

用ones。

Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I've bought some.

3.14 代词比较辩异 one,that 和it

one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。

I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)

我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。

The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)

你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。

I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)

我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。

3.15 one/another/the other

one… the other 只有两个

some… the others 有三个以上

one… another,another…

some… others,others…

others = other people/things

the others = the rest 剩余的全部

1)、泛指另一个用another。

2)、一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。

3)、一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。

4)、一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。

5)、泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。

3.16 “the”的妙用

He is one of the students who help me.

He is the one of the students who helps me.

他是帮我的学生之一。

第一句定语从句与the students 一致。

第二句定语从句与the one 一致。

3.17 anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each

1、anyone 和 any one

anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。

2、no one 和none

a)、none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。

b)、none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。

None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。

--- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?

--- No one. --没有。

3、every 和each

1)、every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念。

Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。

Each student may have one book..每个学生都可有一本书。

2)、every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。

3)、every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。

Every student has to take one.

Each boy has to take one.

Each of the boys has to take one.

4)、every不可以作状语,each可作状语。

5)、every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有。

6)、every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。

Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。

Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。

3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none

这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。

1)、both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个), neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。

Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。

2)、both,either

both与复数连用,either与单数连用。

Both the boys are clever.两个男孩都很聪明。

Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。

There are flowers on both sides of the street.(两岸)

There are flowers on either side of the street.(岸的两边)

路边长满了野花。

3)、all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。

All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。

I don't like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。

I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。

注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。

All of the students are there.

所有的学生都在那。

All (of) the milk is there.

所有的牛奶都在那。

3.19 many, much

Many,much都意为"许多", many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词。

How many people are there at the meeting?

How much time has we left?

新编英语语法教程

导论———语法层次 0.1 词素 1)自由词素 2)粘附词素 0.2 词 1)简单词、派生词、符合词 2)封闭词类和开放词类 0.3 词组 1)名词词组 2)动词词组 3)形容词词组 4)副词词组 5)介词词组 0.4分句 1)独立分句和从属分句 2)简单分句和复杂分句 3)主句和从句 4)限定分句、非限定性分句、无动词分句0.5 句子 1)完全句和不完全句 2)简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句 第1讲句子结构 1.1 主谓结构和句子分析 1)主语和谓语 2)句子分析 1.2 基本句型及其转换与扩大 1)基本句型 2)基本句型的转换与扩大 第2讲主谓一致(一) 2.1指导原则 1)语法一致 2)意义一致和就近原则 2.2 以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1)以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 2)以-s结尾的学科名称 3)以-s结尾的地理名称 4)其他以-s结尾的名词 2.3 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 1) 通常作复数的集体名词 2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词 3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词 4)a committee of 等+复数名词

第3讲主谓一致(二) 3.1 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 1)由and/both... And 连接的并列主语 2)由or/nor/either...or 等连接的并列主语 3)主语+as much as 等 4)主语+as well as 等 3.2 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一直问题1)以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语 3.3 其他方面的主谓一致问题 1)以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题 2)以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题 3)关系分句中的主谓一致问题 4)分裂句中的主谓一致问题 5)存在句中的主谓一致问题 第4讲 4.1 名词分类和名词词组的句法功能 1)名词分类 2)名词词组的句法功能 4.2 名词的数 1)规则复数和不规则复数 2)集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数4.3 单位词 1)一般表示个数的单位词 2)表示形状的单位词 3)表示容积的单位词 4)表示动作状态的单位词 5)表示成双、成对、成群的单位词 第5讲 5.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 1)名词属格的构成 2)名词属格的意义 3)名词属格的用法 5.2 独立属格和双重属格 1)独立属格 2)双重属格 第6讲限定词(一) 6.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 1)能与三类名词搭配的限定词 2)只能与单数名词搭配的限定词 3)只能与复数名词搭配的限定词

英语语法大全(完整版)

【学英语必看】 《英语语法手册》 在实用英语备受青睐的现在,大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时,总是把 听说读写放在首位,诚然,学习语言重在实践。但是,请不要忽视语法的作用,特别是在阅读和写作中,他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构,准确抓住句子的要点,更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集,不需背诵记忆,只要静下心阅读一遍,就能有所收获! 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类,叫做词类。一个 句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成,这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词,要学它的发音、拼法、意义,也要记它的词类;更重要的是要 了解它和其他词的关系,及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词,在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类: 1)名词(noun,缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词,如we(我们),his(他的),all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词,如great(伟大的),honest(诚实的),difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral,缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。

新编英语语法教程第五版课后翻译

语法翻译 P68 1.今天上午你干了多少活儿?(work) How much work have you done this morning? 2.开凿隧道需要大量的劳动力。(labour) To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour 3.他做了最少的工作。(work) He’s done the least work. 4.处理这一问题有几种方法。(method) There are several methods of approaching this problem 5.我不懂多少语法。I know little French. 6.少说空话(empty talk)多干事实(practical work) There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7.有多少人出席招待会吗? There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 8.我可以和你谈几句话吗?(words) May I have a few words with you? 9.今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。 There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10.哈利犯的错误最少。(Harry) Harry made the fewest mistakes. 11.我读的诗(poetry)和做的练习都比较多。 You’ve learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have. 12.杰克做的工作最多,犯的错误也最多。 Jack’s done the most work and made the most mistakes.

《新编英语语法教程》语法术语精编

《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论—语法层次) 2. Parts of speech (word class) 3. Phrases 词组 4. Clause 分句 5. Sentence 句子 1. Morpheme 词素 Free morpheme 自由词素 Bound morpheme 粘附词素 Allomorph 词素变体 Noun phrase Verb phrase Adjective phrase Adverb phrase Preposition phrase Conjunction

Lecture 1 Sentence Structure(L1)Sentence elements: S (subject) 主语V (predicate verb) 谓语动词 O (object) 宾语 C (complement) 补足语 A (Adverbial) 状语 1. Two ways of sentence analysis 1) SVO Sentence Clause NP VP NP Subject Predicate verb Object All the man have done their best. Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.) ●句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。 2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication) Sentence Clause Subject Predicate Operator Predication All the man have done their best. ●句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为操作词(operator)和述谓成分(predication)。 2. Basic clause types SVC, SV, SV A, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SV oO Lecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord (L2-3) Guiding principles: Grammatical Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity 语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则 Nominal clause Non-finite clause Relative clause Cleft sentence Existential clause 名词性分句非限定分句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase(L4-5) 1. Classification of nouns

薄冰实用英语语法详解

被动语态 现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made 现在进行时am / is /are being made 现在完成时has/have been made 过去范畴一般过去时was/were made 过去进行时was/werebeingmade 过去完成时had been made 将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made 将来完成时shall/will have been made 过去将来时should/would be made 过去将来完成时should/would have been made 1. 被动语态的各种时态 被动语态(The Passive Voice)是动词的一种形式,表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动 语态便于论述客观事实,故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。 (1) 一般现在时的被动语态 I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。 Computers are widely used in the world. 计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。 (2) 一般过去时的被动语态 The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。 (3) 现在进行时的被动语态 The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。 The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。 (4) 过去进行时的被动语态 When I called, tea was being served. 当我来访时,正值上茶之际。 When they arrived,the experiments were being made. 他们到达时,实验正在进行。

《大学英语语法教程第五版》期末考试复习资料(复习讲义)

第一讲句子结构 改写句子(必考)!!! 1.WaldenPond, once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty,is now the site of many stands. 2.Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through ou r bedroom windows,marking air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome. /Swepping through our bedroom windows almost every summer night,the cooling northeast wind madeв?| 3.The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow,which fed two st reams plunging down to join in the valley below. 4.With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade,this is a good spot for a picnic,and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll. 5.Panting for breath after running up the stairs,Mr wood stood at his neighbourв? s door and knocked again and again till someone opened it. 6.The town folk envied horace,who had come into a small fortune with which he bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town. 7.Standing in front of the mirror,Jim looked at his image,wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years. 8.The idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive him almost drove hime mad. 9.The story,written in plain language,consists of three parts with an interesting plot centering round an aristocratic family living in17th century France. 10.Mud-covered and shivering,John sat hunched over a bowl of hot brot h prepared by his father to drive off the chill. 11.Far above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pime trees growing on the steep of a hill stand five Chinese-style pavilions. 12.Farther down the street,the old man stopped and leaned against a l amp-post, listening to a cheerful song coming out of a restaurant on the oppsite si de of the street. 13.Sarah sank in the nearest chair,completely exhausted,her limbs stiff with cold,

新编英语语法教程第六版练习参考答案

新编英语语法教程(第六版)第02讲练习参考答案 Ex. 2A 1. SVC Within the stricken area, not a single soul remained alive, and the city centre looked as if it had been razed by monster steam-roller. 2. SV The bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the ground. 3. SVO On August 6, 1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima. 4. SvoO Three days later, yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow. 5. SVOC The explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expense of reddish rubble. 6. SV A Within the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of expanding gas, millions of degrees hot. 7. SVOA A tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone, concrete, metal, and wood over the ground.

写作中真正实用的英语语法

第三节写作中真正实用的英语语法 据考证,“语法”一词源于希腊语“Grammatike”,意指体现于写作过程中的“文字的技巧”,它是语言运用的规则,构建句子的框架,遣词造句的黏合剂,也是英语各项技能的基础,尤其在写作过程中起着举足轻重的作用。 但四、六级考试改革中对语法题目的减少使很多人误以为语法的地位被削弱,加之近年来重视综合技能的各类语言理论的出现,使得一部分考生在写作复习过程中完全摈弃对语法部分的准备,久而久之,形成了“轻语法,重语感”的习惯。而另一部分考生则缺乏必要的语法运用能力,他们可以准确解答语法题目,却不能在作文中灵活运用语法写出漂亮句子。这些考生文章的共同特点就是只有其意,不见其形。 语言是思维的外衣,准确的语法是高分作文的重要必备条件。如果考生能在写作中娴熟地运用语法技巧,就可以使文章逻辑严密,形神兼备。 鉴于语法体系庞大繁杂而备考时间有限,此节内容无法涵盖整个语法体系,只能选择写作中出现频率较高的语法进行重点讲解,如状语前置、倒装、虚拟语气、强调句等,并辅以例句讲解,希望能够帮助考生扫除写作中的语法障碍,轻松闯关。 状语前置 一般而言,英语句子中,状语成分的位置是可前可后的。但状语的前置是六级作文中常用的句式。所谓状语前置,就是把修饰动词的状语结构,如分词短语,介词短语,动词不定式结构等放到句首。 这一句式的最大优点就是断句自然,让单调的句子有跳跃的节奏感。请看下面句子: 1)With the expansion of industrialization, requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.(随着工业化进程的发展,全世界的能源需求都在增加。) 2)Once lushly forested, this region has seen more than 80% of its original vegetation cut down or burned. (这个地区曾经丛林密布,但现在80% 的原生植被被砍伐或焚烧。) 3)To reach millions of people who watch television, advertisers are willing to pay big money. (为了能抓住千千万万的电视观众,广告商们不惜花费巨额资金。) 在以上例句中,状语的前置使得句子结构分明,避免了后置的平庸化,尤其是第二个句子中的状语部分,既简洁又有力,本身就是一个出彩的表达,如果放置到句尾就不会出现这种效果了。而第三句中不定式目的状语的前置还在一定程度上起到了强调的作用。 倒装 倒装又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did等,并将其置于主语之前。倒装的作用是为了强调或平衡句子结构。 倒装本身是较复杂的高级结构,如果在六级写作中能加以正确运用,就特别

《新编英语语法教程》1-18讲参考答案---上外第五版

《新编英语语法教程》1-18讲参考答案---上外第五版

《新编英语语法教程》1-18讲参考答案 新编英语语法教程第01讲练习参考答案 Ex. 1A 1. A. his home work B. quickly, to play 2. A. The huge black horse B. the race 3. A. have thought about B. going into space 4. A. warms up and crawls B. out of the bag 5. A. one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescope B. because of the many rings that surround it 6. A. 165 years B. to complete its path, or orbit,around the sun 7. A. you and your brother B. How many pairs of shorts 8. A. the most expensive meal listed on the menu B. What 9. A. an “Outdoor Code” B. their members 10. A. can blow B. as fast as 180 miles (290 kilometers) an hour 11. A. The spiral of heated air and moist air B. to twist and grow and spin 12. A. The direction a hurricane’s spiral moves B. counterclockwise 13. A. does not shine B. At the north pole: for half of the year 14. A. The cold winds that

新编英语语法教程期末考试试卷.doc

大学英语语法模似试题 1. Mr. and Mrs. Burns feel more comfortable on a ship than they would be if they any other way. A. would travel B. travelled C. are travelling D. have travelled 2. We that Jim be there. A. hope B. wish C. expect D .ask 3. Lucy is glad she didn^ t stay on the farm. She bored. A. may be B. will be C. could be D. might have been 4. The dean of studies would have come to see you had it been possible, but he so busy then. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be 5. They would certainly have come and helped us time. A. did they have C. had they have 6. If you were in better health, wc. A. would have allowed C. should allow 7. She cried for her A. departed B. being departed C. departing D. having departed _____________ in an important examination, one of the students in his class lost interest in his work A. Failing B. Failed C. Having been failed D. Having Failed 9. Tf it _____________ tomorrow, P 11 stay at home. A. rained B. will rain C. had rained D. rains 10. “Tt’ s getting very late. n “Yes, it’ s time __________________________ . ” A. that we left B. we leave C. we^ 11 leave D. we have 1 eft 1 Ule ______________ a bus to go there, but he preferred to walk. A. should have taken B. could take C. could have taken IX hadn^ t taken 12. _____________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday- A. Tn spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 13- _____________ , we can hardly get to the station by sixclock. A. As it wi 11 be B. As it seemed C. As it is D. As if it seems 14. We hung out a lantern lest he ___________________ lost in the mist. A. gets B. get C. will get D. got 15- Tt is quite natural that such fears _______________________ . A. rise B. should arise C. should rise D. are arisen 16. Pm sorry to _________________ your private thoughts, but T think we should get on with some work. A. break in B. break on C. break in on D. break out 17. Do you think he will_________________ a cook wearing that hat? pass for B> pass as C. pass through D. pass on B. had they had D would they have ___________ you to join in the work last week. B. would allow D. had allowed 1 over. 8.

最新英语必看英语语法手册电子版

最新《英语语法手册》电子版 在实用英语备受青睐的现在,大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时,总是把听说读写放在首位,诚然,学习语言重在实践。但是,请不要忽视语法的作用,特别是在阅读和写作中,他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构,准确抓住句子的要点,更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集,不需背诵记忆,只要静下心阅读一遍,就能有所收获! 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类,叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成,这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词,要学它的发音、拼法、意义,也要记它的词类;更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系,及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词,在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类: 1)名词(noun,缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),

English(英语),life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词,如we(我们),his(他的),all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词,如great(伟大的),honest(诚实的),difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral,缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。 5)动词(verb,缩写为v)表示动作和状态,如write(写),walk(行走),think(想)。 6)副词(adverb,缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词,如quickly(快),often(经常),very(很)。 7)冠词(article,缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词,如a,an(一个),the(这,那)。 8)介词(preposition,缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系,如from(从),in(在…内),between(在…之间)。 9)连词(conjunction,缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词,如and(和),because(因为),if(假如)。 10)感叹词(interjection,缩写为int.)表示感情,如。oh(噢),aha(啊哈),hush(嘘)。 [注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义,

新编英语语法教程第五版第26讲习题题目

26A 1.Jerry is very generous_______ (at, in, on, with) his money. 2. Please don’t get mad ________ (on, to, at, against) me. 3. Dane was quite agreeable_______ (with, to, in, about) my suggestion. 4. He was always attentive _______ (to, with, on, at) my ideas. 5. Fruit is rich_____ (with, in, of, for) vitamins. 6.She was very quick______ (about, at, on, in) bringing the dinner. 7.John was understandably awkward_____ (with, in, on, at) washing up. 8.She was eligible______ (to, at, for, about) an increase in salary. 9.His secret was safe_____ (from, on, with, in) them. 10.That book is identical_______ (in, for, with, of) an American one. 11.Donna was very quick________ (in, with, on, at) English. 12.She was deaf______ (of, to, at, on) his request to do her work. 13.Mr. Jones is very orthodox______ (with, at, of, in) his attitude to Shakespeare. 14.It was most presumptuous________ (of, at, in, on) them to behave like that. 15.Canned food may be deficient_______ (with, in, on, about) vitamins. 16.The weather is favorable__________ (to, in, on, for) football. 17.No one is exempt_______ (in, about, from, with) taxation in the United States. 18.The amount stated was exclusive_______ (from, of, in, on) tax. 19.Is the city noted_______ (in, about, on, for) its champagne? 20.They were averse_______ (on, to, at, after) my suggestion for free tickets. 21.Jock was completely devoid______ (of, at, in, to) humor. 22.My daughter was very sensible______ (to, at, of, with) his kindness. 23.His attitude was very destructive_______ (in, towards, about, to) achievement. 24.The bed was alive______ (in, with, to, on) bugs. 25.Mary is still inseparable______ (to, with, about, from) her mother. 26.Jim was impatient______ (of, with, at, on) his daughter. 27.Cathy was particular_______ (on, at. about, in) the jewellery she wore. 28.She is sick______ (in, for, on, with) flu. 29.I believe they are related_______ (on, by, with, at) marriage. 30.It is evident______ (of, at, to, from) his words that he is honest. 31.The director was critical______ (at, of, in, for) the way we were doing the work. 32.I’m useless______ (at, on, of, to) anything electrical. 33.Y ou were right_______ (at, about, in, of) Jim. 34.She’s marvelous_______ (on, of, at, with) grammar. 35.My friend is very liberal______ (on, with, of, in) his thinking about that subject. 36.This small suitcase is perfect______ (at, for, in, on) weekend trips. 37.The man was positive______ (at, on, with, of) the time the accident happened.

初中英语语法教程文件

初中英语语法:情态动词讲解及练习情态动词讲解及练习(Modal Verbs) * 情态动词也可称为“情态助动词(Modal Auxiliaries)”,因为它和基本助动词(be,do, have)都属于助动词类。* 情态动词和其他动词连用,可表示说话人的语气。* 情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。* 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。* 常用的情态动词有:can, could, may, might, shall, should,will, would,must,这九大情态动词;其他的还有ought to, need, dare等。 一、九大情态动词的时态关系: 1. 现在式 can -- 过去式 could 2. 现在式 may -- 过去式 might 3. 现在式 shall -- 过去式 should 4. 现在式 will -- 过去式 would 5. 现在式 must -- 过去式 must (常用had to来代替) 二、情态动词表示“可能”或“预测” (1)can 和 could 用于表示“可能”或“预测”: 1. He can't be at home. 他不可能在家。(否定句) 2. Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗? (将情态动词 can 置于主语 the news 前就成疑问句) 3. Anybody can make mistake. 任何人都可能犯错误。(只表示理论上的可能性) (2)may 和 might 用于表示“事实上的可能性”或“预测”: 1. It may rain tomorrow. (表示可能会发生)明天可能会下雨。 2. It may snow later this afternoon. (表示预测)今天下午可能会下雪。 3. You might be right. (表示有可能)你可能是对的。 (3)will 和 would 用于表示“预测”或“习惯性”: 1. I think he will be all right now. 我想他现在一定好了。(will be 表示一定会) 2. That would be his mother. 那肯定是他母亲。(would be 表示肯定是) 3. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the river.

实用英语语法大全-anyone还是whoever

实用英语语法大全-anyone还是whoever anyone还是whoever 请看下面的题目: _________ with any common sense can tell the difference between the two. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever 【陷阱】容易误选B。 【分析】答案为C。有的同学误选B主要是因为受以下这类句子 的影响: Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。 Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。 Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work. 谁要是得到 这份工作就有很多事要做。 以上三句中 whoever 引导的均为主语从句,其中的 whoever均 可换成 anyone who,但是不能换成 anyone。以上试题从表面上看, 与以上各例很相似,其实它们有本质的不同,即 _____ with any common sense 中没有谓语动词,所以我们不能选 whoever。此题的准 确答案为C,anyone 为句子主语,with any common sense 为修饰anyone 的定语。现将此题稍作改动如下,答案选B: _______ has any common sense can tell the difference between the two. A. Who B. Whoever

C. Anyone D. Who ever

参考答案5-8大学新编英语语法教程 第五版 课后练习答案

新编英语语法教程第5讲练习参考答案 Ex. 5A 1. my father has a car 2. the bull has horns 3. the prisoner escaped 4. her parents consented 5. somebody released the prisoner 6. somebody assassinated the President 7. a letter from the general / the general sent a letter 8. the crowd felt sympathy 9. a college for women 10. a summer day, a day in the summer 11. the earth has a (rough) surface 12. the absence lasted ten days 13. a doctoral degree, a doctorate 14. the bird made the nest 15. the committee made a report 16. a story told by the girl / the girl told a story 17. the volcano erupted 18. the victim had courage / the victim was courageous 19. somebody punished the boy 20. the critics received the play in a hostile manner Ex. 5B

超实用英语语法顺口溜

超实用英语语法顺口溜 用顺口溜来学习英语,至少有三大好处:一是节省了时间。死记硬背效果差不说,还费时间,而利用顺口溜,效率又高又省时;二是培养了自己的概括思维能力。把一些词语编成顺口溜,看似容易,其实也难;三是使人觉得学习英语还是饶有兴趣的。 既然顺口溜有这么多好处,那么,何乐而不为呢 动词为纲滚雪球难易编组抓循环同类归纳印象深图示介词最直观 混淆多因形音义反义词语成对念构词方法不可忘习惯用语集中练 词不离句法最好课外阅读莫间断 be的用法口诀 我用am你用are,is连着他,她,它;单数名词用is,复数名词全用are. 变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记 疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑 时间名词前所用介词的速记歌 年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in. 要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错 at也用在明分前,说差可要用上to,说过只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记,莫让岁月空蹉跎可数名词的复数变化规律[1]: 名词复数有规律,一般词尾加s;辅音字母+y型,变y为i,es; s,x ch,sh 真有趣+ es; f,fe真小气,字母v来把它替,es在后别忘记;字母o来真神奇,有生命来es,没有生命+s. 可数名词复数特殊变化规律[2]: 中日好友来聚会,绵羊、鹿、鱼把家回。男士、女士a变e man--men woman--women; 鹅,脚,牙(齿)双o 变双e; goose--geese foot--feet tooth--teeth 孩子们想去天安门,原形后面r、e、n; child--children 老鼠本来爱大米,mice,ice 和rice. mouse--mice 注:中Chinese,日Japanese,好友people. 绵羊sheep,鹿deer,鱼fish (这些单词单复数一样) 一般现在时态 I、we you、they 作主语, 动词原形后面跟;否定句,更容易,动词前面加don't; 疑问句,别着急,句首Do,来帮你,后面问号别忘记;肯定回答用Yes, I、we you、they加上do;

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档