1.1 Metals and Non-metalsWords and termsdefinite－确定的、明确的defect－缺陷plastic deformation塑性变形stress concentrator 应力集中点self-strengthening自强化the tip of a crock裂纹尖端☐Among numerous properties possessed by materials，their mechanical properties，in the majority of cases，are the most essential and therefore，they will be given much consideration in the book．☐在一些主要应用场合，机械性能是材料的各种性能中最重要的性能，因此，本书中将重点讨论。
▪consideration 考虑，需要考虑的事项，报酬☐All critical parts and elements，of which a high reliability （可靠性）is required，are made of metals, rather than of glass，plastics or stone.☐由于各种关键零部件的可靠性要求高，均用金属而不是玻璃、塑料或石头制造。
▪is required 翻译时将英文中的被动语态，改译为汉语中的主动语态。
▪rather than 而不是☐As has been given in Sec.1-1，metals are characterized by the metallic bond（金属键），where positive ions （正离子）occupy the sites of the crystal lattice （晶格）and are surrounded by electron gas（电子云）．☐正如Sec1-1中所说，金属主要由金属键组成（其特征主要……）。
Metal forming Process in ManufacturingManufacturing process 制造工艺Accuracy and tolerance 精度和公差Properties 性能Metal parts and assemblies 金属零件和组织Primary shaping processes 预成型Casting铸造Metal extrusion 熔融挤压Die casting 压铸，拉模铸造Metal powder 粉末冶金Metal forming processes 金属成形过程Rolling杂质（滚动，旋转）Extrusion冷挤压Hot and cold forging 热冷锻（forging 锻压）Bending弯曲Deep drawing 拉伸Plastic deformation 塑性成形Metal cutting processes 切削加工Sawing 锯削Turning车削加工Milling磨削Broaching扩孔Metal treatment processes 金属处理工艺Heat treating 热处理Anodizing电镀Surface hardening 表面硬化Joining processes 连接工艺Metallurgical joining 冶金连接Welding 焊接Diffusion bonding 扩散连接Mechanical joining 机械连接Riveting 铆接Shrink fitting 过冷，冷缩配合Mechanical assembly 机械组装Tools/dies 模具Billet铸锭Sheet blank 薄板Tensile test 拉伸测试Springback回弹，反弹Elastic deformation 弹性变形Plastic deformation 塑性变形Strength强度Ducility延展性Yield屈服Configuration形状Press压力Hammer锻锤Strokes冲程Amortized均摊Mechanical力学Microstructure 微观组织Macrostructure宏观组织Property性能Composition 成分Pursed皱起Cold heading 冷锻Precision die forging 精密模锻Special rolling 特殊滚压Fine blank 精冲Spinning旋压Multi-ram forging 多向模锻Multi-position pressing 多工位压制Massive forming 大规模成形Sheet forming 板料成形Stretch forming 拉伸成形Vield stress 屈服应力Strain rate 变形率Lubrication 润滑Configuration结构Scrap切削Reliability可靠性Trial-and-error methods 试错法Rigid standards 严格的标准Creating裂纹Fracture断裂Aging treatment 时效Normal stress 法向压力Interface界面Flow stress 流向压力Friction factor 摩擦因子Estimating估计Ring and spike tests 尖和峰的测试Plain-strain-draw 计算得出Stretch-draw tests 拉伸测试Quality and properties 质量和性能Approximate近似Product geometry and properties 产品结构和性能Closed-die forging with flash开式模锻ForgingClosed-die forging without flash闭式模锻Coining 压膜Electro-upsetting 电镦粗Forward extrusion 正向挤压Hobbing冲孔Isothermal forging 等温锻造Nosing 缩口Open-die forging 自由锻Orbital forgingRadial forging 径向铸造RollingSheet rolling 板材成形Shape rolling 型材成形Tube rolling 棺材成形Ring rolling环材成形Rotary tube piercing 旋转穿孔Gear rolling 齿轮Roll forging 旋锻Surface rolling 表面起伏Shear forming（flow turning）变薄旋压Tube reducing 减径杂质ExtrusionNonlubricated hot extrusion 不带润滑的挤压Lubricated direct hot extrusionHydrostatic extrusion 静液挤压DrawingDrawing with rolls 带滚拉拔Ironing变薄拉拔Tube sinking 减径拉拔板材成形Bending and straight flanging 弯曲，翻边Brake bending 压弯Roll bending 滚弯Surfacecontouringof sheet 表面轮廓成形Contour stretch forming（stretch forming）张拉成形Androforming复合曲率成形Age forming 时效变形Creep forming 蠕变变形Die-quench forming 激冷变形Bulging胀形成形Vacuum forming 真空成形Linear contouring 线形成形Linear stretch forming 线性张拉成形Linear roll forming 线性辊轧成形Deep recessing and flanging 深拉翻边Spinning（and roller flanging）旋压Deep drawing 深拉伸Shallow recessing 浅拉Dimpling压Drop hammerforming 落锤成形Electromagneticforming 电磁成形Jogging错移。
Unit One arbitrary:任意的，武断的，专制的invariably：不变的，一定的sharply：剧烈的electrical power：电源blast furnace：高炉coke：焦炭Iron ore：铁矿石limestone：石灰石reduction：还原反应slag：炉渣tap：阀门,出渣口Property：Load support：pig iron：生铁cupola：化铁炉ladle：钢水包Fule：燃料Flux：溶剂mold：模具tension：拉力intricate：复杂的negligible：微不足道的wrought iron：锻铁，熟铁Free graphite：自由石墨flack graphite：片状的石墨mild steel：低碳钢ferrous alloy：铁合金moderately priced：价格适中ductile：延展Elastic：弹性durable：耐用的non-ferrous：eminently practical：非常实用ball bearings：滚珠轴承metal sheet：金属板AISI：code designation：规定牌号plain steel：碳素钢approximate：近似的high strength low alloy steel：高强度低合金钢proprietary：专卖的specified：规定的,详细说明的optimal：最佳的，最理想的hot rolling：热轧elevated：提高的stress relief：应力消除justification：理由，superalloy：超耐热高应力耐蚀合金turbine blade：涡轮叶片rust：生锈chromium：铬austenite：奥氏体nickel：镍ferritic stainless steel：铁素体不锈钢serviceable：可以使用的quench：淬火body centered tetragonal crystal structure：体心四方晶体结构yield high strength：产生高强度cutlery：刀具，餐具spring：弹簧precipitation hardening：沉淀硬化essentially：本质上dislocation motion：位错运动corrosion resistance structural members：耐腐蚀结构件tungsten：钨molybdenum：钼chromium：铬dual：双重的heat resistance：耐热的cobalt：钴oxidation：氧化justifying：证明，，，有理severe：严峻的turbojet：涡轮喷气飞机carbide formation kinetics：碳化物形成动力学viscosities：粘性surface flim：表面膜shrinkage：收缩solidifacation：凝固inferior：差的uniform：统一的，均衡的porosity：有孔的forge：锻造simple shape：简单断面型钢white iron：白口铸铁crystalline fracture surface：结晶断面gray iron：灰口铸铁significant：有效的，有意义的precipitation：沉淀flakes：片状的magnesium：镁spheroidal：球状的ductile iron：球墨铸铁by a factor of 20：是原来的20倍malleable iron：可锻铸铁nodular graphite：球形石墨equivalent：等价的Welding:焊接Consult：查阅Scientific literature：科学文献Symbol：符号Topic：话题Corresponding author：通讯作者Keywords：关键词Abstract：摘要Classification number：中图分类号Reference：参考文献Retrieval word：检索词Background：研究背景Correlation：相关性，关联Unit threeLesson one Manufacturing:v.生存、制造；n.制造业；Shapeless：不成型的、不定型的；Accuracy：精度；Tolerance：公差；Classification：类别；Assemble：装配；Metallurgy：A simplifide manner：简化的方式；Melt extrusion：熔融挤出；Die casting：模具铸造，压力铸造、拉模铸造；Pressing of metal powder：金属粉末压制；Rolling：轧制；Extrusion：挤压；Formulation:Cold and hot forging：冷锻/自由锻和热锻；Deep drawing：拉深（深冲压）；Sawing：锯切；Plastic deformation：Turning：车削；Milling：铣削；Broaching：拉削、绞孔、扩孔；Removing metal：Blacksmith：铁匠；Locksmith：Grind/graind：磨；Metal treatment processes：金属处理工艺；Heat treating：Anodizing：阳极氧化处理；Surface hardening：表面硬化；Essentially：本质上；Joining processes：连接；Metallurgical joining：冶金连接；Welding：焊接；Diffusion bonding：扩散接合；Riveting：铆接；Mechanical：Shrink fitting：预紧（过盈）装配；Production rates：生产率；Capable：有能力的；Recrystallization temperature：Extraordinary cost：额外成本；Die set：模座；Varible：可变因素，变量；Dimensional：空间的，尺寸的；Specified：规定的，详细说明的；Dimensional tolerance：尺寸公差；Surface finish：表面光洁度；Quality：质量；Sophisticated：复杂的；Variation：变化；Means of new development：新开发的手段；Lost wax vacuum casting：失蜡真空铸造；Tighter tolerance：更严格的公差；Brake drum：刹车鼓；Vibration：震动；Interchangeability：可替换性；Defective：有缺陷的；Modern mass production：现代大规模生产；Indicate：表明，指出；Gross national product：国民生产总值；Manufacturing industries：制造业；Manufacturing productivity：制造业的生存率；Discrete parts：分立零件；Ingredient：原料，要素，组成部分；Human and managerial resource：人力及管理资源；Plant：工厂，车间；Interface：相互作用；Physiological：生理学的；Psychological：心理学的；Precede：领先，在。
