FMR设计指南

SN009 // R ENÉ K ALBITZ / F RANK P UHANE1 EDLC – SupercapacitorCompared to other capacitor technologies, EDLCs (Electric Double LayerCapacitor) are outstanding for their very high charge storage capacityand very low equivalent series resistance (ESR). Their high cycle life, lowcharging time and their large power output make them the ideal choice for many electric power applications.Possible applications are: (Intermediate) storage devices▪ To provide an application with power during battery change orpower-offline periods▪ To provide power in emergency cases as uninterruptiblepower supplies (UPS)Hybrid application with battery▪ To relieve batteries during high power peak▪ To buffer energy fluctuations in order to increase battery lifetimeThe most important parameters for the design-in process are capacitance, discharging and charging time as well as the corresponding voltages. Below we present a summary of the most important formulas and provide examples of calculations.[1,2,3]Figure 1: General concept of charging/discharging infrastructure.2 General Procedure of Design-In1g Identify the mode of operation for the discharge process:▪ Constant Resistance ▪ Constant Current ▪ Constant Power 2 Calculate*) the necessary capacitance depending on desiredoperation parameter such as operation time, output power and output current. *)For the sake of simplicity we may neglect the losses due to ESR, leads and connections.3g Identify the suitable charging process: ▪ Constant Current ▪ Constant Voltage 4g Calculate the charging time depending on the charging current. If necessary calculate the protective resistor.Figure 2: Radial through-hole EDLC series WCAP-STSCSome important formulas for the design-in process are summarized in the following sections.Charging Unit▪Constant Current ▪Constant VoltageSupercapacitor (EDLC)▪Main Device Parameters, governing its performance:- Rated voltage U R - Capacitance C▪EDLCs are low voltage devices▪No constant voltage source: Voltage is decreasing as it delivers powerDischarging Unit▪Constant Resistance ▪Constant Current ▪Constant Power3Parameter and PerformanceFigure 3: Equivalent Circuit of EDLCBasic Parameters:V R rated voltage▪Non-Aqueous Electrolyte (typ.) ≈ 2 V – 3 V▪given in the datasheetC capacitance (given in the datasheet and directly on thecapacitors marking)R ESR equivalent series resistance (ESR) (given in the datasheet)R Leak equivalent parallel resistance, leakage resistance▪corresponding parameter is leakage current ILeak, givenin the datasheet▪relation: RLeak = U RI Leak▪influence on charge storing capabilitiesR Leak ≈ 10 kΩ - 1 MΩP power output, i.e. power consumption of applicationPerformance Parameters:V1charging voltage, usually V R = V1V2lower cut-off voltageenergy storage capacity:E = 12⋅ C ⋅ (V12 - V22)E =�P(t)dt = P ⋅ t (if P(t) = const.) maximum power output:P max =V R24 ⋅ R ESR3.1ExampleAn application needs to be driven with a constant power of P = 0.4 Wfor t = 360 s. The lower cutoff voltage is V2 = 1 V. How large is the totalamount of energy E and how large is the required capacitance C?Calculation:P = 0.4 W for t = 360 s; V1 = V R = 2.7 V; V2 = 1 VE = P ∙ t = 0.4 W ∙ 360 s = 144 J = 0.04 WhThe required energy is E = 144 JC = 2 ⋅EV12 - V22= 2 ⋅144 J(2.7 V)2 -(1 V)2≈ 46 FThe required capacitance is C = 46 F, thus a capacitor with acapacitance of 50 F is recommended.4 Constant Voltage ChargingF or constant voltage charging it is recommended to use a protective resistor in series with the EDLC. It may be necessary to restrict the current with a protective resistor R P to a specific value I max . For a given I max the resistance is calculated by:R P =V 1I max- R ESRThe charge characteristic is calculated by (t 0 = 0):V = V 1⋅�1 - e-t�R ESR + R p � ⋅ C�I = U 1R ESR + R p⋅e - t�R ESR + R p � ⋅ C The corresponding charging time is calculated by:t = ln �V 1V 1 - V�⋅ (R ESR + R P ) ⋅ C t =ln �100 %100 % - p�⋅ (R ESR + R P ) ⋅ CCharging to 99.9% : t ≈ 7 ∙ (R ESR + R P )∙C C capacitance V 1 charging voltage I 0 current at t 0I max max. allowable current V R rated voltage V voltage at t t charging time t 0 start timeR P protective resistanceR ESR equivalent series resistance pcharging level in %4.1 Example Protective ResistanceA capacitor with capacitance C = 50 F and an equivalent series resistance R ESR = 0.02 Ω shall be charged with a unprotected power source at V 1 = V R = 2.7 V. The power source has a maximal allowable current of I max = 5 A. How large should the protective resistance be, to prevent overcurrent?Calculation:I max = 5 A; V R = V 1 = 2.7 V; R ESR = 0.02 ΩR P =V 1I max- R ESRR P =2.7 V5 A- 0.02 Ω = 0.52 Ω In order to prevent over current at the power source, a protective resistor with R P ≥ 0.52 Ω should be used.4.2 Example Charging TimeA capacitor with capacitance C = 50 F is charged to V = 2.16 V (80 % of V R ) at constant voltage V R = 2.7 V with a protective resistor R P = 0.5 Ω and an equivalent series resistance R ESR = 0.02 Ω. How long is the charging process? Calculation:C = 50 F; V = 2.16 V ; V 1 = V R = 2.7 V; R P = 0.5 Ω; R ESR = 0.02 Ωt = ln �V 1V 1 - V�⋅ (R ESR + R P ) ⋅ Ct = ln �2.7 V2.7 V - 2.16 V�⋅ (0.02 Ω + 0.5 Ω) ⋅ 50 F ≈ 42 sThe charging time is ≈ 42 s.Figure 4: V-t characteristics for constant voltage chargingFigure 5: I-t characteristics for constant voltage charging5 Constant Resistance DischargingThe discharging characteristics of a capacitor with capacitance C over given load resistance R L is calculated by (t 0=0):V = V 0⋅e-t (R ESR + R L ) ⋅ C |I |=V 0R ESR + R L⋅e -t (R ESR + R L ) ⋅ C The corresponding discharging time is calculated by: t = ln �V 0V �⋅(R ESR + R L ) ⋅ C The necessary capacitance is calculated with:C =tln �V 1V�⋅ (R ESR + R L )C capacitanceV 0 charging voltage at t 0I 0 current at t 0 V Rrated voltage V voltage at tt discharging time t 0 start timeR L load resistanceR ESRequivalent series resistance5.1 Example Discharging TimeA capacitor with capacitance C = 50 F is discharged from its ratedvoltage V R = 2.7 V to V = 0.3 V with a load of R L = 1 Ω. How long is the discharging process? Calculation: R ESR = 0.02 Ω; R L = 1 Ω; C = 50 F; V 0 = V R = 2.7 V; V = 0.3 Vt = ln �V 0V �⋅(R ESR + R L ) ⋅ Ct = ln �2.7 V0.3 V �⋅ (0.02 Ω + 1 Ω) ⋅ 50 F ≈ 112 sThe discharge time is approximately 112 seconds. 5.2 Example Voltage Drop A capacitor with a capacitance C = 50 F is discharged from its rated voltage V R = 2.7 V with a load of R L = 2 Ω for a period of time t = 280 s. What is the remaining voltage? Calculation:R ESR = 0.02 Ω; R L = 2 Ω; C = 50 F; V 0 = V R = 2.7 V; t = 280 sV = V 0⋅e-t (R ESR + R L ) ⋅ C = 2.7 V ⋅e - 280 sec(0.02 Ω + 2 Ω) ⋅ 50 F = 0.17 VThe remaining voltage is V = 0.17 V .Figure 6: V-t characteristics for constant resistance dischargingFigure 7: I-t characteristics for constant resistance discharging6Constant Current Charging/DischargingIf a constant current is used, the voltage V at the terminals for time t (t = 0) is calculated by:V - V0=I CC⋅ tThe corresponding discharge time (t0 = 0) is calculated by:t = (V0 - V)⋅C I DThe corresponding charging time (t0 = 0) is calculated by: t = (V - V0)⋅C I CThe necessary capacitance is calculated with:C =t ⋅ I D (V0 - V)I C,D constant charge / discharge currentC capacitanceV R rated voltageV, I voltage, current at tV0 voltage at t0(charging)| t - t0 | (dis)charge timet0start timeR ESR equivalent series resistance6.1Example Charging TimeA capacitor with capacitance C = 50 F is charged from V0 = 0.3 V to its rated voltage V R = 2.7 V with a constant current I C = 2 A. How long is the charging process?Calculation:I C = 2 A; C = 50 F; V = V R = 2.7 V; V0 = 0.3 Vt = (V - V0)⋅C I C=(2.7 V - 0.3 V)⋅50 F2 A= 60 sThe charge time is 60 seconds.6.2Example Voltage IncreaseA capacitor with capacitance C = 50 F and an initial voltage V0 = 0.3 V is charged with a constant current I C = 2 A for t = 5 s. How large is the capacitor voltage?Calculation:I C = 2 A; C = 50 F; V0 = 0.3 V; t = 5 sV = V0 + I CC⋅ t = 0.3 V +2 A50 F⋅ 5 s = 0.5 VThe capacitor voltage is V = 0.5 V.Figure 8: V-t characteristics for constant current charging. Figure 9: V-t characteristics for constant current discharging. Figure 10: I-t characteristics for constant current charging anddischarging.7Constant Power DischargingIf the capacitor is discharged at a constant power P C, the voltage and current characteristic are calculated by (t0 = 0):V02 - V2=2 ⋅ P C C⋅t| I | = �V02P c2 - 2C ⋅ P C⋅t�-12The corresponding discharge time (t0 = 0) is calculated by: t = �V02 - V2�C2 ⋅ P CThe necessary capacitance is calculated with:C = 2 ⋅ t ⋅ P C V02 - V2P C constant power output C capacitanceV R rated voltageV, I voltage, current at t I0current at t0V0voltage at t0(charging) t - t0discharge timet0start time 7.1Example Discharge TimeA capacitor with capacitance C = 50 F and rated voltage V R = 2.7 V is discharged at constant power P C = 0.2 W. The cut-off voltage is V = 0.7 V. How long can the capacitor be operated under this condition? Calculation:P C = 0.2 W; C = 50 F; V0 = V R = 2.7 V; V = 0.7 Vt = �V02 - V2�C2 ⋅ P Ct = �(2.7 V)2- (0.7 V)2�⋅50 F2 ⋅ 0.2 W = 850 sIt can be operated for t = 850 s.7.2Example Voltage DropA fully charged capacitor with capacitance C = 50 F and rated voltage V R = 2.7 V has been operated for t = 180 s at constant power output of P C = 0.7 W. How large is the remaining voltage?Calculation:P C = 0.7 W; C = 50 F; V0 = V R = 2.7 V; t= 180 s; t0 = 0 sV =�V02 - 2 ⋅ P C C⋅ tV =�(2.7 V)2 - 2 ⋅ 0.7 W50 F⋅ 180 s = 1.5 VThe remaining voltage is V = 1.5 VFigure 11: V-t characteristics for constant power discharging Figure 12: I-t characteristics for constant power dischargingA.AppendixA.1.References[1]N. Kularatna (2015). Energy Storage Devices for Electronic Systems – Rechargeable Batteries and Supercapacitors. Elsevier Academic Press (Print Book)[2] F. Beguin, E. Frackowiak, G. Q. M. Lu (eds.) (2013). Supercapacitors - Materials, Systems, and Applications. Wiley-VCH (Print Book)[3] B. E. Conwa (1999). Electrochemical Supercapacitors – Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications. Kluwer Academics / Plenum Publishers, NewYork (Print book)I M P O R T A N T N O T I C EThe Application Note is based on our knowledge and experience of typical requirements concerning these areas. It serves as general guidance and should not be construed as a commitment for the suitability for customer applications by Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & Co. KG. The information in the Application Note is subject to change without notice. This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission, and contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party nor be used for any unauthorized purpose.Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & Co. KG and its subsidiaries and affiliates (WE) are not liable for application assistance of any kind. Customers may use WE’s assistance and product recommendations for their applications and design. The responsibility for the applicability and use of WE Products in a particular customer design is always solely within the authority of the customer. Due to this fact it is up to the customer to evaluate and investigate, where appropriate, and decide whether the device with the specific product characteristics described in the product specification is valid and suitable for the respective customer application or not.The technical specifications are stated in the current data sheet of the products. Therefore the customers shall use the data sheets and are cautioned to verify that data sheets are current. The current data sheets can be downloaded at . Customers shall strictly observe any product-specific notes, cautions and warnings. WE reserves the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services.WE DOES NOT WARRANT OR REPRESENT THAT ANY LICENSE, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IS GRANTED UNDER ANY PATENT RIGHT, COPYRIGHT, MASK WORK RIGHT, OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT RELATING TO ANY COMBINATION, MACHINE, OR PROCESS IN WHICH WE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES ARE USED. IN F ORMATION PUBLISHED BY WE REGARDING THIRD-PARTY PRODUCTS OR SERVICES DOES NOT CONSTITUTE A LICENSE FROM WE TO USE SUCH PRODUCTS OR SERVICES OR A WARRANTY OR ENDORSEMENT THEREOF.WE products are not authorized for use in safety-critical applications, or where a failure of the product is reasonably expected to cause severe personal injury or death. Moreover, WE products are neither designed nor intended for use in areas such as military, aerospace, aviation, nuclear control, submarine, transportation (automotive control, train control, ship control), transportation signal, disaster prevention, medical, public information network etc. Customers shall inform WE about the intent of such usage before design-in stage. In certain customer applications requiring a very high level of safety and in which the malfunction or failure of an electronic component could endanger human life or health, customers must ensure that they have all necessary expertise in the safety and regulatory ramifications of their applications. Customers acknowledge and agree that they are solely responsible for all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirements concerning their products and any use of WE products in such safety-critical applications, notwithstanding any applications-related information or support that may be provided by WE. CUSTOMERS SHALL INDEMNIFY WE AGAINST ANY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF WE PRODUCTS IN SUCH SAF ETY-CRITICAL APPLICATIONS./products。

Visit for more complete productinformation, including datasheets and specifications.32OverviewThank you for your interest in OmniStream™ R-Type , Atlona’s AV over IP platform designed for residential integration. By selectingOmniStream R-Type, and AV over IP systems in general, you’re entering into a new world of integration flexibility for designing and buildingwhole-house AV systems for your customers. You’ll benefit from the performance and reliability of conventional AV distribution (HDMI ® and HDBaseT™), but also the unprecedented convenience of using standard data network cabling and equipment. This will give you newfound freedom to fully customize systems for your clients, with more application possibilities and greater efficiency than ever before.• FLEXIBLE INPUTS AND OUTPUTS – With AV over IP , system capacity is limited only by the size of the network switch and how muchstructured CATx wiring is available in the residence. You’ll never have to worry about choosing the “right” I/O size for a matrix switcher, or an expensive system upgrade to replace the existing switcher.• UNRESTRICTED AV SIGNAL ROUTING – AV over IP (also known as networked AV ) gives you freedom to independently route video, audio, and control over the network. This means that you can easilycustomize distinct application scenarios for all three, making it much easier for you to do exactly what your customers want with their whole-house AV, home theater, and automation systems.• CENTRALIZED SYSTEM MANAGEMENT – Having all devices on the network makes it very easy to configure, monitor, and manage them from a single web browser portal, saving considerable time and expense for yourself and your clients. You can also opt to provide remote monitoring services to your customers for continuous peace of mind and proactive maintenance.The advantages of AV over IP systemsIntegrating AV distribution over standard data networks brings several important benefits:33 56 6 8 14 18 202224 26 283437 37 37 38 38 424244 4446 4648 48 4850 50 52 54 56574US: +1.408.962.0515+1.877.536.3976 (US T oll Free) International: +41.43.508.4321How AV over IP systems work – the fundamentals VideoWhole-house videoFor whole-house video, decoders are typically situated at each display in a room or moreHow AV over IP systems work – the fundamentals VideoHow AV over IP systems work – the fundamentals VideoVideo processingHow AV over IP systems work – the fundamentals VideoHDMI 2.0 and HDCP 2.2Two vital design considerations for any residential AV system are 4K capability and HDCP 2.2 compliance. Both are essential to ensure full compatibility with the newest AV sources availableVideoHDRHigh Dynamic Range (HDR)It’s currently available with streaming media services, some HDR enhanced games, and select UltraUltra-fast switching modeA special switching and video processing mode is available that greatly speeds up switching time for sources by actively managing EDID and HDCP negotiation between sources and displays. The switching is seamless with transitions approximately 25 ms at 60 fps, and a clean cut from one source to another with no visual artifacts. This is a groundbreaking feature for AV over IP systems, since fast switching has generally been challenging to achieve in IP packet-based AV systems.In ultra-fast switching mode, video output is capped at 1080p. Fast switching will apply to HD sources at 720p and 1080p, as well as UHD (3840x2160).VideoHow AV over IP systems work – the fundamentals AudioThere are many different ways to integrate audio for OmniStream R-Type systems in a residence, for audio destinations including the following:How AV over IP systems work – the fundamentals AudioHDMI embedded audioOmniStream R-Type can also de-embed audio from the sources, and route the audio to destina-tions separate from the video. As an example, this may be desirable in situations in which there is a music server installed, and the client wishes to play background music through the displays or soundbars but still have video on the display, such as for a live sporting event.How AV over IP systems work – the fundamentals AudioDistribution over whole-house audio and home theater systemsThere are two primary ways in which audio sources and OmniStream R-Type can be integrated into a whole-house audio distribution system and a home theater system:1. DECODE DOLBY AND DTS BITSTREAM AUDIO FORMATS IN THE SOURCE DEVICES ANDDISTRIBUTE 2.0, 5.1, OR 7.1 CHANNEL PCM OVER THE NETWORK.encoders can stream multi-channel PCM from a source such as a Blu-ray player orAudioAudioDistribution over whole-house audio and home theater systems2. DISTRIBUTE DOLBY OR DTS BITSTREAM AUDIO OVER THE NETWORK, INSTEAD OFDECODING IN THE SOURCES.send Dolby Atmos or DTS:X audio across the network to a home theater system. These object-oriented surround sound formats cannot be decoded within the source device,How AV over IP systems work – the fundamentals AudioPC PCSystem managementVirtual MatrixAMS features a Virtual Matrix GUI that visually maps encoders and decoders in a grid format. This is very similar to a GUI for setting matrix switcher cross-connections. By clicking and selecting icons, you can select an OmniStream 512 encoder and one or more OmniStream 521 decoders to stream video, audio, and control, together or separately to specific destinations. Behind the scenes, AMS is dynamically assigning the decoders you have selected into a multicast group with the encoder.Management, firmware updates, and monitoringIf necessary, you can also use AMS to customize a configuration for an encoder and decoder, and then duplicate the same configuration to multiple devices in the system. AMS is also an essential tool to check for firmware updates, and schedule a convenient date and time to apply them to a customer’s system. Perhaps most importantly, AMS allows you to check on the health of the system, providing notifications of any problems arising with an encoder or decoder.How AV over IP systems work – the fundamentalsControlThird-party control systemsDrivers are available for popular home control and automation systems from Crestronwell as thethroughout a residence – similar to working with a matrix switcher.OmniStream R-Type systems can be controlled via IP or RS-232. In addition to assigning AV streaming from an OmniStream 512 encoder to select OmniStream 521 decoders, a wide range of system control options are available throughAV over IP system design scenariosWhole-house video and audioOverviewA new, custom home design will include an abundance of technology, from comprehensive home automation to whole-house video and audio. Working closely with the homeowner, the residential AV integrator has identified 16 display locations and 5 zones for audio. A few of the display and audio locations are situated outdoors.AV over IP system design scenariosWhole-house video and audio plus home theaterOverviewAn AV integrator is working with a homeowner to upgrade legacy whole-house audio and video systems to a more efficient, integrated solution with all signalsrunning over IPdistribution with high quality HDR video content, and the complement of Dolby Atmos and DTS:X surround sound audio.PCAtlona OmniStream TMFully compatible with DolbyVision, HDR10, and HLG @ 60 Hz4K HDRWorks over new or legacynetwork infrastructure1 GB ETHERNETReady to go with popular network switches from Cisco,Pakedge, and othersPLUG N’ PLAYSupports IEEE 802.1x, HDCP 2.2,AES-128, and other security protocolsSECURESimple, effortless setup and configuration for video wallsVIDEO WALLSPower all encoders and decoders from a network switchwith PoEPOEVirtual auto-switching withgrouped or daisy-chainedencodersAV SwitchingDeliver ultra-fast, <25 ms AV switching (1080p output)Fast SwitchingThe only platform that streamsDolby Vision @ 60 Hz and 12-bit colorR-TypeUncompromised AV over IP performance and reliabilityThe next-generation AV distribution platform for integrators to design and build flexible, scalable, and cost-effective AV systems – with best-in-class AV over IP performance and reliability over Gigabit Ethernet.OMNISTREAM PRODUCT FAMILIES – Tailor an OmniStream networked AV system design to your specific needs:• OmniStream Pro – Networked AV designed for conference rooms, boardrooms, and divisible rooms, plus AV distribution over large networks • OmniStream R-Type – Networked AV streamlined for residential and light commercial AV distribution applications • OmniStream Audio – Audio over IP integration via Dante and AES67•OmniStream USB – Connect USB devices to PCs and peripherals across a networkSingle-Channel Networked AV EncoderA T-OMNI-111Single HDMI input4K HDR plus VESA resolutions Network security including IEEE 802.1x Local/PoE-poweredPro Dual-Channel Networked AV EncoderA T-OMNI-112Dual HDMI inputs with auto-switching 4K HDR plus VESA resolutions Network security including IEEE 802.1x Local/PoE-poweredProSingle-Channel Networked AV DecoderA T-OMNI-121Single HDMI output 4K HDR plus VESA resolutions Network security including IEEE 802.1x Audio embedding/de-embedding Local/PoE-powered Optional Dolby Vision licenseProDual-Channel Networked AV DecoderA T-OMNI-122Dual HDMI outputs 4K HDR plus VESA resolutions Network security including IEEE 802.1x Audio embedding/de-embedding Local/PoE-powered Optional Dolby Vision licensePro Dual-Channel Networked AV EncoderA T-OMNI-512Dual HDMI inputs 4K HDRLocal/PoE-poweredSingle-Channel Networked AV DecoderA T-OMNI-521Single HDMI output4K HDR PoE-poweredOptional Dolby Vision licenseTwo-Input, Two-Output IP / Analog Audio BridgeA T-OMNI-232Dual line/mic inputs Dual line outputs Balanced audioSelectable 24 V phantom power and gain settings16 Output IP to Analog Audio BridgeA T-OMNI-238Eight stereo line outputs Balanced audioSelectable output gain settingsR-Type Audio Audio A T-OMNI-311Host side USB to IP adapterA T-OMNI-324Device side IP to USB adapterExtend USB peripherals across a local area networkAtlona Management System and Atlona Velocity Control Systemuser-friendly operation.。

元件数目减少自然提高产品可靠性及降低成本，令模块 内多出来的空间，可以放置电磁和开关元件，集中处理
功率转换，意味着模块的功率转换性能可以做得更卓 越。
如有需要，可用电阻器调整输出电压高低。Vicor DC-DC 转换器模块有六种引脚类型、三种基板选择，及 齐备的数据表和不同的测试报告。模块的操作温度范围 在 -55℃ 到 100℃ 之间，并分成五个产品级别 — E、 C、T、H 和 M。
仰视图
• 标准的 MLP 功率元件 • 高效率的检放装置
基板
• 简化的基板结构
模块型号 模块号码 及 日期代码
顶视图
• 可实现较高生产效率的表贴安装元件 • 标准的回流工艺
图 1-2 ─ 全型模块的装置体现高水平的集成。
装配完成
• 装上已配备准确位置引脚的外壳 • 有清晰的标签 • 完全灌封改善散热
把控制部份集成为两个集成电路（初级和次级端）。减
少元件数目，减少成本及提升可靠性。同时，多出来的 空间可以用来处理功率转换。
全型、小型、微型转换器之功率变压器把初级和次级线 圈分隔得很开，但把铜披甲直接镀至铁氧磁心腔上。铜 披甲还将多余的热量传导到基板上，可以减少温升。
+ IN PC
PR - IN
+ OUT + SENSE* SC - SENSE* - OUT
初级辅助电源 在 5.75 V 时，PC 可提供高达 1.5 mA 的 电流。在图 2-3 所示的示例中，PC 向 LED 供电，以表 示模块使能。图 2-5 所示为另一个示范；隔离导通指示 器。
注意：当模块检测到故障或者当输入电压高于或低于正常 操作范围时，PC 电压会产生脉冲。
模块警报 模块含“看门狗”电路，用于监控输入电压、 操作温度和内部操作参数。（图 2-2a 和 2-2b）如果以 上任何参数超出其指定的操作范围，模块会关闭及 PC 会 下降。（图 2-4）之后 PC 会定时回升，模块会查看故障 是否已被清除（例如输入欠压）。如果故障仍未被清除， PC 会再次下降；而且这个程序会重复发生。当故障发生 时，SC 引脚会下降；并在故障被清除后回到正常状态。 图 2-6a 和 2-6b 所示是使用比较器监控次级导通的一个 示例。

5.3 流程 FMEA 展开顺序 5.3.1 分析各流程的功能。 ○ 5.3.2 将被认为是流程功能的障碍因素的潜在故障形态全部罗列。
5.3.3 查找各故障的潜在影响。
5.3.4 查找各故障的潜在原因/机制。仔细想 “在什么情况下发生不良？”后 推断可预测到的所有原因。 5.3.5 参考“严重度、发生度、查出度判断基准”(附件 1)而评价下列事项。 1) 严重度
有关标准及附件格式61有关标准611开发业务程序pr03612制造流程图管理指南sr0362附件621严重度发生度查出度判断基准63格式631fmea改进推进表ctk99开发010632设计流程fmeactk99开发003633fmea管理记录表ctk99开发011改定日标准编号ctk制定日20031201流程fmea指南20050105严重度将过去发生的不良的业绩和潜在不良对各流程要求的质量产生影响的程度找在下面表
CTK (99) 质量-004-0
8/14
中国 科泰[有]
标准编号
流程 FMEA
指南
制定日
2003.12.01 2005.01.05
CTK - SR01 - 1
3) 查找故障形态。 5.4.17 查出度 (D)
改定日
查出度是以16)项目涉及的类型(2)所述的现流程管理查出潜在原因/机 制的几率的评价，或者是零部件或构成品在离开组装处前，以类型(3) 所述现流程管理查出一系列故障形态的几率的评价。查出度使用1~10的 等级范围。 (参考附件1.) 5.4.18 危险优先顺序 (RPN) ○
CTK(99) 质量-001-0
中国 科泰[有]
标准编号 CTK - SR01 - 1
成本管理指南
制定日 改定日
2003.12.01