2010年在职公共管理硕士联考英语2000词附词义(三)

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题Section I USE of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first deteccted in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on june 11,2009. It is the first wotldwide cpidemic__1__by the World Health Organization in41years. The heightened alert __2__an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp pise in cases in Australia.and rising __3__in Britain ,japan,Chile and elsewhere.Bur the epiemic is “__4__”in severity. According to Margaret Chan. The organization’s director general,__5__the overwhelming majorty of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and full recovery. Often in the__6__of any medical treatment.The ourbreak came to gobal__7__in lafe April2009.when Mexican authorities noted an unusually latge number of hospitalizations and deaths__8__ healthy adults. As much ofMexico City Shut down at the height of a panic,cases began to__9__in New York City.the southwestem United States and atound the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade__10__warmer weather arrived.But in late September 2009,officials reported there was__11__flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the__12__tested are the new swine flu. Also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu.In the U.S.,It has__13__more than one million people,and caused mone than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials ___14___ Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began __15__ orders from the atates for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine,is__16__ ahead of expectations.More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009,though most of those __17__doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type,which is not __18__ for pregnant women,people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other__19__.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups;health care workers,people __20__infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D]until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding offSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sor t became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s twobiggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because ____.A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3)，the author suggests that_____.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A. auction houses ' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing impressionists25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn'tkeep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework.27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on ______A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText 3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits —among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, applylotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to —Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever —had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day —chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a mea l. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berni ng, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually[C] are deeply rooted in history[D] are basically private concerns32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people’s habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C] indicate their effect on people’s buying power[D] manifest the significant role of good habits33. W hich of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?[A] Tide[B] Crest[C] Colgate[D] Unilever34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35. T he author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A] indifferent[B] negative[C] positive[D] biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______[A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the statement is true or F it the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBoth Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft. The 787 and 350 respectively . Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference . But a group of researchers at Stanford University , led by Ilan Kroo , has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo , lies with birds . Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips . a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves . Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California ,has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different . Dr Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and I as Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions , and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are , of course , knots to be worked out . One consideration is safety , or at least the perception of it . Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles , and would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows , A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flight.A s it happens, America’s armed forces are on the on case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though theprogramme has yet to begin . There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War ,but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,”he adds. So he s hould know.41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other plans.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45. It has been documented that during World War Ⅱ, America’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.Section Ⅲ Translation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insura nce. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a la ck of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47. Directions:You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to1) Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2) Welcome him/her to visit China in due course.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) Interpret the chart and2) Give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)10年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题标准答案Section I Use of English1.D2.C3.B4.A5.A6.B7.D8.C9.B 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.A 20.BSectionⅡReading comprehensionpartA21.D 22.A 23.B 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.D 30.B 31.A 32.A 33.D 34.C 35.B36.D 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.DPart B41.F 42.T 43.F 44.T 45.FSection Ⅲ Translation最近，“承受力”成了一个流行词，但对Ted Ning来说，他对其含义有自己亲身的体会。

2010-2019硕士研究生考试英语二真题及答案（精编）目录2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (2)2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (11)2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (21)2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (30)2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (39)2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (48)2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (57)2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (67)2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (77)2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (87)12010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirection:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June11,2009.It is the first worldwide epidemic1by the World Health Organization in41years.The heightened alert2an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia,and rising3in Britain,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is“4”in severity,according to Margaret Chan,the organization’s director general,5the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery,often in the6of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global7in late April2009,when Mexican authorities notedan unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths8healthy adults.As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic,cases began to9in New York City,the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States,new cases seemed to fade10warmer weather arrived.But in late September2009,officials reported there was11flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the12tested are the new swine flu,also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu.In the U.S.,it has13more than one million people,and caused more than 600deaths and more than6,000hospitalizations.Federal health officials14Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began15orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine,is16ahead of expectations.More than three million doses were to be made available in early October2009,though most of those17 doses were of the Flu Mist nasal spray type,which is not18for pregnant women, peopleover50or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other19.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group:health care workers,people20 infants and healthy young people.1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums4.[A]moderate[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme5.[A]with[B]in[C]from[D]by6.[A]progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]favor7.[A]reality[B]phenomenon[C]concept[D]notice8.[A]over[B]for[C]among[D]to9.[A]stay up[B]crop up[C]fill up[D]cover up10.[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]until11.[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[D]magnificent12.[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples13.[A]imparted[B]immerse[C]injected[D]infected14.[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained15.[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving16.[A]feasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable17.[A]prevalent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]initial18.[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced19.[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings20.[A]involved in[B]caring for[C]concerned with[D]warding offSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions blow each text by choosing A,B,C,or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56works by Damien Hirst,Beautiful Inside My Head Foreve r,at Sotheby’s in London on September15th2008.All but two pieces sold,fetching more than￡70million,a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York oneof the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since2003.At its peak in2007it was worth some$65billion,reckons Clare McAndrew,founder of Arts Economics,a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to$50billion.But the market generates interest far beyondits size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr.Hirst’s sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds,and in the most overheated sector,they were down by nearly90%in the year to November2008.Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s,had to pay out nearly$200million in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of1989.This time experts reckon that prices are about40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more fluctuant.But Edward Dolman,Christie’s chief executive,says:“I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as“a last victory”because.［A］the art market had witnessed a succession of victories［B］the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids［C］Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces［D］it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying“spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line1~2,Para.3),the author suggests that.［A］collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions［B］people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries［C］art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent［D］works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT true?［A］Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from2007to2008.［B］The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.［C］The art market generally went downward in various ways.［D］Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are.［A］auction houses’favorites［B］contemporary trends［C］factors promoting artwork circulation［D］styles representing Impressionists 25.The most appropriate title for this text could be.［A］Fluctuation of Art Prices［B］Up-to-date ArtAuctions［C］Art Market in Decline［D］Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women’s group that had invited men to join them.Throughout the evening,one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening,I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them.This man quickly nodded in agreement.He gestured toward his wife and said,“She’s the talker in our family.”The room burst into laughter;the man looked puzzled and hurt.“It’s true,”he explained.“When I come home from work I have nothing to say.If she didn’t keep the conversation going,we’d spend the whole evening in silence.”This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations,they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.Given the current divorce rate of nearly50percent,that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research,complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning,cooking,social arrangements.Instead,they focused on communication:“He doesn’t listen to me,”“He doesn’t talk to me.”I found,as Hacker observed years before,that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost,conversational partners,but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short,the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face,while a woman glares at the back of it,wanting to talk.26.What is most wives’main expectation of theirhusbands?［A］Talking to them.［B］Trusting them.［C］Supporting their careers.［D］Sharing housework.27.Judging from the context,the phrase“wreaking havoc”(Line2,Para.2)most probably means.［A］generating motivation［B］exerting influence［C］causing damage［D］creating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT.［A］men tend to talk more in public than women［B］nearly50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation［C］women attach much importance to communication between couples［D］a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?［A］The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.［B］Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.［C］Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.［D］Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on.［A］a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk［B］a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon［C］other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.［D］a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText3Over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,”said Dr.Curtis,thedirector of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to—Procter&Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners,vitamins—are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today,because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal.Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long.Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,”said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year.“Creating positive habits is a hugepart of improving our consumers’lives,and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr.Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged,controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap.［A］should be further cultivated［B］should be changed gradually［C］are deeply rooted in history［D］are basically private concerns 32.Bottled water,chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph5so as to.［A］reveal their impact on people’s habits［B］show the urgent need of daily necessities［C］indicate their effect on people’s buying power［D］manifest the significant role of good habits33.Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?［A］Tide.［B］Crest.［C］Colgate.［D］Unilever.34.From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to.［A］perfected art of products［B］automatic behavior creation［C］commercial promotions［D］scientific experiments35.The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’shabits is.［A］indifferent［B］negative［C］positive［D］biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democraticvalues,including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,religion,sex,or national origin;that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative orient.In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves,rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in1968,jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states,for example,jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education,and moral character.Although the Supreme Court of theUnited States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the1880case of Strauder v.West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other anti-discrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20thcentury.Although women first served on state juries in Utah in1898,it was not until the1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home,and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the1960s.In1968,the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.In the landmark1975decision Taylor v.Louisiana,the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level.The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of the U.S.jury system,we learn that.［A］both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries［B］defendants are immune from trial by their peers［C］no age limit should be imposed for jury service［D］judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to1968showed.［A］the inadequacy of anti-discrimination laws［B］the prevalent discrimination against certain races［C］the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures［D］the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges38.Even in the1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because.［A］they were automatically banned by state laws［B］they fell far short of the required qualifications［C］they were supposed to perform domestic duties［D］they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed,.［A］sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished［B］educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors［C］jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community［D］states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40.In discussing the U.S.jury system,the text centers on.［A］its nature and problems［B］its characteristics and tradition ［C］its problems and their solutions［D］its tradition and developmentPart BRead the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false.Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBoth Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft,the787and A350respectively.Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University,led by Ilan Kroo,has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use,and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer,says Dr Kroo,lies with birds.Since1914,scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape—expend less energy.The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips,a phenomenon known as upwash.Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag,and spend less energy propelling themselves.Peter Lissaman,an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California,has suggested that a formation of25birds might enjoy a range increase of71%.When applied to aircraft,the principles are not substantially different.Dr Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles,San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah,assume an inverted V-formation,occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions,and proceed to London.They found that the aircraft consumed as much as15%less fuel(coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are,of course,knots to be worked out.One consideration is safety,or at least the perception of it.Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion?Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles,and would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows.A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes.Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter,although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient.In zones of increased turbulence,the planes’wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish.Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further.It might also be hard for airlines to coordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight.Cargo aircraft,in contrast,might be easier to reschedule,as might routine military flight.As it happens,America’s armed forces are on the case already.Earlier this year the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight,though the programme has yet to begin.There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War,but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated.“My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper ofa Lancaster lost over Berlin,”he adds.So he should know.41.Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbusaircraft.42.The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers cannot see the other planes.44.The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45.It has been documented that during World War II,America’s armed forces once tried formationflight to save fuel.SectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)"Sustainability"has become a popular word these days,but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning.Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late1990s selling insurance.He'd been through the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for a job,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn't go well.“It was a really bad move because that's not my passion,”says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated,predictably,into a lack of sales.“I was miserable,I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.I had no money and needed the job.Everyone said,‘Just wait,you'll turn the corner,give it some time.’”Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsYou have just come back from the U.S.as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program.Write a letter to your American colleague to1)express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2)welcome him/her to visit China in due course.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Zhang Wei”instead.Do not write your address.(10points)Part B48.DirectionsIn this section,you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart.In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments.You should write at least150words.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirection:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has1across the Web.Can privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3?Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nation’s cyber-czar,offered the federal governmenta4to make the Web a safer place—a“voluntary trusted identity”system that would be the high-tech5of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled6 one.The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential7to a specific computer,and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to8a federation of private online identity ers could 9which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to11just once but use many different services.12,the approach would create a“walled garden”in cyberspace,with safe“neighborhoods”and bright“streetlights”to establish a sense of a13community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem”in which“individuals andorganizations can complete online transactions with14,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure15which the transaction runs.”Still,the administration’s plan has16privacy rights activists.Some applaud the approach;others are concerned.It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would17be a compulsory Internet“driver’s license”mentality.The plan has also been greeted with18by some computer security experts,who worry that the“voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr.Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet19.They argue that all Internet users should be20to register and identify themselves,in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.[A]swept[B]skipped[C]walked[D]ridden2.[A]for[B]within[C]while[D]though3.[A]careless[B]lawless[C]pointless[D]helpless4.[A]reason[B]reminder[C]compromise[D]proposal5.[A]information[B]interference[C]entertainment[D]equivalent6.[A]by[B]into[C]from[D]over7.[A]linked[B]directed[C]chained[D]compared8.[A]dismiss[B]discover[C]create[D]improve9.[A]recall[B]suggest[C]select[D]realize10.[A]released[B]issued[C]distributed[D]delivered11.[A]carry on[B]linger on[C]set in[D]log in12.[A]In vain[B]In effect[C]In return[D]In contrast13.[A]trusted[B]modernized[C]thriving[D]competing14.[A]caution[B]delight[C]confidence[D]patience15.[A]on[B]after[C]beyond[D]across16.[A]divided[B]disappointed[C]protected[D]united17.[A]frequently[B]incidentally[C]occasionally[D]eventually18.[A]skepticism[B]tolerance[C]indifference[D]enthusiasm19.[A]manageable[B]defendable[C]vulnerable[D]invisible20.[A]invited[B]appointed[C]allowed[D]forcedSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C,or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January2000;a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism.But by the end of2009Ms.Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee;how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?By February the next year Ms.Simmons had left theboard.The position was just taking up too much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals.If the sky,and the share price,is falling,outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than10,000firms and more than64,000different directors between1989and2004.Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.The most likely reason for departing a board was age,so the researchers concentrated on those“surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of70.They found that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly20%.The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to perform worse.。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic__1__ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert ___2__an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising___3___in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "__4__" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, __5__ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the __6___ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global__7__in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths__8___healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to __9___in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade__10__warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was __11__flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the__12___tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has__13__more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials__14___Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began__15__orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is __16__ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those __17__doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not__18__for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other __19__. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people __20___infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8 [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding offSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare Mc Andrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas inthe early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because ____.A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3)，the author suggests that_____.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A. auction houses ' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing impressionists25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in ArtsTEXT2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework.27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on ______A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText 3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors —habits —among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killersonly because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to —Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever —had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day —chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades a go, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.A. should be further cultivatedB. should be changed graduallyC. are deeply rooted in historyD. are basically private concerns32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____A. reveal their impact on people’s habitsB. show the urgent need of daily necessitiesC. indicate their effect on people’s buying powerD. manifest the significant role of good habits33. W hich of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?A. TideB. CrestC. ColgateD. Unilever34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____A. perfected art of productsB. automatic behavior creationC. commercial promotionsD. scientific experiments35. T he author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____A. indifferentB. negativeC. positiveD. biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______A. both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juriesB. defendants are immune from trial by their peersC. no age limit should be imposed for jury serviceD. judgment should consider the opinion of the public37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____A. the inadequacy of antidiscrimination lawsB. the prevalent discrimination against certain racesC. the conflicting ideals in jury selection proceduresD. the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____A. they were automatically banned by state lawsB. they fell far short of the required qualificationsC. they were supposed to perform domestic dutiesD. they tended to evade public engagement39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___A. sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolishedB. educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurorsC. jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire communityD. states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______A. its nature and problemsB. its characteristics and traditionC. its problems and their solutionsD. its tradition and developmentPart BBoth Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German researcher called Carl Wiesel Berger, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape, echelon or otherwise—expend less energy. The air flowing over a b ird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%。

2010-2012年考研英语（二）真题词汇金凌虹2010年考研英语（二）真题词汇1outbreak[ˈautbreik]n. (疾病等的)突然发生；(战争等的)爆发2swine flu猪流感3detect[diˈtekt]vt.察觉，发现；查明，侦查出4declare[diˈklɛə]vt.宣布，声明；宣称；申报vi.表态5global epidemic全球性的流行病⏹ The outbreak of swine fluthat was first detected in Mexicowas declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009.6worldwide [ˌwə:ldˈwaid]ad.世界范围(的)，全世界(的)7designate['dezigneit]vt. 把...定名为,指定, 标明, 选派adj.指定的⏹ It is the first worldwide epidemicdesignated by the World Health Organization in 41 years.8heighten [ˈhaitn]v.(使)提高，加强，增加, 升高9alert[əˈlə:t]a.警觉的vt.使警惕n.戒备；警报10follow[ˈfɔləu]vt.接着；遵照；听懂；注视vi.(紧)接，尾随着11emergency meeting 紧急会议12Geneva[dʒiˈni:və]n.日内瓦[瑞士城市]13convene [kənˈvi:n]vi.开会，集合vt.召集14a sharp rise急剧的上升（增加）15elsewhere[ˌelsweə]ad.在别处，在别的地方⏹ The heightened alert followed an emergency meeting with flu expertsin Geneva that convened after a sharp risein cases in Australia, and rising numbers in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.16epidemic [ˌepiˈdemik]n.流行病；盛行 a.流行性的，流传极广的17moderate[ˈmɔdərit]a.一般的；温和的，适度的v.(使)和缓n.温和派18severity[siˈveriti]n. 严重，严重性；严厉；苛刻19director general 理事长, 局长, 处长⏹ But the epidemic is " moderate " in severity,according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general.20the overwhelming majority of绝大多数21overwhelming[ˌəuvəˈwelmiŋ]a.势不可挡的，压倒的；巨大的22majority[mə'dʒɔ:riti]n.大多数, 多数, 多数党, 多数派n.法定年龄, 少校21experience [iks'piəriəns] n.经验, 经历v.经历, 体验, 感受22mild [maild]a.温和的，温柔的；温暖的；轻微的23symptom[ˈsimptəm]n.症状；征候，征兆24recovery[riˈkʌvəri]n.恢复，痊愈；追回，寻回，收复25absence[ˈæbsəns]n. 缺乏,不存在；缺席,不在；缺席时间26medical treatment n. （医学、药物）治疗⏹ with the overwhelming majority of patientsexperiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery,often in the absence of any medical treatment.27come to notice 引起注意, 被人察觉28authority [ɔ:ˈθɔriti]n.权力[ pl.]当局官方;当权者;权威,专家29an unusually large number of非同寻常数量的30hospitalization[ˌhɔspitəlai'zeiʃən] n. 医院收容, 住院治疗31h ealthy adult 健康成人⏹ The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009,when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number ofhospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.32shut down (使)关闭，(使)停工33at the height of处在 ... 的最巅峰，达最高点, 在最旺盛时, 34panic[ˈpænik]n.恐(惊)慌v.(使)恐慌，(使)惊慌失措35case[keis]n. 病例；事例；情况；案件；盒；手提箱36crop up 突然发生, 突然出现37crop [krɔp] n.农作物, 收成, 庄稼, (一)批v.修剪, 啃吃, 收获, 出现n.平头37southwestern [ˌsauθˈwestən]a.西南的38around the world全世界（范围）⏹ As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic,cases began to crop up in New York City,the southwestern United States and around the world.37fade [feid]vi. 逐渐消失；褪去，褪色；凋谢vt.使褪色38warm [wɔ:m]a.温暖的；热情的；暖色的v.(使)暖起来39arrive [əˈraiv]vi.到达，到来；来临;(at)达到⏹ In the United States, new cases seemed to fade as warmer weather arrived.40official [əˈfiʃəl]n.官方；官员，行政人员，高级职员 a.官员(方)的41report[riˈpɔ:t]v./ n.报告(道)；告发；报到；隶属；传闻42significant[sigˈnifikənt]a.明显的；意义重大的；意味深长的43state[steit]n.州；状态；国家，政府vt.陈述，说明44virtually[ˈvə:tʃuəli]ad.实际上，事实上45sample[ˈsæmpl, ˈsɑ:mpəl]n.样品，样本vt.抽样(调查)；体验46known as 被称为, 公认为47seasonal flu季节性流感⏹ But in late September 2009, officials reportedthere was significant flu activity in almost every stateand that virtually all the samples tested are the new swine flu,also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu.48infect [inˈfekt]vt.传染，感染；影响⏹ In the U.S., it has infected more than one million people,and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.49release [ri'li:s]n.释放, 让渡,发行vt.发放；释放, 让与,准予发表,发射50stockpile [ˈstɔkpail]n.储备；贮藏堆, 积蓄vt.囤积物资，储备，储存51take orders from 受某人的指挥,听命于52vaccine[ˈvæksi:n]n.牛痘苗，疫苗⏹ Federal health officials released Tami flu for childrenfrom the national stockpileand began taking orders from the statesfor the new swine flu vaccine.53be different from与…不同54annual ['ænjuəl]adj.每年的, 年度的, 一年生的n.年刊, 一年生植物55available [əˈveiləbəl]a.现成可使用的，可利用的；可得到的56ahead of [əˈhed əv]比…提前，比…更早57expectation [ˌekspekˈteiʃən]n.期待，预期；[ pl.]前程，成功的前景⏹ The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine,is available ahead of expectations.58initial [i'niʃəl] n.(词)首字母adj.开始的, 最初的, 字首的vt.签姓名的首字母于59dose [dəus]n.(一次)剂量，一剂，一份60mist [mist]n.薄雾v.(使)蒙上薄雾，(使)模糊61nasal [ˈneizəl]a.鼻的，有鼻音的⏹ most of those initial doses were of the Flu Mist nasal spray type63recommend[ˌrekəˈmend]vt.推荐；劝告；使受欢迎64pregnant[ˈpregnənt]a.怀孕的，妊娠的65breathe[bri:ð]vi.呼吸vt.呼吸；(低声地)说出66heart disease心脏病⏹ which is not recommended for pregnant women,people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other problems.67vaccinate [ˈvæksineit]v.接种疫苗，给…打防疫针68high-risk group 高危人群69infant [ˈinfənt]n.婴儿，幼儿 a.婴儿的，幼稚的，初期的⏹ But it was still possible to vaccinate peoplein other high-risk group: health care workers,people caring for infants and healthy young people.70bull [bul]n.公牛；买进证券投机图利者，看涨的人;上涨行情71run [rʌn] v.跑, 行驶, 运转,持续, 蔓延, 传播, 竞选n.路程, 奔跑, 趋向72dramatic[drəˈmætik]a. 戏剧的，戏剧性的n.( pl.)戏剧作品，戏曲73note[nəut]n.便条；笔记；音符；钞票;注解，标注，注释vt.注意；记录74sale[seil]n.卖，出售；廉价出售[常pl.]销售额75work[wə:k]v.工作；有效n.工作；职业[ pl.]著作，作品⏹ The longest bull run in a century of art-market historyended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst,“Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sotheby‟s in London on September 15th 2008.77fetch [fetʃ] vt.取来,卖得, 给（某人）一击n.取得vi.到达, 绕道,转航78record [ˈrekɔ:d, riˈkɔ:d]n.记录；唱片；履历vt.记录；录下79artist [ˈɑ:tist]n.艺术家，美术家⏹ All but two pieces sold,fetching more than ￡70m,a record for a sale by a single artist.80victory [ˈviktəri]n.胜利81auctioneer[ˌɔ:kʃə'niə] n.拍卖商, 拍卖人82bid [bid] v.出价, 投标, 吩咐, 叫牌n.出价, 努力, 叫牌83Lehman Brothers雷曼兄弟84file [fail]n.档案；文件夹vt.归档；登记备案vi.提出85file for sth申请、提出破产86bankruptcy ['bæŋkrəptsi] n.破产, 倒闭◆ to make an official request for something such as bankruptcy⏹ It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.87momentum [məuˈmentəm]n.动力，冲力，势头；动量88for a while 暂时,一时89rise [raiz]vi.升起；起立(床)；上涨n.上涨；升高90bewildering [bi'wildəiŋ] adj. 令人困惑的, 使人混乱的⏹ The world art market had already been losing momentum for a whileafter rising bewilderingly since 2003.n.山(顶)峰，最高值，顶点vi.达到高峰a.最大值的92worth[wə:θ]prep.相当于…价值的，值得…的n.价值93reckon [ˈrekən]vt.认为，估计；(on)指望；测算94founder['faundə] n.创立者95firm [fə:m]n.商行，公司，企业v.(使)变得坚实 a.结实的；稳固的96double[ˈdʌbəl]a.双(重；人)的n.两倍[ pl.]双打v.加倍97figure [ˈfigə]n.数字；算术；轮廓vi.出现；有道理vt.计算⏹ At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion,reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.98come down to下降为⏹ Since then it may have come down to $50 billion.99generate[ˈdʒenəreit]⏹ vt.生成，产生(光热电；利益、利润等)；导致100.interest[ˈintrist]n.兴趣；利息(率)[ pl.]利益vt.使感兴趣100+1F ar beyond 远远超出2size [saiz]n.大小，尺寸；规模vt.按大小排列(或分类)⏹ But the market generates interest far beyond its size.3Bring together 聚拢，聚集4wealth [welθ]n.财富，财产；丰富，大量5enormous[iˈnɔ:məs]a.巨大的，极大的，庞大的6ego[ˈi:gəu]n.自我，自己，自尊8passion[ˈpæʃən]n.激情，热情；酷爱9controversy [ˈkɔntrəvə:si]n.争议；争论，辩论10in a way以某种方式11match [mætʃ]n.比赛；对手；匹配；火柴v.相配，相称，匹配12industry [ˈindəstri]n.工业，产业；行业；勤劳，勤奋⏹ I t brings together great wealth,enormous egos, greed, passion and controversyin a way matched by few other industries.13follow [ˈfɔləu]vt.接着；遵照；听懂；注视vi.(紧)接；在…之后14spending['spendiŋ] n.经费(开销)15unfashionable ['ʌn'fæʃənəbl] adj.不流行的, 不时髦的, 过时的⏹ In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst‟s sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.16art world艺术界17collector[kə'lektə]n.收集家, 收藏夹；收税员, 收取款项的人, 收集器18gallery [ˈgæləri]n.画廊，美术馆；楼座，旁听席；走廊19saleroom ['seilru:m]n. 销售额, 销售活动；门市部，销售大厅⏹ In the art world that meant collectorsstayed away from galleries and salerooms.20contemporary art 当代艺术21fall by 下降了22two-thirds [ˌtu:'θə:dz]n. 三分之二23overheated[ˌəuvə'hi:tid]adj. 过热的, 过烧的24sector [ˈsektə]n.部门，部分；防御地段，防区；扇形25nearly [ˈniəli]ad.几乎，差不多⏹ Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds,and in the most overheated sector,they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008.26Within weeks几周之内27auction house['ɔ:kʃən ˌhəus]n. 拍卖行28guarantee[ˌgærənˈti:]vt.保证，担保n.担保；保证，保证书29client[ˈklaiənt]n.委托人，当事人，顾客30place works for sale将艺术品放在…销售⏹ Within weeks the world‟s two biggest auction houses,Sotheby‟s and Christie‟s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guaranteesto clients who had placed works for sale with them.31current[ˈkʌrənt]a.当前的；流行的n.流；电流；趋势32downturn['dauntə:n]n.低迷时期，下滑时期33impressionist[im'preʃənist]n. 印象主义者, 印象派作家adj. 印象派的⏹ The current downturn in the art marketis the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionistsat the end of 1989.34move [mu:v]v.搬；动摇；感动n.活动，运动；动作；移动，搬家35serious[ˈsiəriəs]a.严重的；重要的；认真的；严肃的36contraction[kənˈtrækʃ(ə)n]n.收缩，紧缩，压缩，萎缩⏹ A move that started the most seriouscontraction in the market since the Second World War.37expert[ˈekspə:t]n.专家，能手 a.专家的，内行的，熟练的38on average平均39fluctuant ['flʌktʃuənt]adj. 波动的, 起伏的, 变化的, 可移动的, 可压缩的⏹ This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average,though some have been far more fluctuant.40chief executive首席执行官41confident[ˈkɔnfidənt] a.确信的，肯定的；有信心的，自信的42at the bottom促底，到达最底部⏹ But Edward Dolman, Christie‟s chief executive,says: “I‟m pretty confident we‟re at the bottom.”43slump [slʌmp]vi.暴跌；突然倒下n.萧条期，低潮44the last最后的；上一次45buyer [ˈbaiə]n.买主，购买者⏹ What makes this slump different from the last,he says, is that there are still buyers in the market.46interview [ˈintəvju:]n.接见，会见；面谈(试) vt.面试；采访47report[riˈpɔ:t]v./ n.报告(道)；告发；报到；隶属；传闻48demand [diˈmɑ:nd]n.要求；需要;需求vt.要求；需要；询问，查问⏹ Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special reportsaid that the biggest problem at the momentis not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.49death[deθ]n.死，死亡；破灭，终止50debt[det]n.欠款，债务，负债51divorce [diˈvɔ:s]n.离婚；分离vi.离婚vt.离婚；脱离52deliver[diˈlivə]vt.投递交；递送，投递；发表；接生；给予；解救，拯救⏹ The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.53return[riˈtə:n]v.返回；恢复；归还n.返回[ pl.]盈利⏹ But anyone who does not have to sellis keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.54refer to...as 把…称作,把…当作⏹ Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory”.55witness[ˈwitnis]n.目击者；证据(言) vt.目击；作证,见证，经历56succession [səkˈseʃən]n.连续；一连串，一系列；接替，继任⏹ the art market had witnessed a succession of victories57at the highest bid以最高的叫价⏹ the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids58win over 说服，把…争取过来；胜过，超过59masterpiece [ˈmæstəpi:s ,ˈmɑ:stəpi:s]n. 杰作⏹ Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces.60financial crisis 金融(财政)危机⏹ it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis.61no longer 不再，已不62actively[ˈæktivli]ad.活跃地，积极地63be involved in 涉及到, 与... 有关联;参与⏹ collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions.64fashion [ˈfæʃ(ə)n]n.方式；流行时尚；流行款式，时新式样，时装65appeal [əˈpi:l]n.呼吁；感染力，吸引力;上诉v.呼吁;上诉66to a great extent 在很大程度上, 非常⏹ art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent.67G o out of fashion不再流行⏹ works of art in general had gone out of fashionso they were not worth buying68dramatically [drə'mætikli] adv.戏剧地, 引人注目地⏹ Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.69surpass [səˈpɑ:s]vt.超过，优于；超过…的界限⏹ The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.70downward [ˈdaunwəd]a.向下的，下行的ad.[-(s)]向下地，下行地⏹ The market generally went downward in various ways.71dealer ['di:lə] n.商人, 经销商⏹ Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.72mention[ˈmenʃən]vt.／n.提及，说起73favorite[ˈfeivərit]a.特别受喜爱的n.特别喜爱的人(或物)⏹ The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are auction houses ' favorites. 74trend[trend]n.趋向，趋势，倾向；时新款式，时尚⏹ The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are contemporary trends75factor [ˈfæktə]n.因素，要素76promote [prəˈməut]vt.促进，增进，发扬；提升；宣传，推销77circulation[ˌsə:kjuˈleiʃən]n.循环，流通；传播，发行；发行量⏹ The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraphare factors promoting artwork circulation78style[stail]n.风格；式样，类型；时尚vt.设计79represent [ˌrepriˈzent]vt.代表(理)；表示，象征；描绘，表现⏹ The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraphare styles representing impressionists.80appropriate[əˈprəupri-it, əˈprəuprieit]a.(适)恰当的vt.侵吞;拨出...供专用81fluctuation[ˌflʌktjuˈeiʃən]n.波动，起伏，变动82up-to-date[ˈʌptəˈdeit]a.现代化的，最新的；跟上时代的83decline[diˈklain]n.下降vi.下降；衰退；谢绝vt.谢绝84Shifted Interest变化的利息⏹ The most appropriate title for this text could be Fluctuation of Art PricesUp-to-date Art Auctions/Art Market in DeclineShifted Interest in Art s85address [əˈdres]n.地址；演说vt.写地址；演说，对…讲话；对付，称呼86gathering [ˈgæðəriŋ]n.集会，聚集87suburban [səˈbə:bən]a.郊区的n.郊区居民88living-room[ˈliviŋˈru:m]n.起居室，客厅89invite [inˈvait]vt.邀请；征(请)求；吸引，招致(麻烦等)⏹ I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them.90throughout[θru(:)ˈaut]prep.遍及；贯穿ad.到处；自始至终91particularly[pəˈtikjuləli]ad.特别，尤其92talkative [ˈtɔ:kətiv]a.健谈的，爱说话的，多嘴的93frequently[ˈfri:kwəntli]ad.经常地，频繁地94offering [ˈɔfəriŋ]n.提供；礼物；捐献95anecdote[ˈænikdəut]n.轶事，趣闻96silently[ˈsailəntli]ad.寂静地；沉默地97couch [kautʃ]n.长沙发；(病人躺的)长榻vt.表达⏹ Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative,frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.98comment [ˈkɔment]n.评论，意见；闲话，议论vt.评论99complain[kəmˈplein]vi.抱怨，诉苦；投诉，控告100.N od in agreement 点头同意⏹ Toward the end of the eveningI commented that women frequently complain thattheir husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement.200+1G esture toward sb. 朝某人做个姿势2talker[ˈtɔ:kə]n.说话人；空谈家⏹ He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family."3burst into laughter突然大笑⏹ The room burst into laughter;4puzzled [pʌzld] adj. 困惑的, 迷惑的5explain[ikˈsplein]v.讲解，解释，说明6conversation [ˌkɔnvəˈseiʃən]n.谈话，交谈7silence[ˈsailəns]n.寂静；沉默vt.使安静；使沉默⏹ the man looked puzzled and hurt."It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work,I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going,we'd spend the whole evening in silence."8episode [ˈepisəud]n.一个事件；(剧本等的)插曲，片断，一集9crystallize [ˈkristəlaiz]v.(使)结晶，具体化10irony [ˈaiərəni]n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄11tend to倾向于往往会12in public situations在公共场合⏹ This episode crystallizes the irony thatalthough American men tend to talk more than women in public situations,they often talk less at home.13wreak [ri:k] vt.发泄, 施行（报复）, 造成（破坏等）14havoc[ˈhævək]n.大破坏，大毁坏15marriage [ˈmæridʒ]n.结婚，婚姻，婚礼⏹ T his pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.16pattern ['pætən]n.模式, 模型，结构；图案, 典范, 式样v.以图案装饰, 仿造；模仿17observe [əbˈzə:v]vt.注意到；观察；评论；遵守，奉行18political[pəˈlitikəl]a.政治的，政治上的；政党的，党派的19scientist [ˈsaiəntist]n.科学家⏹ The pattern was observedby political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.20sociologist [ˌsəusi'ɔlədʒist] n. 社会学家21report [riˈpɔ:t]v./ n.报告(道)；告发；报到；隶属；传闻22a few of 几个, 少许, 稍有23lack of communication缺乏沟通24divorce [diˈvɔ:s]n.离婚；分离vi.离婚vt.离婚；脱离⏹ Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk"that most of the women she interview ed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.25given [ˈgiv(ə)n]a.规定的；假设的prep.考虑到，根据26divorce rate 离婚率27amount [əˈmaunt]n.数(量)；总额vi.(to)合计；接近28case [keis]n.事例；情况；病例；案件；盒；手提箱29virtual[ˈvə:tʃuəl]a.实质上的，事实上的，实际上的30epidemic[ˌepiˈdemik]n.流行病；盛行 a.流行性的，流传极广的31failed conversation失败的聊天⏹ Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.32research[riˈsə:tʃ]n.／v.研究，调查33focus [ˈfəukəs]v.(on)聚集，集中，聚焦n.焦点，焦距，聚焦34tangible[ˈtændʒəbəl]a.确凿的，实际的；可触摸的，有形的35inequity [in'ekwiti] n.不公平, 不公正⏹ In my own research complaints from women about their husbandsmost often focused not on tangible inequities36chance[tʃɑ:ns]n.可能性；机会；vi.碰巧发生vt.冒…的险37career [kəˈriə]n.生涯，职业38accompany [əˈkʌmpəni]vt.陪伴(同)；伴随；为...伴奏(唱)39far more than远远比…多40share [ʃeə]v.分享，分担；分配n.份额[ pl.]股份41social arrangement社交安排42errand ['erənd] n.差使, 差事, 跑腿⏹ H aving given up the chance for a careerto accompany a husband to hisor doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands.43instead [inˈsted]ad.作为替代；反而，却⏹ Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me.""He doesn't talk to me."44years before几年以前45first and foremost 首要的是，首先46conversational partner聊天对话的伙伴47expectation [ˌekspekˈteiʃən]n.期待，预期；[ pl.]前程，成功的前景⏹ I found as Hacker observed years beforethat most wives want their husbandsto be first and foremost conversational partnersbut few husbands share this expectation of their wives.48image [ˈimidʒ]n.形象，声誉；印象；像；形象的描述，比喻49represent [ˌrepriˈzent]vt.代表(理)；表示，象征；描绘，表现50stereotype['steriətaip]n.模式化观念, 典型, 老一套, 铅版v.对…形成模式化的看法, 使用铅版51cartoon scene卡通画画面52glare [gleə]vi.怒目而视；发射强光n.强光；怒视；炫耀⏹ In short the image that best represents the current crisisis the stereotypical cartoon sceneof a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face,while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.53motivation [ˌməuti'veiʃən] n.动机, 动力, 刺激, 积极性，激励54exert [igˈzə:t]vt.用(力)，尽(力)；运用，发挥，施加55damage[ˈdæmidʒ]n.毁坏[ pl.]损害赔偿(金) vt.毁坏，损害56pressure [ˈpreʃə]n.压(力)，压强；压迫vt.迫使，说服⏹ T he phrase “wreaking havoc” most probably means generating motivation.exerting influence/causing damage/creating pressure57attach much importance to重视，关注58couple [ˈkʌpəl]n.一对；一些；夫妻，情侣vt.连接，使成对⏹ women attach much importance to communication between couples.59S pouse [spauz]n.配偶⏹ A female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse.60following['fɔləuiŋ]adj.接着的, 下列的prep.在... 以后n.追随者, 下列各项61summarize[ˈsʌməraiz]vt.概括，总结⏹ Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?62moral [ˈmɔrəl] a.道德的，有道德的n.[ pl.]道德；寓意63D ecay [diˈkei]a.vi.腐烂；衰落n.腐烂，腐朽；衰败状态⏹ The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.64m arriage break-up婚姻破裂65stem from 源于, 来自于⏹ Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.66vivid [ˈvivid]a.生动的，栩栩如生的；鲜艳的67account [əˈkaunt]n.记述，描述，说明；帐(户)；解释vi.(for)说明；占⏹ A vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk68detailed [di'teild] adj. 详细的69description [diˈskripʃən]n.描写，形容；种类，性质⏹ A detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon70decade [ˈdekeid]n.十年，十年期71perfect [ˈpə:fikt, pəˈfekt]a.完美的；完全的；完成时的vt.使完美72automatic [ˌɔ:təˈmætik]a.自动的；无意识的n.自动手枪等73behavior [biˈheiviə]n.行为，举止，表现；运转情况，反应74consumer[kənˈsju:mə]n.消费者，用户，消耗者⏹ Over the past decade, many companies had perfectedthe art of creating automatic behaviors— habits — among consumers.75earn[ə:n]vt.赚得，挣得，获得76customer [ˈkʌstəmə]n.顾客，主顾77snack[snæk]n.快餐，小吃，点心78apply [əˈplai]vi.申请，请求；适用vt.使用;敷，涂抹79lotion [ˈləuʃən]n.洗液，洗剂，护肤液80wipe[waip]v.／n.擦，抹，揩；刷卡81counter [ˈkauntə]n.柜台；筹码；计数器vt.对抗ad.对立地82in response to回应83design [diˈzain]n.设计；图案；企图vt.设计；预定，指定84a set of 一整套，一系列85cue[kju:]n.暗示，信号；提示vt.提示，暗示⏹ These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollarswhen customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.86fundamental [ˌfʌndə'mentl]adj.基本的, 根本的, 重要的n.基础, 基本原理87soap [səup]n.肥皂88remain[riˈmein]vi.仍然是；留下；剩余n.[ pl.]剩余物89figure out 想出，理解，明白⏹ There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we can‟tfigure out how to change people‟s habits,”90private industry 私人企业91automatically[ɔ:təˈmætikli]ad.自动地；无意识地⏹ We wanted to learn from private industryhow to create new behaviors that happen automatically.92turn to 求助于，求教于，查阅93invest [inˈvest]v.投资；投入(时间等)；授予，赋予94subtle [ˈsʌtl]a.微妙的；诡秘的，狡诈的；隐约的95introduce [ˈintrəˈdju:s]vt.介绍；引进，传入；提出(议案等)供讨论96routine[ru:ˈti:n]n.例行公事，惯例 a.例行的，常规的⏹ The companies that Dr. Curtis turned tohad invested hundreds of millions of dollarsfinding the subtle cues in consumers‟ livesthat corporations could use to introduce new routines.97look hard enough看得够仔细98product[ˈprɔdʌkt]n.产品，产物；乘积99result [riˈzʌlt]n.结果；成绩，比分vi.导致；起因于100.manufacture [ˌmænju'fæktʃə]v.制造, 捏造n.制造, 制造业, （复）产品⏹ If you look hard enough, you‟ll find that many of the products we use every day— are results of manufactured habits.300+1chewing gum 口香糖2moisturizer ['mɔistʃəraizə] n.润肤霜,保湿霜3disinfect [ˌdisin'fekt] v.消毒, 杀菌4air freshener 空气芳香剂5purifier ['pjuərifaiə] n. 清洗装置, 净化器6antiperspirant['ænti'pə:spərənt] n. 止汗药7cologne[kəˈləun]n.古龙香水8teeth whitener牙齿增白剂9fabric softener 织物软化剂10vitamin [ˈvitəmin, vai-]n.维生素⏹ chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners,water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes,teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins11regularly ['regjuləli] adv.有规律地, 定期地12brush [brʌʃ]n.刷子;轻碰;小冲突vt.刷vi.(against)触到13multiple [ˈmʌltipəl]a.复合的；多重的，多次的；多种多样的n.倍数⏹ A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teethmultiple times a day.14canny ['kæni] adj.精明的, 谨慎的, 节俭的,狡诈的15advertising [ˈædvətaiziŋ]n.[总称]广告 a.广告的16campaign[kæmˈpein]n.运动；战役vi.发起运动，参加竞选17habitually [hə'bitjuəli] adv.日常地,习惯地18pearly white珍珠般洁白的19cavity-preventing预防龋齿20scrub [skrʌb] n.用力擦洗,矮树, 渺小之物v.用力擦洗21brand [brænd]n.商标，品牌vt.打烙印于)；加污名干⏹ Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns,many A mericans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.22meal[mi:l]n.膳食，一餐，一顿(饭)；进餐，进餐时间⏹ A few decades ago, many people didn‟t drink water outside of a meal.23beverage [ˈbevəridʒ]n.饮料24bottle [ˈbɔtl]n.瓶vt.把…装入瓶中25production [prəˈdʌkʃən]n.生产，产量；产品，作品；出示，提供26far-off spring遥远的泉水27sip[sip]v.小口地喝，抿，呷n.一小口的量⏹ Then beverage companies startedbottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long.28primarily [ˈpraimərəli, praiˈmerəli]ad.主要地，首先29adolescent [ædəˈlesənt]n.青少年 a.青春期的，青少年的30feature [ˈfi:tʃə]n.特征[ pl.]相貌；特写；故事片vt.突出vi. 以…为特征31commercial[kəˈmə:ʃəl]a.商业(务)的；商品化(性)的n.商业广告32breath freshener口气清新器33teeth cleanser牙齿清洁剂⏹ Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercialsas a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.34ritual [ˈritʃuəl]n.(宗教等的)仪式；例行公事 a.例行的35slip in 悄悄进去, 溜进36put on make up 上妆，化妆⏹ Skin moisturizers are advertisedas part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.37succeed [səkˈsi:d]v.成功；接着发生；接在…后面38daily or weekly pattern每日或每周的模式⏹ Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns.39psychologist [saiˈkɔlədʒist]n.心理学家40retire [riˈtaiə]vi.退休(役)；退出，撤退；就寝⏹ Carol Berning, a consumer psychologistwho recently retired from Procter & Gamble,the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.41positive [ˈpɔzətiv]a.确实的；积极的，肯定的；正的，阳性的42a huge part of很大一部分43improve [imˈpru:v]vt.改进，改善；提高vi.改善，变得更好44essential[iˈsenʃəl]a.必不可少的；本质的，基本的n.[ pl.]要素45viable [ˈvaiəbəl]a.可行的，能活下去的⏹ Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers‟ lives,and it‟s essential to making new products commercially viable.46experiment [ikˈsperimənt]n.实验，试验vi.(on，with)作实验47observation [ˌɔbzəˈveiʃən]n.观察；评论[ pl.]观察资料；观察力48learn [lə:n]v.学，学习；得知，了解，学会；认识到49power [ˈpauə]n.作用；权力；(能)力；电力；幂vt.使开动50tie [tai]vt.扎；系；连接vi.不分胜负n.领带；联系51habitual cue习惯性暗示52relentless [ri'lentlis] adj.冷酷无情的, 不间断的⏹ Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned thatthere is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cuesthrough relentless advertising.53emerge[iˈmə:dʒ]vi.(from)浮(出)现；发生，显露，暴露54erupt[iˈrʌpt]vi.(火山等)喷发，喷出；(战争等)爆发55tactics [ˈtæktiks]n.策略；战术56questionable [ˈkwestʃənəbəl]a.可疑的，不可靠的57beauty cream 美容膏⏹ As this new science of habit has emerged,controversies have eruptedwhen the tactics have been used tosell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.58further [ˈfə:ðə]ad./ a.另外(的)；更远(的);更进一步地vt.促进59cultivate [ˈkʌltiveit]vt.耕作，栽培，养殖；培养，陶冶，发展⏹ H abits like hand washing with soap should be further cultivated60Be rooted in 根植于⏹ H abits like hand washing with soap are deeply rooted in history.61b asically [ˈbeisikəli]ad.基本上，从根本上说62concern[kənˈsə:n]n.关切的事；担心vt.有关于；使担心⏹ H abits like hand washing with soap are basically private concerns63reveal[riˈvi:l]vt.揭露，泄露；展现，显示64impact [ˈimpækt]n.／v.影响，作用；冲击，碰撞65urgent [ˈə:dʒənt]a.急迫的，紧要的66daily necessity [经] 日用品67indicate [ˈindikeit]vt.标示，指示，指出；表明，示意68effect [iˈfekt]n.作用，影响，效果[ pl.]个人财物vt.实现，引起69buying power 购买力70manifest [ˈmænifest]a. 明显的vt.显示，表明；证明；使显现71significant[sigˈnifikənt]a.相当数量的；意义重大的；意味深长的⏹ Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned t oreveal their impact on people‟s habits.show the urgent need of daily necessitiesindicate their effect on people‟s buying powermanifest the significant role of good habits72indifferent [inˈdifrənt]a. 冷漠的，不关心的，不积极的；一般的73negative[ˈnegətiv]a.否定的；消极的；负的n.底片；负数74biased [ˈbaiəst]a.有偏见的⏹ The author‟s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people‟s habits isIndifferent/negative/biased75regard [riˈgɑ:d]vt.看作；打量；注意n.尊敬[ pl.]问候76jury [ˈdʒuəri]n.陪审团；(竞赛或展览的)评判委员会77concrete[ˈkɔŋkri:t]a.实在的，具体的n.混凝土78expression[ikˈspreʃən]n. 表示，表现；措辞，词语，表达法；表情；79crucial [ˈkru:ʃiəl]a.至关重要的，决定性的80democratic[ˌdeməˈkrætik]a.民主的，有民主精神(或作风)的81values ['væljuz] n. 价值观念, 价值标准⏹Many Americans regard the jury systemas a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,82include[inˈklu:d]vt.包括，包含83principle [ˈprinsəpl]n.原则，原理，道义；基本信念，信条84citizen[ˈsitizən]n.公民，市民85minimal [ˈminiməl]a.最小的，最低限度的86qualification[ˌkwɔlifiˈkeiʃən]n.资格(证明)，合格证书；限制条件87literacy [ˈlitərəsi]n.识字，有文化，读写能力88equally[ˈi:kwəli]ad.相等地；平等地89competent ['kɔmpitənt] adj.有能力的, 足够的, 胜任的90serve on v. 担当, 担任⏹including the principlesthat all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacyare equally competent to serve on juries;91juror [ˈdʒuərə]n.陪审员92select[siˈlekt]vt.选择，挑选a.精选的；优等的93randomly ['rændəmli] adv. 任意地, 随便地, 随机的94representative[ˌrepriˈzentətiv]n.代表，代理人a.(of)有代表性的95cross section一群具有代表性的人物96community [kəˈmju:niti]n.社区，社会；团体，界；(动植物的)群落⏹jurors should be selected randomlyfrom a representative cross section of the community;97deny [diˈnai]vt.否认，不承认；拒绝给予，拒绝要求98on account of 为了…的缘故，因为，由于99race[reis]n.赛跑；竞争；人种，种族 v.参赛；(使)疾走(跑)100religion [riˈlidʒən]n.宗教，宗教信仰400 +1national origin 民族血统⏹no citizen should be denied the right toserve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin;2defendant [diˈfendənt]n.被告3entitle[inˈtaitl]vt.给…权利，给…资格；给(书等)题名4trial[ˈtraiəl]n.审判(讯)；试用(验)；讨厌的人(物)5peer [piə]n.同龄人，同地位的人；贵族vi.仔细看⏹Defendants are entitled to trial by their peers.。