英语写作手册第八章

Part Eight

•The Research Paper

•I Purpose

•II Process

•The process of writing a research paper is generally divided into five

steps or stages（P 220，keep in mind the sub-topics）

•1. Choosing a topic

•The a topics for Graduation Thesis for every student is prepared by

to-be tutor r when it is time for the teachers to assign a variety of

graduation thesis, which are usually put into the college education system

for the students to choose.

•1）Selecting a general topic P 221

•2）Reading and thinking

•2 Collecting Information

•1）Using the library or Internet

•2）Reading and thinking

•3）Taking notes

•4）Quotation of sources P 230

•3 Analyzing the information，organizing ideas, and working out an

outline P 233

•Layers of the paper. Not the same as P 234!

•4 Writing the first draft （Keep in mind 1-6）

•The first draft of a research paper should be prepared by the following

way —— •1）Using your own words （P 237）

•2）Using proper tenses （P 238）

•3）Using facts and views （P 240）

•4）Paying attention to logic and organization

（P 240）

•5）Making your tone objective rather than personal

（P 241）

•6）Choosing the right style （P 241）

•5 Rewriting the draft and finalizing the paper

• （P 241）

•III Format

•1. The Structure of a research paper

•Generally speaking, a research paper consist of five parts（P 242, keep

in mind 1-5）:

•1）Thesis statement and outline

•2）Introduction

•3）Body

•4）Conclusion

•5）In-text notes and works cited

•Review 1: Basic Theoretical Skills

•（From Contents to Text）

•1. Level of words（P 7）

•The words from a stylistic point of view may be divided into three types:

formal, common and informal. •2. Types of sentences （P 37）

•1）According to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative,

imperative and exclamatory；

•2）According to their structures, sentences are simple, compound,

complex and compound-complex.

•2）According to their rhetorical styles, sentences are loose, periodic

and balanced.

•3. Effective sentences （P 37）

•Effective sentences should include the following five qualities

（elements）（P IV）

•1. Unity

•2. Coherence

•3. Emphasis

•4. Variety

•4. Criteria of an Effective Paragraph（P IV）

•1. Unity

•2. Coherence

•3. Transition

•5. Ways of Developing Paragraphs （P IV）

•Developing by •1. Time; 2. Process; 3. Space; 4. Example or generalization; 5.

Comparison and Contrast;

•6. Cause and effect; 7. Classification; 8. Definition; 9. A combination

of methods.

•6. The Whole Composition

•A well-developed composition are made up of three parts:（P IV）

•1）A Beginning

•2）A Middle

•3）An End

•7. The Types of Writing （P IV）

•1）Description

•2）Narration

•3）Exposition

•4）Argumentation

•8. Description （P 116）

•Description is painting a picture in words of a person, a place, an

object or a scene.

•A description is usually developed through sensory details, or the

impressions of one’s senses——sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.

•Writing a description, the writer should choose those details that can

help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the

person or thing described, and leave out those irrelevant ones, which, if

included, would only distract the readers’ attention from the main

impression the writer wishes to give.

•9. Narration （P 127）

•When writing a narrative composition, one has usually to pay attention

to the following five aspects（points）:

•1）Purpose

•2）Selection of details

•3）Context

•4）Organization

•5）Point of view

•10. Exposition (P 133)

•Exposition means expounding or explaining.

•We are writing a description when describe the appearance of an object;

but we are writing an exposition when we explain how it is made, how it is

used, and how it may change.

•When we narrate a historical event, we tell what happened, when and

where it happened, and we took part in it. In a exposition paper, we discuss

its cause and effect, its nature, and its significant in history.

•11. Requirements for a Good Argumentation （P 180-182）