Arthritis its prevalence, risk factors, and association with cardiovascular diseases
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Arthritis:itsprevalence,riskfactors,andassociationwithcardiovasculardiseasesintheUnitedStates,1999to2008
KwokLeungOngPhDa,b,*,BenJ.WuPhDa,BernardM.Y.CheungPhDc,PhilipJ.BarterMDa,b,Kerry-AnneRyePhDa,b,daLipidResearchGroup,HeartResearchInstitute,Sydney,NewSouthWales,AustraliabFacultyofMedicine,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,NewSouthWales,AustraliacDepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofHongKong,HongKong,ChinadDepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofMelbourne,Melbourne,Victoria,Australia
articleinfo
Articlehistory:Received23September2012Accepted19November2012Availableonline5December2012Keywords:ArthritisCardiovascularriskNHANESOsteoarthritisRheumatoidarthritisabstract
Objective:Arthritisisassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseases(CVDs).However,therearelimitedepidemiologicstudiesonarthritisinanationalsurveystudy.Wethereforeinvestigatedtheprevalenceofself-reportedarthritisanditsassociationwithCVDs.Methods:Datafrom15,888subjectsaged40yearsorolderintheUnitedStatesNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey1999through2008wereanalyzed.CVDwasdefinedasaself-reportedhistoryofheartattack,congestiveheartfailure,coronaryheartdisease,angina,orstroke.Results:Theoverallprevalenceofself-reportedarthritisinsubjectsaged40yearsorolderincreasedfrom33.5%in1999through2000to37.0%in2007through2008(Pfortrend¼0.017).Amongsubjectswitharthritisin1999through2008,35.3%hadosteoarthritis(OA),17.9%hadrheumatoidarthritis(RA),and10.2%hadothertypesofarthritis,but36.6%wereunawareoftheirtypeofarthritis.ComparedwithsubjectswithoutOA,subjectswithOAhadhigheroddsforCVDs(oddsratio[OR],1.53;P<.001),especiallyangina(OR,2.18:P<.001).ComparedwithsubjectswithoutRA,subjectswithRAhadhigheroddsforCVDs(adjustedOR,2.39;P<.001),especiallycongestiveheartfailure(OR,3.59;P<.001).Conclusions:BothRAandOAarestronglyassociatedwithCVDsinthegeneralpopulation.Furtherstudiesareneededtoinvestigatetheircausalrelationship.Ó2013ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Introduction
Arthritisisalargeandgrowingburdenonthepublichealthworldwide.However,therearelimitedstudiesonarthritisinanationalsurveystudyintheUnitedStates[1e3].ThepercentageofU.S.adultswithself-reporteddiagnosisofarthritisin2005wasreportedasover21%[1].Moreover,subjectswitharthritis,espe-ciallyrheumatoidarthritis(RA),havehigherriskofdevelopingcardiovasculardiseases(CVDs)andmortality[4].However,notallcardiovascularriskfactorsareassociatedwithRAandsomeevenshowparadoxicalrelationship[4].Moreover,theassociationofosteoarthritis(OA)withcardiovascularriskfactorsandCVDsislesswell-establishedthanthatofRA.Therefore,thereisaneedtostudythecardiovascularriskfactorsassociatedwithRAandOA,thetwocommontypesofarthritis,inageneralpopulationsample.BecausetheU.S.populationisagingandtheprevalenceofarthritisincreaseswithage,itisimportanttounderstandthemorerecenttrendintheincreasedprevalenceofarthritisanditsasso-ciationwithCVDs.TheidentificationofsubjectsathighriskofarthritisoritsassociatedCVDscanallowpreventionmeasuresandtreatmenttobecarriedoutatanearlierstage.Inthisstudy,wethereforeinvestigatedtheprevalenceandriskfactorsofself-reportedarthritis,andtheassociationofarthritiswithdifferenttypesofCVDsinageneralU.S.populationamongadultsaged40yearsorgreaterintheU.S.NationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey(NHANES)1999e2008.
Subjectsandmethods
Studysubjects
NHANES1999e2008wasconductedbytheNationalCenterforHealthStatisticsoftheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionasacontinuouscross-sectionalsurveyofthehealthandnutritionalstatusofthecivilian,non-institutionalizedU.S.population[5e7]
.*Correspondingauthor.Dr.KwokLeungOng,PhD,LipidResearchGroup,HeartResearchInstitute,7ElizaStreet,Newtown,NewSouthWales,2042,Australia.Tel.:61-2-82088900;fax:61-2-95655584.E-mailaddresses:ongk@hri.org.au,oklws@yahoo.com.hk(K.L.
Ong).ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirect
AnnalsofEpidemiology
journalhomepage:www.annalsofepidemiology.o
rg
1047-2797/$eseefrontmatterÓ2013ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.11.008AnnalsofEpidemiology23(2013)80e86Dataarereleasedforpublicuseinevery2-yearcycle[8,9]andthedetailedmeasurementproceduresandprotocolsaredescribedonitswebsite[5e7].AllparticipantsgaveinformedconsentandthestudyreceivedapprovalfromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionInstitutionalReviewBoard.InNHANES1999e2008,afterexcludingpregnantwomen,therewere15,927subjectsaged40yearsorolderwhowerebothinterviewedandexaminedinthemobileexaminationcenter.Amongthem,15,888hadvaliddataonarthritisandcouldbeclassifiedashavingRA,OA,othertypesofarthritis,unknowntypesofarthritis,andnoarthritis.Thecut-pointof40yearsinagewasusedbecausetheprevalenceoftotalarthritiswasmuchlowerinyoungeradults(3.5%and9.3%inpeopleaged20e29and30e39yearsin1999e2008,respectively).Moreover,therewouldbealargedifferenceinage(16.3years)betweensubjectswithandwithoutself-reportedarthritis,andthismaycausebiasorconfoundingeffectinsubsequentregressionanalysisforcardiovascularriskfactorsandCVDs.