外刊经贸知识选读(00096) 英汉词组互译

第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement.Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身.在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。

第八页，编辑于星期五：五点 十五分。
债务危机
债务危机是指在国际借贷领域中大量负债，超 过了借款者自身的清偿能力，造成无力还债或 必须延期还债的现象。
第九页，编辑于星期五：五点 十五分。
发展中国家的债务危机起源于20世纪70年代，80年代初爆发。 从1976～1981年，发展中国家的债务迅速增长，到1981年
第二十页，编辑于星期五：五点 十五分。
2.offset vt. 抵消；弥补；
n. 抵消，补偿；平版印刷
The gains offset the losses.
收支相抵。
In basketball, he offsets his small size by his cleverness and speed.
7. moderate adj. 稳健的，温和的；适度的，中等的；有节制的 vi. 变缓和，变弱
vt. 节制；减轻
His fury moderated when he learned why she had done it.
当他知道了她那样做的原因时，他的火气就消了。 The adjustment of the interest rate will moderate. 利率的调整将会放缓。
债务困扰严重的主要是巴西、墨西哥、阿根廷、委内瑞 拉、智利和印度等国。
第十页，编辑于星期五：五点 十五分。
8. consecutive adj. 连贯的；连续不断的 Wal-Mart Stores reported falling same-
store sales for the fifth consecutive quarter. 沃尔玛汇报可比店销售连续第五个季度下降。
外债总额积累达5550亿美元，以后两年经过调整，危机缓和，

外刊经贸知识选读第二课翻译旺旺英语Lesson 2The curtain goes upPeking permits foreign investment all along itscoastline--- creating differing rules and added confusionBy Mary Lee in BeijingA clearly confident China has rolled up a large section of its bamboo curtain, declared itself “open to the outside world” and hung signs on nearly all its cities inviting foreign investors to come and do serious business.The four special economic zones (SEZs) in Guangdong and Fujian provinces, 14 coastal cities (all former treaty ports) and Hainan island (10 “open” areas in all) have specifically designed tax and other incentives for the foreign investor. But every provincial capital is doing its best to attract foreign investment.The foundation for all this was assembled in piecemeal form, beginning in mid—1979 with the State Council’s decision to set up four SEZs in the south. Then a joint-venture law was published for the first time (albeit one full of holes), quickly followed by procedures for “compensation trade” --- both or which were designed to attract foreign investment to these four zones. The following year, a tax law for joint ventures was promulgated.But even as businessmen battled with bureaucracy in an effort to fulfil their hopes of doing business with a potential market of 1 billon people, Chinese leaders were growing impatient with the rate of progress in the showpiece SEZ—Shenzhen.In April 1984, after the country’s top leaders had visited the Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Xiamen SEZs, the state Council declared 14 cities along the entire coast plus Hainan island open to foreign investment, thus introducing areal element of competition into the country’s economic-development programme. Then came the much-publicised “decision on reform of the economic structure” and suddenly, the race to get foreign technology and funds was on.For foreign investors, the prospect of having access to a market of 1 billion consumers no longer seems like a pipedream. The Chinese—in particular the rural population---are getting richer and now want visible improvements to their standard of living: they aspire to own colour TV sets, refrigerators, trucks, washing machines and better radios, bicycles and clothing. Even local factories are taking note of the vast potential sales in their own domestic market.Recently, State Councillor Gu Mu, head of the China Coastal Cities Economic and Technical Development Corp. (CCETDC) ---the policymaking and coordination body for the 19 “open areas” ---reportedly pronounced the entire coast open to foreign investment. Takenliterally, this does not make much sense as the parts of the coast which have not been “opened” are simply not ready for the demands of foreign businessman. In fact, shantou among the SEZs, and some of the 14 coastal cities plus Hainan are not even equipped with administrative support or infrastructure to cope with the responsibilities which the central government has placed on them.A well-placed source within the CCETDC said Gu in fact was referring to the 19 areas which had been officially opened. The strategy, he said, was a long-term one, to transfer the SEZs experience with new industry to the 14 cities and Hainan, at the same time as this experience was being shared with the country’s inner regions.The central government’s determination to raise the level of industrial technology is clearly behind the decision to open the 14 coastal cities. In addition, China is now ready to spend US $ 14.2 billion fo its foreign-exchangereserves (which stood at US $ 16.5 billion in June 1984) to buy foreign technology. The Bank of China has also said that new and more flexible load policies will enable “thousands” of domestic enterprises to borrow foreign exchange to import equipment and repay in Renminbi.The need to upgrade industrial equipment is great: official figures show that in 1980, 20% of China’s capital stock was already 10-20 years behind that of the West. Another 20% --while technologically backward – worked well, but the remaining 60% should have been scrapped or renovated. The combined industrial output of the 15 coastal areas is reportedly equal to a quarter of the nation’s total.But while the reasons for throwing 19 areas and cities open to foreign investment and technology transfer are clear, how the preferential systems will operate in not. This is due largely to the intensity of competition among the 19, coupled with the inexperience of most local authorities both in making decisionsand in dealing with the outside world. However, there are important difference between the SEZs and the coastal cities and even among the coastal cities themselves.In the SEZs, which are being built-almost from scratch, foreigners can invest in anything which the state deems useful for the country, be it, for example, production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates. These can be joint ventures, cooperative enterprises or wholly foreign-owned operations. Because every factory or business established in the SEZs is new, imports of capital and consumer goods (except cigarettes and liquor) are exempted from customs duties, and a uniform 15% income-tax rate is applied.In the coastal cities, only factories where plant is being upgraded by foreign investment, enjoy the 15% tax rate (or less for target projects such as transport, energy and telecommunications). Only “key equipment and other materials necessary for technicaltransformation which cannot be readily obtainable in China” will enjoy exemptions from customs duties prior to 1990, according to Gu.However, each coastal city also has been granted the right to establish an Economic and Technical Development Zone (ETDZ) outside the city centre, which will offer a uniform tax rate of 15% for all projects and waive the usual 10% profit-remittance tax.Only the ETDZ in Shanghai (one of the 14 coastal cities) enjoys the same status as the four SEZs. This means that if an enterprise is within the zone, it will enjoy the preferential tax rate of 15%. A joint venture outside the Zone --- involving the setting up of a new factory, and not the upgrading of an existing one --- is liable to the standard 33% tax rate. Tourist enterprises and any other service industry outside the zone –as with similar projects outside the SEZs – are not entitled to any special status.The major source of confusion forforeign investors, however, is not the tax rate but who has the authority to approve projects. The municipal governments of Tianjin and Shanghai have the power to approve projects each coating no more than US $ 30 million. Dalian and Canton have the power to approve projects of less than US $ 10 million each, and the other 10 cities may approve projects involving less than US $ 5 million.One official who is well aware of the confusion afflicting both local authorities and foreign investors is Jing Shuping, president of China International Economic Consultants Inc. which is the consultancy arm of the China International Trust and Investment Corp. The various cities and zones, he said, must discover their own special characteristics, strengths and weaknesses.“We want to stir up the enthusiasm of the grassroots units --- the enterprises --- to get things done,” he said. “We are only just beginning, so the confusion is natural. But if westart putting too many rules and regulations (in an effort to introduce some order to the situation) they will get discouraged. The time will come when the cities and zones will ask for help in coordinating their efforts.”Another source of confusion for the investor lies in the fact that in Guangdong, for instance, there are three SEZs and two “open” areas, Canton and Hainan island. There have been recent complaints from the Hainan government on interference from Canton (the provincial capital) on the exercise of its authority.So, while a comprehensive framework for the country’s modernisation has been provided by th e central committee’s 21 October 1984 decision to reform the economic structure, it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can deal with one another in a systematic way. The mountainous bureaucracy facing foreign businessmen has yet to be reduced effectively,despite promises by government.What foreign businessmen find encouraging is that ideology is no longer in the driver’s seat, having been deftly removed with the slogan “Socialism with Chinese char acteristics” and replaced by entrepreneur-ship. Enterprises wholly owned by foreigners are now allowed. Even the oft-repeated phrase “public ownership of the means of production” has been amended with the passage of a law on inheritance which protects private ownership of capital equipment –another way of saying that individuals can now own the means of production.Stock-taking of the open policy will come later this year when the National People’s Congress discusses the seventh five-year plan, which will run to the end of the decade.------From far Eastern Economic Review . 31Jan. , 1985section / 5sekFEn/ n.部分former / 5fR:mE/ a.以前的；旧时的specially / 5speFEli/ ad.明确地；特别地tax / tAks/ n.税incentive / in5sentiv/ n.刺激；鼓励attract / E5trAkt/ v.吸引assemble / E5sembl/ v.汇集；形成piecemeal / 5pi:smi:l/ ad.一件一件地；逐渐地State Council / / 国务院albeit / R:l5bi:it/ conj.尽管procedure / prE5si:dVE/ n.程序；手续promulgate / prR5mElgeit/ v.颁布；公布potential / pE5tenFEl/ a.潜在的showpiece / / n.优秀样品；展出之事物publicize / 5pQblisaiz/ v.引起公众对...注意；（尤指用广告）宣传fund / fQnd/ n.资金prospect / 5prRspekt, prEs5pekt/ n.前景pipe dream / / n.白日梦；幻想aspire / Es5paiE/ v.渴望vast / va:st/ a.巨大的state councilor / / 国务委员pronounce / prE5nauns/ v.宣告；宣布administrative / Ed5ministrEtiv/ a.管理的；行政的infrastructure / 5infrEstrQktFE/ n.基础设施cope (with) / / v.（成功地）应付；（妥善地）处理strategy / 5strAtidVi/ n.战略long-term / / a.长期的transfer / trAns5fE:/ v.搬；使转移inner regions / / 内地foreign-exchange reserves / / 外汇储备repay / ri:5pei/ v.偿还；付还（钱）upgrade / 5Qp5greid/ v.提高；改善remaining / / a.剩余的；其余的scrap / skrAp/ v.刮（擦）净；除掉technology transfer / / 技术转让intensity / in5tensiti/ n.强烈；激烈(to start) from scratch / / 从零（开始）deem / di:m/ v.认为；相信estate / is5teit/ n.地产；财产wholly foreign-owned / / 外商独资拥有的operation / 5RpE5reiFEn/ n.企业business / 5biznis/ n.工商企业capital goods / / 资本货物consumer goods / / 消费品liquor / 5likE/ n.酒类uniform / 5ju:nifR:m/ a.（税收、法律等）一样的；一致的plant / pla:nt/ n.全套设备readily / 5redili/ ad.无困难地；容易地prior (to) / / ad.在...之前grant / gra:nt/ v.给予；授予waive / weiv/ v.放弃；不坚持要求profit-remittance / / 利润汇款status / 5steitEs/ n.地位preferential tax rate / / 优惠税率be liable to / / 有义务的；应付（税）的entitle (to) / / v.给...权利；给...资格authority / R:5WRriti/ n.权；权利approve / E5pru:v/ v.批准；核准municipal / mju:5nisipEl/ a.市（政）的affict / / v.使苦恼；折磨consultant / kEn5sQltEnt/ n.顾问consultancy / kEn5sQltEnsi/ n.（承接咨询业务的）顾问服务公司strengths and weaknesses / / 优缺点stir (up) / / v.激起；鼓励grassroots / / a.群众的；基层的complaint / kEm5pleint/ n.抱怨；抗议interference / 5intE5fiErEns/ n.干预；扰乱exercise / 5eksEsaiz/ v.（官能、力量、权利等的）行驶；运用；执行comprehensive / 5kRmpri5hensiv/ a.广泛的；综合的framework / 5freimwE:k/ n.准则has yet to / / 有待ideology / aidi5RlEdVi/ n.思想意识in the driver's seat / / 处于统治（或控制）地位deftly / / ad.机敏地remove / ri5mu:v/ v.移开；挪走entrepreneurship / / n.企业家精神oft-repeated / / 反复说的means of production / / 生产资料amend / E5mend/ v.修改；修订inheritance / in5heritEns/ n.继承权protect / prE5tekt/ v.保护stock-taking / / 盘货；评估；估量National People's Congress / / 全国人民代表大会1.…tax and other incentives for the foreign investor … to attract foreign investment.2.… a tax law for joint ventures was promulgated.3.… Chinese leader s were growing impatient with the rate of progress in the showpiec e SEZ-Shengzhen.4.… thus introducing a real element of competition into the country’s economic-development programme.5.Even local factories are taking note of the vast potential sales in their own domestic market.6.The central govemment’s determination to raise the level of industrial technology is clearly behind the decision to open the 14coastal cities.7.… repay in Renminbi.8.The need to upgrade industrial equipment …9.The combined industrial output of the 15 coastal areas …10.the preferential systems11.the intensity of competition12.private-housing estates.13.Wholly foreign-owned operations14. A uniform 15% income-tax15.… plant is being upgraded by foreign investment …16.… waive the usual 10% profit-remittance tax.17. A joint venture outside the zone … is liable to the standard 33% tax rate.18.Tourist enterprises and any other service industry outside the zone … are not entitled to any special status.19.… who has the authority to approve projects.20.The consultancy arm21.rules and regulations22.… it will be some time before the dust settles…23.Stock-taking of the open policy。

绝密★考试结束前全国2020年8月高等教育自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码:00096 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂㊁写在答题纸上㊂选择题部分注意事项: 1.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称㊁姓名㊁准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上㊂ 2.每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑㊂如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号㊂不能答在试题卷上㊂一㊁单项选择题:本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分㊂在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组,请将其选出并将答题卡(纸)的相应代码涂黑㊂错涂㊁多涂或未涂均无分㊂1.We can see no justifications for an increase in the price.A.reasonsB.resultsC.explanationsD.disputes2.Multinational companies reaped great rewards of their foreign investment in developing countries.A.appealedB.offeredC.earnedD.rejected3.The aim is to modernize the moribund state-owned enterprises that threatened China’s economic progress.A.strongB.stagnantC.poorD.monopolistic4.The structure of the fund management industry and stock market may also exacerbate the problem.A.reduceB.worsenC.attributeD.develop5.Stock-taking of the open policy will come this year when the National People’s Congress discusses the next five-year plan.A.InquiryB.AcceptanceC.StatisticD.Assessment6.From the onset of the crisis,international organizations have been coordinating emergency activities.A.endingB.sunsetC.beginningD.growth7.The government plans to curtail economic growth to avoid speculative bubbles.A.enlargeB.continueC.assistD.restrict8.The America’s formidable capital and technological resources would be utilized to meet its objectives.A.powerfulB.availableC.vastD.different9.The law banned discrimination against people with physical disabilities in the workplace.A.equalityB.fairnessC.differentiationD.protection10.Investment funds have moved out of commodities and into liquid assets.A.water resourcesB.current assetsC.real estateD.fixed assets11.With unemployment rate at9.7%,the president is pressing the Congress to approve financial incentives for small businesses to add workers.A.controlB.capitalC.toolsD.stimulation12.9%of listed firms are technically insolvent and have stopped paying their debts.A.privateB.publicC.bankruptD.unsuccessful13.A substantial proportion of loans from the World Bank is still to be disbursed.A.borrowedB.paidC.declinedD.recovered14.This marks the first time in history that these companies will be subject to federal supervision.A.be free fromB.be exchanged byC.be occupied inD.be subordinated to15.Online education is a fledgling sector where no perfect model has been created.A.inexperiencedB.matureC.unfinishedD.uncertain二㊁判断题:本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分㊂判断下列各题,在答题卡(纸)相应位置正确的涂 A”,错误的涂 B”㊂Passage1Force of the Multinationals Direct investment by multinational companies is becoming a hugely important force in the world economy.In essence,a combination of factors,such as the development of global communications and a change in the political climate towards multinationals,is bringing in an era of true global manufacturing.A company such as Siemens may now start making a product in Germany then ship itto Malaysia for the labor⁃intensive final stages of manufacture.The strategy by Japanese companies of locating production in cheaper Far Eastern countries such as Thailand has done much to integrate the economies of the companies were setting up production in Mexico,for similar reasons,before negotiations on the NAFTA had even started.There is an important distinction to be made between the kind of integration based on trade,which is relatively simple,and the far more complex links involved in global manufacturing.The report says that as integration moves from shallow trade-based linkages to deep international production-based linkage under the common governance,the traditional division between integration at the corporate and country levels begins to break down.” Foreign direct investment tends to transfer assets from the developed world to the developing world.But the pattern is not entirely simple.Big shifts have occurred in the composition of foreign direct investment by sector.Increasing investment is going into services and high⁃tech manufacture, rather than basic manufacture and natural resources.As might be expected,foreign direct investment in the developed world is mostly in the former category,whereas in the developing world the emphasis is on the latter.It seems countries have to reach a basic level of sophistication before they can get in the act.Simple cash incentives to set up production in a country have little effect, other than on margin.In addition,the increasing sophistication of global production means that cheap labor is often not a deciding factor either.16.International production⁃based integration is better than trade⁃based integration.bor⁃intensive manufacture is the production mainly depend on the use of a large number of labor. companies set up production in Mexico for its cheaper labor and cost.19.Cash incentive is a deciding factor in global production.20.Foreign direct investment in the developed countries is mostly in services and high⁃tech sector.Passage2Asia,You Cost Too Much The Asian economic miracle can be best summed up as the biggest price undercut in history. Asia grew because it was the cheapest source for the low⁃tech consumer goods that the West craves. Hong Kong and Korea didn’t invent new or more efficient manufacturing techniques,they simply bought market share with low wages.But now Asia is beginning to cost too much.If you still thinkAsia is cheap or even a bargain,compare office rents in Shanghai with those in Chicago and Paris. Or try to hold a qualified manager in China against the almost weekly job offers he receives due to the shortage of Chinese professionals.No wonder companies are voting with their feet in response to Asia’s rising cost.Germany’s Siemens is dumping Singapore in favor of lower cost locations in the region.The way things are going,Siemens may have to move again before too long. The competition facing Asia is not going to let up,either Local council representatives from Britain are running all over the world advertising tax cuts,giving away state land and slashing bureaucracy in an effort to attract industry.Technological innovations and cost reduction in communications and transport mean that location isn’t as important as it once was.Only Singapore seems to understand that keeping up isn’t good enough and that being competitive means forging ahead.The Lion City made a concerted effort to open market,cut government regulations and create transparency.But most Asian government just don’t seem to understand the relationship between high costs and low competitiveness.Otherwise why would tariffs on agricultural imports be crippling the Korean and Japanese food processing industries?The oligarchical nature of trucking in Malaysia guarantees that high transport costs will drive business away.n economic growth was primarily based on cheap exports rather than high technology.22.Siemens is satisfied with Singapore’s low cost and will stay there all the time.23.High rents and shortage of professionals became China’s disadvantage in Business.24.The importance of location is weakened by technology and communication innovations.25.Most Asian government learned from Singapore to open markets and cut tariffs.非选择题部分注意事项: 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上㊂三㊁将下列中文词组译成英文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂26.经济特区27.出口配额制28.消费品29.批发商30.贸易差额31.服务部门32.垄断33.最惠国待遇34.硬通货35.经常项目四㊁将下列英语单词或词组译成中文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂36.market forces37.countertrademercial hub39.intellectual property right40.brain trust41.austerity programmes42.the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade43.discount rate44.countervailing duty45.dumping五㊁简答题:本大题共6小题,每小题3分,共18分㊂Passage1 Once,when Japan faced pressure from abroad,it would either give in reluctantly or keep quiet and hope that the fuss would die down.No longer it seems.America wants Japan to meet import targets for some American goods,but far from capitulating to the thrust of American trade policy, Japan is taking a stand that could lead to a trans-Pacific confrontation.The annual white paper on trade development published by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry will reject the argument that Japan needs special trade sanctions.It is Japan’s persistent surplus,more than anything,that has provoked anger in Washington.This year the surplus has been growing fast.With the economy still barely growing,despite two fiscal packages in the past nine months,Japan’s critics say that the country is once more exporting its way out of recession.46.Which word can give in”be replaced by?47.Explain the fuss would die down”.48.Paraphrase exporting its way out of recession”.Passage2 The price of tin on the European spot market rose to4,400pounds per ton,reflecting widespread production cuts in the world tin industry,at a two-day meeting in Indonesia,theassociation of tin-producing countries,whose members represent70percent of world tin output, decided to strengthen their co-operation in a bid to stabilize tin prices and to call on the United States to limit sales of tin from its strategic stockpile.Platinum progressed at the outset on concern about strike action in South African mines but quickly fell victim to profit-taking as work resume.49.What is strategic stockpile”?50.What does progress”mean in the context?51.What is profit-taking in business?六㊁翻译题:本大题12分㊂52. Commerce among nations entered a modern era;the constrained trading between imperial powers and their colonies began to break down.World markets opened to all countries,and multilateral trade flourished.Generally,a country could sell its goods in the best market it could find and buy what is needed from the least expensive supplier.Moreover,since currencies were convertible,most transactions could be completed with cash.Barter was as antiquated as the horse⁃soldier.During the past few years,however,the international monetary system has begun to strain under a variety of economic changes.One important cause is the enormous burden of debt carried by Third World countries.A professor at Harvard University says, The plain fact is that many countries are broken.”绝密★启用前2020年8月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试外刊经贸知识选读试题答案及评分参考(课程代码　00096)一㊁单项选择题:本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分㊂1.A2.C3.B4.B5.D6.C7.D8.A9.C10.B 11.D12.C13.B14.D15.C二㊁正误判断题:本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分㊂16.B17.A18.A19.B20.A 21.A22.B23.A24.A25.B三㊁将下列中文词组译成英文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂26.The Special Economic Zone27.export quota system28.consumer goods29.wholesaler30.trade balance31.the service sector32.monopolize33.most⁃favored nation treatment34.hard currency35.current account四㊁将下列英文单词或词组译成中文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂36.市场力量37.对等贸易(反向贸易)38.商业活动中心39.知识产权40.智囊团41.紧缩计划42.关贸总协定43.贴现率44.反补贴税45.倾销五㊁简答题:本大题共6小题,每小题3分,共18分㊂Passage146.surrender or yield47.nervous activities become weaker48.get through the recession by exportingPassage249.Strategic stockpile is the stock for future use when faced with extremely difficult situations.50.Price goes up.51.to profit in a price fluctuation on an exchange by selling what one has bought at a lower pricewhen the price goes up.六㊁翻译题:本大题12分㊂52.国家间商贸进入了新的纪元;帝国主义列强及其殖民地间的强制性贸易开始崩溃㊂(2分)世界市场向所有国家开放,多边贸易开始繁荣㊂(2分)一般来说,一个国家可以在其能找到的最有利的市场上销售其货物,也能从最廉价的供应商那里购得它所相应的货物㊂(2分)而且,因为货币可以兑换,大部分交易可以用现金支付,易货贸易就像骑兵一样时过境迁了㊂(2分)然而,在过去的几年里,国家货币体系在种种经济变化影响下,开始承受着巨大的压力㊂(2分)一个重要的原因是第三世界国家的巨大债务负担㊂哈佛大学一位教授说: 显而易见,许多国家都已经破产了㊂”(2分)。