Human Generated Power for Mobile Electronics

1 Introduction
There are currently three major and interconnected revolutions taking shape in technology today: the widespread adoption of smartphones, the increasing pervasiveness of connected devices (in the form of the Internet of Things), and the greater adoption of sophisticated techniques for the analysis of aggregated data. Smartphones currently account for over 60% of handsets in the developed world, a figure which is expected to rise to 70-80% within the next four years.1 By 2020, the GSMA expects close to 5.9 billion smartphones across the developed and developing word.2 The growth of the Internet of Things is set to be a defining technology trend of this century. Machina Research forecasts that by the end of 2024 there will be more than 25.6 billion IoT devices active around the

Photovoltaic (PV) Array— An interconnected system of PV modules that function as a single electricity-producing unit. The modules are assembled as a discrete structure, with common support or mounting. In smaller systems, an array can consist of a single module.Photovoltaic (PV) Cell— The smallest semiconductor element within a PV moduleto perform the immediate conversion of light into electrical energy (direct currentvoltage and current). Also called a solar cell.Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Efficiency— The ratio of the electric power produced by a photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight incident on the device.Photovoltaic (PV) Device— A solid-state electrical device that converts light directly into direct current electricity of voltage-current characteristics that are a function of the characteristics of the light source and the materials in and design of the device. Solar photovoltaic devices are made of various semiconductor materials including silicon, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide, and in single crystalline, multicrystalline, or amorphous forms.Photovoltaic (PV) Effect— The phenomenon that occurs when photons, the "particles" in a beam of light, knock electrons loose from the atoms they strike. When this property of light is combined with the properties of semiconductor s, electrons flow in one direction across a junction, setting up a voltage. With the addition of circuitry, current will flow and electric power will be available.Photovoltaic (PV) Generator— The total of all PV strings of a PV power supply system, which are electrically interconnected.Photovoltaic (PV) Module— The smallest environmentally protected, essentially planar assembly of solar cells and ancillary parts, such as interconnections, terminals, [and protective devices such as diodes] intended to generate direct current power under unconcentrated sunlight. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer (substrate).Photovoltaic (PV) Panel— often used interchangeably with PV module (especially in one-module systems), but more accurately used to refer to a physically connected collection of modules (i.e., a laminate string of modules used to achieve a required voltage and current).Photovoltaic (PV) System— A complete set of components for converting sunlight into electricity by the photovoltaic process, including the array and balance of system components.Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV/T) System— A photovoltaic system that, in addition to converting sunlight into electricity, collects the residual heat energy and delivers both heat and electricity in usable form. Also called a total energy system.Physical Vapor Deposition— A method of depositing thin semiconductor photovoltaic films. With this method, physical processes, such as thermal evaporation or bombardment of ions, are used to deposit elemental semiconductor material on a substrate.P-I-N— A semiconductor photovoltaic (PV) device structure that layers an intrinsic semiconductor between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor。

The main application area of electronic information technology
• Telecommunications: Telecommunications is a major application area of electronic information technology, accompanying technologies such as telephone, mobile communications, and the internet
• Introduction to courses in Electronic Information Engineering
• English vocabulary and terminology for electronic
目录
• Reading and Translation of English Literature in Electronic Information Engineering
• Practicing Writing Skills: Writing reports, proposals, and other documents in professional English can help engineers develop their writing skills and improve their ability to communicate complex ideas effectively
Basic concepts of electronic information technology
• Electronic Devices: Electronic devices are components that control the flow of electrons or other charge carriers in order to perform various functions such as amplification, correction, and switching

附录外文翻译：机器人的组成(1)hobby engineeringIts easier to learn about building robots if you take it one step at a time. This menu breaks a fairly complex robot into bite-sized pieces (or byte-sized for you programmers) to make the information easier to digest. We think that this is a good way to both learn about robots and to plan your actual construction. If you try to do everything at once you are likely to end up with a mess. If you plan and build in small steps, you are almost guaranteed success.(2)ControllersThe controller is the brains of your computer. The controller receives information from sensors and the input part of the human interface. It then decides what to do and sends instructions to the motion systems, actuators and the output part of the human interface. There are many types of controllers with different amounts of processing power and varying numbers and types of "pins" which connect to sensors, motors and the other part of the robot.In order for your controller or your robot to do anything, you must write a program and load that program into the controller's memory. Depending on your choice of controller, this can be fairly simple or extremely complicated. We recommend controllers using the Parallax Basic Stamp as the starting point for almost everyone. These controllers are programmed in an easy-to-learn language and have an integrated program loading system that is nearly 100% reliable. The Basic Stamp almost guarantees a fast start in programming whereas most alternatives require overcoming a significant level of difficulty just to get started. Even if you intend to "graduate" to more complex programming systems you will probably find the Basic Stamp a useful tool for investigating new ideas before developing your production code.(3)SensorsSensors provide your robot with information about its environment. Different sensors tell your robot about sights, sounds, pressures, temperatures and many other characteristics of the world around it.In many cases sensor components provide "data" when what you want is "information". Forinstance, a sonar component may report that an echo came back in .05ms when what you really want to know is that a robot is charging you from two feet away. In some cases the volume of data from sensor components is more than can be handled by a robot controller -- too much data can be as useless as no data at all. Because of this, many of sensor products are actually "smart" subsystems with specialized logic to evaluate the data stream and simplify programming your robot's main controller.When considering sensors, your first step is to identify what you want your robot to sense and how quickly and reliably you want to acquire that information. While "I want to know everything, right now, without error" sounds like a good specification, it probably isn't achievable and it definitely wouldn't be affordable. All practical sensors have definite limits of accuracy, range, resolution and repeatability. Each little increase in performance requires a large increase in cost so you will often accept what you can afford rather than insist on what you would like.While sensors are warranted to meet their specifications, they aren't guaranteed to do what you want in the way you want. While an IR distance sensor may be 99% accurate in the testing lab, your results may be less perfect in a competitive environment when your sensors may get confused by random reflections, your opponents sensors or even intentional interference. In order to be fully effective, you may need to compare the results from multiple sensors and/or filter the data to ignore results that seem inconsistent. As with every part of your robot, maximum effectiveness requires careful evaluation of real-world results and fine-tuning of your robot's circuits and program. This is not a "Plug And Play" hobby!When evaluating sensors, you want to know the following:○1What is actually being measured? For example, most distance sensors don't really measure distance. They measure how long it takes to receive an echo after they send a signal. You have to consider the possibility that the echo" is actually a stray signal and then find a way to eliminate those false readings. Reliable distance tracking systems usually look for patterns of consistent readings○2How many connections of what kind are required to connect the sensor to your controller? Do you have enough of those kinds of pins available on your controller? Does the signal need to be processed though an ADC or other hardware device to be usable by your program?○3How much power does the sensor require and at what voltage(s)? Will you have to increase your robots battery and power regulation capacity?A thorough technical evaluation of a sensor may require more knowledge than you possess. Fortunately, you can generally get good results by relying on common sense and the helpful nature of most other builders. The sensors we offer have all been used successful by builders of varying levels, so you can feel confident that you aren't attempting the impossible when you select one of the sensors we offer. We have tried to write product descriptions that translate the technical specifications into common English (common American to our off-shore friends) -- but keep in mind that something can get lost in any translation. Finally a search of the WEB will find you many examples of circuits and programs. (In the near future we will have our own samples posted with each product description.)(4)Robot Base KitsThe base is your robots skelton and it main functions are to hold all the other parts together and to protect delicate parts from harm. A base can be as simple as a scrap piece of wood or as complicated as a space ship.In many cases the design of the base is completely intertwined with the design of the motion systems. Sometimes the mechanical components for a robot can be "borrowed" from a toy or other hobby. Radio controlled planes, cars and boats (including submarines) have been used to provide the base and motion system of robots.(5)Human Communications SystemsYour robot can "talk" to you via computer generated voice, blinking lights and text displays. It can "listen" to your instructions sent by keyboard, switches or wireless remote control. Computer people prefer to use the word "output" instead of "talk" and "input" instead of "listen", but you know what they mean.(6)ActuatorsAn actuator is any device that makes your robot do something. Motion Systems and the output part of the Human Communications Systems are just specialized actuators which are important enough that we though they deserved their own sections.Actuators can move things or control other devices. Almost any device operated with electricitycan become an actuator. Depending on the device it may be connected directly to the controller or indirectly by an H-Bridge or relay. Your robot can also control things remotely using radio frequency or infrared transmission or even over the internet. The X-10 home control system allows your robot to control household lights and appliances.(7)Motion SystemsRobots are usually moved by a combination of wheels, gears, motors and associated electronics. Sometimes motor systems are assembled piece-by-piece but the most common form of robot motion these days comes from servos similar to the kind used with radio controlled airplanes. While most robots roll, it is possible to build robots that walk, jump or even swim or fly.A continuous rotation servo is a modified hobby servo that can rotate 360 degrees in either direction. These servos are economical and provide a neat system of motors, gears and electronics that can be directly connected to most robot controllers. A number of different types of wheels are available which attach directly to the servo axle. Most simple robots use two servos to provide both motion and direction control. Direction is controlled by what is called "differential steering" -- steering by varying the speed and direction of each wheel. If your robot needs to turn left, just slow or stop the left wheel servo while maintaining or increasing the speed of the right wheel. The bigger the difference in speed, the sharper the turn.Motion systems can become as complicated as you choose and often require custom design and building of the mechanical and electronic components. Sometimes the mechanical components can be "borrowed" from a toy or other hobby. Radio controlled planes, cars and boats (including submarines) have been used to provide the base and motion system of robots.An H-Bridge is an electronic circuit which translates and boosts controller output signals to the level required to drive a standard electric motor with variable speed and direction. An H-Bridge is built into hobby servos, so they can be connected directly to the controller. When using other types of motors you need to provide your own H-Bridge. These can be purchased as completed assemblies or assembled from components.(1)爱好工程如果你采取每次一小步的策略。