unit 1 Grammar-不定式(学生用)

Unit 1 Grammar--不定式

学 习 目 标 一．正确掌握并运用不定式的时态语态 二．掌握不定式的几种特殊形式 重、难、考 点 准确把握不定式的时态语态

教学过程 非谓语动词 I want to swim today.(不定式) It’s no good waiting here(动名词) The sleeping boy is my son.(现在分词) The glass is broken（过去分词） I 在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）

动词不定式(to do) 不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化. 不定式 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系 一般式 To do To be done 动作发生在谓语动作之后 进行式 To be doing 与谓语动作同时发生 完成式 To have done To have been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 完成进行式 To have been doing 动作发生在谓语动作之前

To do that sort of thing is foolish。主语 I want to see you this evening. 宾语 All you have to do is to finish it quickly. 表语 We found a house to live in. 定语 She came here to study English. 状语 I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation. 宾补 不定式或不定式短语可起名词，形容词和副词的作用，在句中做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语和宾语补足语。

一．不定式在句中的作用： 1、主语：不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。 eg: To make a new dress takes her a lot of time. Not to get there in time is your fault. 注：常句型1：It + 谓语 + to do eg: It takes us an hour to get there by bus. 句型2：It’s + n. + to do eg: It’s our duty to help the poor. 句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth. E.g. It is important for him to get up early. It is very honest of her to help the old people. 注：for/of sb to do sth 为不定式复合结构。 1) of引起的复合结构只能做主语。 eg: It’s very kind of you to help me.用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。 2) for引起的复合结构在句中可做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语等。 eg: Another method is for them to leave at once. (表语) We’d better find some work for the children to do. (定语) He put the paper on desk for you to read. (状语) What he told her made it impossible for him to go on her work. (宾语) It’s common for leaves to fall form the trees in autumn. (主语) 2、做表语：主语+系动词+不定式 1). 其主语多为抽象名词(wish, need) eg: My wish is to be a scientist. The main thing is to keep our room clean. 2). 不定式to let, to blame, to seek做表语,主动表被动. eg: The house is to let. 3). be to do可构成将来时态,表 “准备/打算/计划/需要”; be是助动词，无词义,其主语为具体名词(人/事物); eg: She is to return next week. It was about to leave when it started to rain. 3. 做定语: 不定式做定语总是放在它所修饰的名词之后,不定式表示的行为通常是未来的行为,它们常和被修饰的词有动宾关系,主谓关系和修饰性关系. 1). 动宾关系: I have a lot of work to do. Give me a piece of paper to write on. 2). 主谓关系: She is the best person to finish the work. Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboat. 3). 修饰性关系(同位),它所修饰的词多为抽象名词. need, time, way, right, chance, courage, reason, wish, movement. eg: There is no need for him to come. He has no time to read the book. 4. 做状语: 1). 目的状语: 可放于句首,也可放于句末, 前面可加in order/so as/so…as to表强调. eg: He went to see the artist himself.

He stopped to have a look. He ran so fast as to get to school in time. 2). 结果状语:主要用在enough to/too…to…/only to结构中。 eg: The question is too difficult to answer. They worked hard enough to finish their work. I hurried to the supermarket, only to find it was closed. 3). 原因状语: 主语+系动词+adj.+ to do a). 表感情的adj.有: happy, surprised, pleased, glad, sorry, anxious(忧虑), disappointed, careful, afraid, wrong. eg: I’m very sorry to see you. He was afraid to leave him home. b). 说明句中主语在哪个方面存在形容词所表示的情况时,即与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，主动表被动. interesting, difficult, easy, important, possible, expensive, dangerous, useful. eg: The question is easy to answer. He is difficult to teach. 5. 做宾语: 不定式做宾语的情况，一般表示将来的行为,这时谓语和不定式的动作都是主语发出的. 1). 下列动词只能按不定式做宾语. plan, choose, manage, learn, pretend, agree, decide, refuse. promise, prepare, offer, fail, hope, wish, expect, ask;demand, want, hesitate 2). 不定式做动词tell, teach, know, show, find out, discover, see(understand)的宾语时,不定式前常加连接代词who, which, what和连接副词how, when, where构成不定式短语做宾语. eg: I don't know how to get there. 注: why不能与不定式连用. 3). begin, start, continue 后接不定式,动名词意思一样. 4). like, love, hate, prefer动名词表经常性的动作，不定式表一次性动作. 5). remember, forget, regret后动名词表已经做过的动作,不定式表没有做过或将要做的动作. 6). stop, try, go on, mean, propose 后两者都可, 但意义不同. propose to do计划,打算做 propose doing 建议做 7). a). prefer doing to doing prefer to do rather than do b). be used to doing used to do c). it’s no use doing it’s useless to do d). be worth doing be worthy of being done be worthy to be done 6. 做宾补(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系) 1). 有些动词(短语)必须接to的不定式做宾补 ask, warn, want, allow, permit, order, advise, force, beg, cause, encourage, invite, persuade, get, require, prefer, call, leave, expect, use(allow/permit/advise doing sth) 2). 与表示说话或心理状态的动词say, report, believe, suppose, think, understand, consider等的被动语态连用. eg: He is said to have written a new book about workers. 3). 与表示希望，期望，意愿的动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, think, want, wish的过去时态连用，