当前位置：文档之家 › 3 The physical interpretation of the Church-Turing Thesis

3 The physical interpretation of the Church-Turing Thesis

  • 格式：pdf
  • 大小：266.28 KB
  • 文档页数：43

Hypercomputationandthe

PhysicalChurch-TuringThesis

PaoloCotogno

ABSTRACT

AversionoftheChurch-TuringThesisstatesthateveryeffectivelyrealizablephysicalsystemcanbedefinedbyTuringMachines(‘ThesisP’);inthisformulationtheThesisappearsanempirical,morethanalogico-mathematical,proposition.WereviewthemainapproachestocomputationbeyondTuringdefinability(‘hypercomputation’):supertask,non-well-founded,analog,quantum,andretrocausalcomputation.Thesemodelsdependoninfinitecomputation,explicitlyorimplicitly,andappearphysicallyimplausible;moreover,evenifinfinitecomputationwererealizable,theHaltingProblemwouldnotbeaffected.Therefore,ThesisPisnotessentiallydifferentfromthestandardChurch-TuringThesis.

1Introduction2Computabilityandincomputability3ThephysicalinterpretationoftheChurch-TuringThesis4Supertasksandinfinitecomputation5Computationonnon-well-foundeddomains6Analogcomputation7Quantumcomputation8Retrocausalcomputation9Conclusions

1Introduction

TheChurch-TuringThesisidentifiestheeffectivelycomputablefunctions

withtherecursivefunctions,orequivalentlywiththefunctionscomputable

byTuringMachines;itisusualtoconsidertheThesisasafundamentallawof

mathematics,truethoughnotdemonstrable.Someauthors(e.g.,Gandy

[1980],Copeland[1997])stressthatwhatTuringactuallydidwastoanalyze

computationasaprocessperformedwithpaperandpencilbyahumanclerk

(a‘computor’,inSoare[1996]).Therefore,theChurch-TuringThesisshould

beneatlydistinguishedfromtheclaimthatwhateverphysicalsystemcan

computejustrecursivefunctions(PhysicalChurch’sThesis,or‘ThesisP’).Brit.J.Phil.Sci.54(2003),181–223,axg009

&BritishSocietyforthePhilosophyofScience2003TheinterestingaspectisthatThesisPcouldbefalsewithoutaffectingthe

standardversion:thiswouldbethecaseifsomephysicalsystemswere

capableofcomputingfunctionsthatarenotcomputablebyTuring

Machines,inprinciple.Recentdevelopmentsofnon-conventionalcomputa-

tiontheoriesseemtosupportthisidea.

Inthispaperwediscusstheprincipalapproachestocomputationbeyond

Turingdefinability,orhypercomputation;1ourfocusisonthegeneraldecision

problem,whilecomplexityistouchedononlyasasidetopic.Weshallargue

thatalthoughsomeapproachesare,atleastpotentially,veryefficient,no

modelofhypercomputationcandelivereffectiveresults.Sincethereisno

unifiedtheorythatexplainseverythingandisacceptedbyeveryone,some

thinkthatthepresentlimitationsmaybeovercome,possiblyinthenear

future;weshallsee,however,thatevenifhypercomputationwererealizableit

wouldnotcomputerecursivelyunsolvableobjectsinprinciple,andtherefore

wouldnotfalsifytheChurch-TuringThesis.

Section2recallsthenotionsofcomputableandincomputablefunction,

withsomeemphasisonthelatter.Section3presentsthepureformofthe

Church-TuringThesisanditsinterpretationasaphysicalhypothesis;weshall

reviewsomepossiblecounterexamplesandgivesomecommentsonphysical

incomputability.Section4presentsthenotionofasupertask,aprocess

consistingofanactualinfinityofsteps,executedinfinitetime;thisisakey

point,sincethetheoriesofhypercomputationrest,directlyorindirectly,upon

someformofinfinitecomputation.Weshallseethatsupertasksaresubject

bothtocriticismofaphysicalcharacterandtoobjectionsofalogicalnature.

Section5dealswithcomputationonnon-well-foundeddomains,atechnique

usedinsystemssciencetomodelinteractingandself-referencingobjects;we

shallseethatitshypotheticalhypercomputingpowerdependsessentiallyon

supertasksandnon-effectiveoracles.Section6dealswithanalogcomputa-

tion,oftenheldtobeintrinsicallymorepowerfulthanitsdigitalcounterpart:

weshallseethatanaloghypercomputationisaformofnon-effectiveoracle

computation,possiblydependingontheimplausibleassumptionofinfinite

precision.Section7isdedicatedtoquantumcomputation,themost

promisingapproachtonon-conventionalcomputingatthepresent;we

shallrecallthemainapproachestoquantumhypercomputation,andweshall

seethattheydependeitheroninfiniteprecisionoronsupertaskcomputation.

Section8dealswiththeretrocausalformofquantumcomputation;weshall

seethateventhisspeculativecasecanproducenoviolationsoftheChurch-

TuringThesis.Section9presentssomeconcludingremarks.182PaoloCotogno

1Insomecontexts,‘hypercomputation’refersjusttoparticularlypowerfuldevices,suchasmassivelyparallelcomputers.HereweusethetermintheambitioussensepopularizedbyCopelandandProudfoot([1999]),i.e.computationofnon-recursivefunctions,‘beyondtheTuringlimit’,asSiegelmann([1995])hasit.2Computabilityandincomputability

2.1AfunctionfðxÞ’yis(effectively)computablewhenthereissomemethod

toproduceexplicitlythevalueyandcheckthatyisthecorrectvalue;

computationsmustproducearesult,possiblytheundefinedvalue?,withina

finitelapseofpropertimeafterthebeginningoftheprocess—timebeing

measuredbyelementaryoperationsteps.

Afunctionfisincomputablewhenthereisnomethodtocomputeitsvalues;

itisessentialtodistinguishthecaseswherethereisnosuchmethodasa

合集下载

2023届四川省遂宁市射洪市普通高考模拟测试英语试题(含解析)

2023届四川省遂宁市射洪市普通高考模拟测试英语试题(含解析)

试卷第1页，共10页2023届四川省遂宁市射洪市普通高考模拟测试英语试题

学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解Weekend Events for Kids

Fantasy Workshop

Time:Each Saturday 11:30 am~12:30 pm

Age:9+

“My dog ate my homework!” “Monkeys stole my schoolbag!” Have you ever made up

such excuses to get out of the homework you just didn’t want to do? This morning, such

excuses will become twice as useful as poet Liz Niven shows you how to turn your fantasies

into brilliant poetry!

Bookworm Club

Time: Each Saturday 10:00 am~11:15 am

Age:14+

Each Saturday, Marina Lewycka gives a special book talk for young people on her

best-selling novel Tractors and Caravans. Hear first-hand experiences of the writing life and

get your chance to ask the questions you’ve always wanted on what it’s like to be an author.

Behind Lenses

Time:Each Sunday 10:00 am~11:15 am

《史记·屈原贾生列传》几个训诂问题考辨

《史记·屈原贾生列传》几个训诂问题考辨

《史记屈原贾生列传》几个训诂问题考辨

杨德春

【摘 要】“上官大夫见而欲夺之”中“夺之”在“夺”训“夺取”之前提下，“之”之先行词只有两种可能：“属草稿”和“草稿”。又因为“夺取草稿”之说不能成立，“之”之先行词就只能是“属草稿”，“夺之”之意思即为“夺取起草宪令草稿（这件差事或任务）”，亦即“属草稿”之权力。“曰以为非我莫能为也”之“以为”与“曰”共用同一个宾语“非我莫能为也”，上官大夫进谗必无中生有，先谗屈左徒曰“非我莫能为也”，屈左徒肯定没说过，话刚出口上官又改口谗屈原自以为“非我莫能为也”，“曰”实乃太史公对上官进谗口吻惟妙惟肖之表现。“乃作《怀沙》之赋”之“乃”字当训“又”，“乃”字前又省略了主语屈左徒，则太史公之意即以“乃”字前所全文收录之《渔父》也为屈左徒所作。%in Qu

Yuan and Jia Yi in Historical Records by Sima Qian, there is a sentence

“Dafu Shangguan seeing a manu⁃script of a decree by Qu Yuan and

capturing ( duo) it” whose antecedent is“a manuscript of a decree”

or“( the power of) writing a manuscript of a decree” and it was

untenable. Revising a manuscript of a decree was untenable either. “Dafu

Shangguan was cap⁃turing” was a word group in Chinese,“Qu Yuan’ s

utterance and my feeling” means the art of Dafu Shangguan slandering

目的论视角下《三体》英译本的翻译策略

目的论视角下《三体》英译本的翻译策略

目的论视角下《三体》英译本的翻译策略

互文性理论作为当代重要的文本理论，重点强调文本与文化之间的关联性，与翻译在很大程度上达到了契合。

一、互文性理论与翻译

互文性理论导入至中国后，在文化研究领域引发了社会各界学者的注重，尤其就是在以文本的解构与建构为研究对象的译者领域，[5]并使译界不仅彻底摆脱了结构主义纯粹从语言层面上研究译者的束缚，而且把作者、译者、读者及其社会历史文化背景，带入至译者过程中，展开着横跨时空的对话和交流，构成一个挑选与稀释、缔造与变异的互动过程。[6]译者做为这一活动的主体，将译者分成三个环节：1.译者对原文的写作。此阶段中，译者饰演读者的角色。2.译者对原文的阐述。“文本的阐述同意于主体汇聚各种互文本并将它们同取值文本二者联系的能力”。[3]做为阐述者，应当全面认知原文中蕴涵着的社会、文化等含义，运用互文性知识对原文本展开深层次发掘，包含讲出作者未尽之意，将表明标明化以及具体内容细节中抽象化出来普遍意义和原则。3.译者对原文的重写。意译无法传达原文的社会、文化等内涵时，译者须对原文展开结构调整或意群重组，实行异化、归化或二者融合的方法对原文重写，将原文中的深层内涵在译文中表达出来，这就是译者展开再缔造的过程。

笔者认为，无论是广义互文性还是狭义互文性，均强调文本的不确定性，也即意义的流动性;无论哪一种互文，在翻译过程中，都要做到与原文本语言及文化内涵的互文。

(一)《黄帝内经》文本特点。《黄帝内经》(以下缩写《内经》)内容博大精深，包含脏象、经络、针灸、天文、气象等等;语言独到融汇、奥雅深奥，文本具备模糊性、隐喻性、偏义性、一词多义等特征，而且句式多样、结构复杂、内容层次较多及意合注重。

因此，笔者认为对于类似《黄帝内经》等中医典籍的翻译，不仅仅要传达其科学性，而且还要展现其科学根植的肥沃的土壤文化及博雅语言。

释义：现在的人就不是这样了，五更当做水浆那样贪饮，惯于好逸恶劳，醉酒了，还荒淫房事，纵情色欲，因而竭尽了精气，散佚了真元。[12]

第7章翻译的篇章意识(2)解析

第7章翻译的篇章意识(2)解析

第七章 翻译的篇章意识（2）

篇章翻译常见问题及其对策

具体就段落组合而言，英、汉之间的确存在着很大差异。例如，汉语段落以“气”（语气）为先，逐一展开，语句组合灵活，不拘形态，行文布局往往依“气”而行，“气”终则句止，段中各小句多呈竹节型平行铺开，“形”散而“神”聚。而英语则是一种语法关系配合制约严谨、形态标记鲜明、语义逻辑关系外显的语言，它以“形”统“义”，行文布局“形”到则“意”到，“形”不全则“意”不明，段落展开必须逻辑层次分明、语法关系严谨，因而它必须具备一套远比汉语完整精细得多的语法手段和规则。翻译时若不明这一点，一味照搬汉语的方式在英语中行文布局，将会使译文章法大乱，溃不成文！

7.1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬

主要表现为摆不脱原文字面的束缚，跟着原文亦步亦趋，斤斤于分寸不失。一句一句看，似乎与原文相差无几，但就是读来别扭生硬，“翻译腔”十足，其结果往往是有字无篇，使作者的本义和原文意义大打折扣：

例1. Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and

habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious(丑恶)----in this respect I’ve

slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever. If I feel like it, I eat with

my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up---in other words, whichever is easiest.

(1)孤独是一个很好的实验室，在其中观察礼貌和习惯受别人制约所达到的程度。我的餐桌礼仪十分恶劣——这方面我已倒退了数百年；事实上我没有任何礼仪，如果我觉得喜欢，我就用手指吃，或用罐头吃，或站着吃——换句话说，看那种吃法最容易。