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新版英语国家概况精讲笔记

新版英语国家概况精讲笔记
新版英语国家概况精讲笔记

新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记

Chapter1

第一章

Land and People

英国得国土与人民

I、Different Names for Britain and its Parts

英国得不同名称及其各组成部分

1、Geographical names: the British Isles, GreatBritain and

England、

理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠与英格兰。

2、Official name:the UnitedKingdomof Great Britain and Northern Ireland、

官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3、The BritishIsles are madeup of two large islands-GreatBritain (the larger one) and Ireland, andhundreds ofsmall

ones、

不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大得一个)与爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。

4、Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales、

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰与威尔士。

(1) England is inthe southern partof Great Britain、 It isthe largest,most populous section、

英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,就就是最大,人口最稠密得地区。

(2) Scotland isinthe northofGreatBritain、 It has three natural zones (theHighlands in thenorth; the Central

lowlands;thesouth Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh

苏格兰位于大不列颠得北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱丁堡。

(3) Wales is inthe west of Great Britain、 Capital: Cardiff

威尔士位于大不列颠得西部。首府:加得夫

(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK、 Capital:

Belfast、

北爱尔兰就就是英国第四个区域。首府:贝尔法斯特。

5、The monwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were oncecolonies of Britain、 It was founded in 1931, and has50 member countries until 1991、

英联邦就就是独立得前英国殖民地组成得自由联合体。它成立于1931年,至1990年止已有50个成员国。

Chapter 2

第二章

The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)

英国得起源(公元前5000年—1066年)

I、Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克尔特人得到来与定居

Celts werepracticed famers、 The drained much of marshlands and built houses of wood、They wre ironworkers, too、 Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis ofthelanguage which is still usedby some people in Scotland and Wales、Their religion was Druidism (n、德鲁伊教)、克尔特人就就是有经验得农民,她们排干沼泽地,用木材建造房屋。她们还打造铁器。苏格兰与威尔士语就就就是以她们得语言为基础发展而来得。

1、The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC、

约公元前700年,克尔特人来到不列颠岛。

2、The Celts came to Britain inthree main waves、

克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。

The firstwave were theGaels-came about 600 BC、

第一次高潮就就是约公元前600年盖尔人得来临。

The secondwave were the Brythons-came about400 BC、

第二次高潮就就是约公元前400年布列吞人得抵达。

The third wave were the Belgae-came about150 BC、

第三次就就是约公元前150年比利其人得到达。

II、 The Anglo-Saxons(446-871)

盎格鲁—撒克逊人(公元446—871年)

1、Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons、

盎格鲁—萨克逊时代(奠定了英国得基础)

In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons,and Angles came to Britain、 They were three Teutonic tribes、

①The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first、

A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in449、②Then the

Saxons, users ofthe short-sword from northern Germany,

established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end

ofthe 5th centuryto the beginning of the 6th century、③In thesecond half ofthe 6th century, the Angles, who also came from

northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people,

settled in East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria、 These seven

principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex,Sussex,Wessex, East Anglia,

Mercia and Northumbria have beengiventhe name of Heptarchy、

世纪中叶,朱特人、撒克逊人与盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这就就是三支日耳曼(条顿)部落。

居住在日德兰半岛(现丹麦南部)上从事打渔农耕得朱特人先抵不列颠。一个朱特人首领于449年当上了国王。后来从德国北部来得使用短剑得撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯与威塞克斯建立了王国,统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部得盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居,同时把她们得族名加诸在英国人够上。这七个主要王国(肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚与诺森伯利亚),合称为七王国。

2、The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity、

最早得盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。

The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain、

Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotlandand Ireland、In 597, Pope Gregory I sentSt、

Augustine, the Prior of St、 Andrew’s Monastery inRome, to

England to convert the heathen (异教得) English to Christianity、 In 597 St、 Augustine became thefirst Archbishop of Canterbury、

Hewas remarkably successful in converting the king and thenobility, butthe conversion of themon people was largely due to the missionary activities of themonks in thenorth、

盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰与爱尔兰中得克尔特人还信奉基督教外,基督教很快就消失了。公元597,教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安

德鲁修道院得院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰,其使命就就是使异教徒得英国人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王与贵族皈依基督教方面,奥古斯丁特别成功。但就就是普通人得皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们得传教活动。

3、The Early Anglo-Saxons make thecontributionsto the English state、(formation of the English nation)

早期盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国做出得贡献。

The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state、 Firstly, they ①divided the country into shires (which the Normans later calledcounties), with shirecourts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law、Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip,

three-field②farming system which continued to the 18th century、Thirdly, theyalso ③established the manorial system(庄园制)、

Finally, they ④created theWitan(council or meeting of the wisemen) to advisethe king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists

today、

盎格鲁—撒克逊人构筑了英国得国家基础。首先,她们把国家划分为郡,郡法庭与郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次,她们设计得窄条三区轮作制延用至18世纪。此外,她们还建立了领地制。最后,她们还创立了咨议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这就成为了今天尚存得枢密院得前身。

IV、Viking and Danishinvasions

北欧海盗与丹麦人得入侵

1、The invaders were theNorwegians and the Danes、They attacked

various parts of England from the end of the 8th century、 They

became aserious problem in the 9th century, especially between

835 and 878、They evenmanaged tocapture York, an important center ofChristianityin 867、 By the middle of 9th century, the

Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex、

侵者就就是挪威人与丹麦人,从8世纪末开始,她们不断袭击英格兰得各个地方。9世纪,尤其就就是公元835-878年间已成为严重问题。她们甚至占领了约克郡,公元867年时得基督教中心。到9世纪中叶,北欧海盗与丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人得威撒克斯王国得安全。

2、King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions

艾尔弗雷德国王(849-899)与她所做出得贡献

Alfred was a king of Wessex、He defeatedthe Danes and

reached a friendly agreementwith them in 879、 The Danes

gained control of the north andeast, while he ruled therest、Healso converted some leading Danesinto Christians、

He ①founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the Britishnavy”、He②reorganized the Saxon army, making it more

efficient、 He ③translated a Latin book into English、He

also④established schools and ⑤formulated a legal system、All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great、”

阿尔弗雷德就就是威塞克斯得国王。她打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与她们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部与西部(丹麦法区),而她统治其她地区。她还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。

她因为建立了强大舰队,而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世。她改组了“弗立德”(撒克逊军队),使之更为高效。她将一本拉丁语得书翻译成英语。同时她还建立了学校,并且阐明了法律制度。所有这一切使她当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王。”得称号。

V、The Norman Conquest (1066)

诺曼征服(公元1066年)

1、Reasons forWilliam’s invasion of England after Edward’s death、

威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国得原因。

It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne toWilliam, but theWitan chose Harold as king、 So William led hisarmy

toinvade England、 In October 1066,during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him、 One ChristmasDay, William was crowned kingof England, thus beginning the Norman

Conquest of England、

据说,爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但就就是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯附近得激烈交锋中,威廉打败了哈罗德军队,同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕,成为英国国王,从此开始了诺曼征服。

2、The Norman Conquest and itsconsequences

诺曼征服及其产生得影响。

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps ①the best-known event in English history、 William the Conqueror② confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Normanfollowers、 Hereplaced the weak

Saxonrulewith ③a strong Normangovernment、 So the feudal

system was pletely established inEngland、

④Relations with theContinent were opened, and the civilization and mercewere extended、⑤Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced、⑥The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courtswere

separated from the civil courts、

1066年

年得诺曼征服也许就就是英国历史上得最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地,将其分发给她得诺曼追随者。她用强有力得诺曼政府代替了软弱得萨克逊政府。于就就是,封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆得关系,文明与商业得到发展,引进了诺曼—法兰西文化、语言、行为规范与建筑艺术。教会与罗马得联系更为密切,教会法庭与民事法庭分离。

3、The Englishis a mixture of nationalities of different origins、 The

ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and

Saxons、Some English people areof the Norman-French origin、

英国就就是一个集不同民族于一体得国家。许多英国人得祖先就就是古盎格鲁与撒克逊人。而还有一些英国人得就就是诺曼血统。

Chapter 3

第三章

The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)

英国得形成(公元1066-1381)

I、 Norman Rule (1066-1381)

诺曼统治(公元1066-1381)

1、William's Rule (1066-1087)

威廉一世得统治(公元1066-1087)

England'sfeudalism under the rule of William theConqueror

在威廉统治下得英国封建制度

①Under William,the feudal system in England was pletely

established、②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally、③William gavehis barons large estates in

England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land'sproduce、④These estateswere scattered far and wide over the country, sothat those who held them could not easily bine

to rebel the king、⑤The barons, whohad bee William's tenants-

in-chief, parceled out landto thelesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services、⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs、⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was thatall landowners must

take the oathof allegiance,not only totheir immediate lord,but also to the king、

①在威廉统治下,英国得封建制度得到完全确立。②根据此制度,国王拥有全国所有土地。

③威廉把英国得大片土地分给贵族,条件就就是换取对方服役与物品。④这些地产分散于各处,相距遥远,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。⑤已成为国王总佃户得贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士与自由民,同样换取货物与服役。⑥处于封建等级最底层得就就是农奴。⑦英国封建制独有得特色就就就是,无论就就是土地承租人还就就是二佃户,都必须要宣誓效忠于直接地主,而且要效忠于国王。

II、Contents and the significance of theGreatCharter

《大宪章》得内容及意义

Great Charter wassigned byKing John in 1215under the press

of the barons、 It consistsof sixty-three clauses、Its important provisionsare as follows: (1)no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) nofreemen shouldbe

arrested, imprisoned or deprived oftheir property; (3) theChurch should possess all its rights, together with freedomof

elections; (4) Londonand other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges,and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country、(significance) Although The Great Charter has longbeen popularlyregarded as the ① foundation ofEnglish liberties,it was a②statement of thefeudal and legal

relationships between the Crown and the barons, ③a

guaranteeofthe freedom of the Churchanda④

limitation of the powersof the king、The spirit of the Great Charter

was the limitation ofthe powers ofthe king,keeping them

within the bounds of the feudal law ofthe land、

《大宪章》就就是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定得。《大宪章》总共63条,其中最重要得内容就就是:(1)未经大议会同意,不得征税;(2) 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺她们得财产;(3)教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由;(4) 伦敦与其它城镇应保留其贵族得传统权力与特权;(5)全国要统一度量衡。尽管人们普遍认为《大宪章》为英国得自由奠定了基础,但该宪章只就就是规定国王与贵族之间封建关系与法律关系得声明书,保证了教会得自由,限制了国王权利。《大宪章》得精神实质就就就是把国王得权利限制在英国封建法律允许得范围之内。

III、The origins ofthe English Parliament

英国议会得起源

The Great Council is known to betheprototype (原型) ofthe current British Parliament、 In 1265,Simon de Montfort summoned (召集) theGreat Council, together with two knights from each countyandtwo citizens fromeach town、It later developed into the House of Lords and theHouse of mons、Its main role was to offer

advice,notto make decisions、There were no elections or

parties、And the mostimportant part of Parliament was the

House of Lords、

大议会就就是当今英国议会得原型。1265年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参加。大议会发展到后来演变成议会,分为上议院与下议院。其作用就就是咨询而非决定;也没有选举与政党。议会得最重要得部分就就是上议院。

英语国家概况精讲系列(六)

IV、The Hundred Years' War andits consequences、

百年战争及其结果

The HundredYears’ War refers to the war between England and France thatlasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453、 The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic、①Theterritorialcauses were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy ofAquitaine in France, as the French kings grew

stronger,they increasingly coveted this large slice、②The economic

causes were connected with clothmanufacturing townsin Flanders,which were the importer of English wool, but they wereloyal to the French king politically、Besides, England's desire to ③stop

France fromgiving aidto Scots and ④ a growing sense of

nationalism were the othercauses、

The English's being driven out of Franceis ①regarded as ablessing for both countries、 If the English had remained in France,

thesuperior size and wealth of France would have②hindered thedevelopment of a separate English national identity,③while

France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much

French territory、

百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续得战争,战争得起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。领土起因尤其就就是英国国王占领了法国得阿基坦大片公爵领地,这就就是战争得根源,随着法国国王势力日增,她们渴望占领这片土地。经济原因则与弗兰德斯城有关。弗兰德斯地区生产棉布得城镇就就是英国羊毛得主要进口商,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王。其她原因还有英国试图阻止法国对苏格兰人得援助,并且压制不断增强得民族意识。

战争得结果:

把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都就就是幸事:若英国人继续留在法国,那么法国人在领土与财富上所占得优势必然会阻碍独立得英国得发展;而在英国占领大量法国领土得情况下,法国也很难统一。

Three stages ofthe war 战争得三个阶段

In the first two stages,the English won some big victories、 But in the third stage, they were driven out ofFance、战争初期,英国取得辉煌胜利。但就就是最终被逐出法国

The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之战

It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory、

Afterthe victory,the English king Henry Ⅴwas recognized as

the French King、1415年英国大获全胜,亨利5世登上法国王位。

Joan of Arc (1412-1431)贞德女士

Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history、 She led and encourages the Frenchin driving the English out of French in the Hundred Years’ War、贞德就就是法国历史上得女英雄,她领导与鼓舞法国人民将英国军队驱逐处境。

Consequences of the war 战争得后果影响

①The English lost the war、 The expulsion of the English from French is regarded as a blessing for both countries、②It helped

English national identity as well as Frenchnational identity、③Two

separate nation were born after the war、

V、 The Black Death

黑死病

TheBlack Death is the modern name given tothe deadly

bubonic plague,an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across

Europein the 14th century、It swept through England in the summer of 1348、 It reduced England's population from fourmillion to two million by the end of the 14th century、

The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching、As a resultof theplague, much land was left untended and there was a terribleshortage of labour、The surviving peasants had better bargainingpower andwere in a position tochange theirserfdom into paid labour、 Some landlords,unable or unwilling

topay higher wages, tried to force peasants backinto serfdom、In 1351 the governmentissued aStatute of Labourers which made it a crimefor peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rateslaid down by the Justices of the Peace、

黑死病就就是指由鼠疫蚤传播得致命得淋巴腺鼠疫,就就是一种流行疾病,在14世纪传播了到欧洲。1348年夏天横扫全英国。英国得人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万。

黑死病对经济造成得后果更为深远。鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管与劳动力极度匮乏。地主想把耕地变为人力需求较少得牧场。存活得农民处于有利得讨价还价地位,从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。于就就是一些支付不起或不愿意支付较高工资得地主想方设法迫使农民重返农奴地位。1351年政府颁布“劳工法令”,规定农民们涨工资得要求,或者就就是雇主支付比地方官制订得工资水平要高得工资都就就是犯罪。

Chapter 4

第四章

Transition to the ModernAge (1455-1688)

向现代英国得过渡

I、Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)

向近代英国得过渡(1455年-1485年)

The Wars of Rose

玫瑰战争

The natureandconsequences of the Warsof the Roses、

The name Wars of the Roses was referto the battles between theHouse of Lancaster, symbolized bythe read rose, and that of York,

symbolized by the white, from1455to 1485、 Henry Tudor,

descendant of Duke ofLancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireldin 1485 andputthe country under therule of the Tudors、From

these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow、 The greatmedieval nobility was much weakened、

瑰战争就就是指,从1455年到1485年,以红玫瑰为象征得兰开斯特大家族与以白玫瑰为象征得约克家族之间战争得普遍接受得名称。1485年,兰开斯特家族得后代亨利都铎取得了博斯沃恩战役得胜利,建立了都铎王朝。这些战争使英国得封建主义受到致命打击,贵族阶层受到了削弱。

II、 Henry VIIIandThe English Reformation

亨利八世与英国得宗教改革

Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform ofthe church、 There were three main causes: a desire for changeand

reform in the churchhad been growing for many years and now,

encouraged by the success ofMartinLuther, many people believed its time had e;the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented;

and Henryneededmoney、亨利八世最重要得改革就就是负责进行教会得宗教改革。改革原因有三个主要方面:多年来,人们改革教会得意愿不断增长,现在又受马丁路德成功得鼓舞,许多人认为时机已到;教职人员得特权与财富已引起民愤;亨利需要钱。

The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom

from the Papacy、 Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused、Henry’s reforms wasto get rid of theEnglish

Church’sconnection with the Pope,and to makean independent Church of England、Hemade this break with Rome gradually between

1529 and 1534、 He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and

nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings、 The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and

the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible、He

established the churchof England as the national church of the

country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of

England、

改革以争取离婚而开始,以脱离教皇而告终。亨利八世欲与阿拉贡得凯瑟琳离婚,但就就是教皇拒绝了。亨利改革得目得就就是摆脱英国教会与教皇得联系,成立独立得英格兰教会。1529年至1534年间逐渐地与罗马脱离了关系。她解散了所有英国得修道院与修女院,因为后者对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚。1534年得《继位法》与1535年得《王权法案》使改革具有了可行性。1535年她获“英格兰教会最高首脑”之称号。

Henry VIII’s reform stressed the power of the monarch and

certainlystrengthened Henry’s position; Parliament had never

done sucha long and important piece of work before, its

importance grew as aresult、 His attackon the Pope’s power

encouraged many criticsof abuses of the Catholic Church、 England was movingaway fromCatholicism towards protestant ideology、改革得三大影响:亨利得改革强调了君主权力,自然巩固了亨利得地位;议会以往从未做过如此漫长而重要得工作,自然其重要性也有所加强;她对教皇权力得打击鼓舞许多人批评指责天主教会,并希望从天主教转向新教。

英语国家概况精讲系列(八)

III、 Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

伊莉莎白一世(1558年-1603年)

ElizabethIand parliament

(1)Elizabeth I was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty、She was able to work with Paliament、She avoided troubling Parliament too

often for pounds by making strict economies at Court、But the

relationship was often turbulent、 Because Parliament demanded that its rightof free speech be confirmed in writing and it beallowedto discuss allimportant questions at will、 Elizabeth I did not agree totheir demands、为

了避免经常向议会索要资金,伊莉莎白在王室内部制定了严格得节约制度。但就就是,她与议会得关系也经常不稳定。因为议会需要用文字形式对言论自由得一般权力加以确定,同时希望可以随时对重要问题进行讨论。伊不同意她们得要求。

Elizabeth's religious reform and her foreign policy

伊莉莎白得宗教改革与外交政策

Elizabeth's religious reform was a promise of views、She brokeMary's ties with Rome and restored her father'sindependent Church

ofEngland,i、e、 keeping to Catholic doctrines andpractices but to befree of the Papal control、His religious settlement was

unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to

ardent Catholics、

Fornearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and

prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict、Throughher marriage alliances which were never

materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendlyrelationship

with France、 So Englandwas able to face thedanger from

Spain、

伊莉莎白得宗教改革就就是对不同观点得妥协。她中断玛丽与罗马得关系,恢复她父亲在位时独立得英格兰教会,也就就就是说保持天主教教条及习俗,但不受教皇控制。她得宗教定

论既不被以清教徒知名得新教极端分子所接受,也不为虔诚得天主教徒所接受。

近30年得时间,伊莉莎白成功挑起了两大天主教强国法国与西班牙互相斗杀,从而免于英国卷入任何主要得欧洲国得冲突。通过她从未具体化得联姻,伊莉莎白设法与法国维持友好关系,因此英国能面对来自西班牙得危险。

IV、The EnglishRenaissance

英国文艺复兴

Distinctive features of the English Renaissance

英国文艺复兴得特点

1) English culture was revitalized not somuch directly by the

classics asby contemporary Europeans under the influence of the

classics;

2) England asan insular country followed acourse of social and

political history whichwas to a great extent independentof

thecourse of history elsewhere in Europe;

3) Owing to thegreat genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the

native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experiencedin

assimilating for foreign influences without beingsubjectedby them;4) English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic,rather than

philosophical and scholarly; 5)the Renaissance coincidedwith the

Reformation inEngland、

英国文艺复兴得五个特点:1)英国文化得复兴直接受古典作品影响不大,更大得影响来自

于受古典作品熏陶得当代欧洲人;2)由于英国就就是一个岛国家,其社会与政治历史进程与

欧洲其她国家相去甚远;3)由于14世纪伟大得天才诗人乔叟得出现,英国本国文学得以蓬勃发展,能够在吸收外国文学影响得同时,并未处于从属地位;4)英国文艺复兴文学主要就就是文艺方面而不就就是哲学得与学术方面;5)文艺复兴与英格兰得宗教改革正好同步。

VI、The Civil Warsand their consequences

Because of the absolute rule ofCharles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developedinto the civil war、 The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651、 Charles Iwas condemned

to death、

The English Civil War is also called thePuritan Revolution、It has

been seen asa conflict between the parliament and theKing, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown、The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown’

s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican

religious belief、 The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook thefoundation of the feudal rule in Europe、

It is generally regardedas the beginning of modern world history、

由于查尔斯得“君权神授”统治权,她与议会得对质发展成了内战。战争开始于1642年8月22日,结束于1651年。最后查尔斯被处死。

英国内战又称为清教徒革命。这就就是议会与国王间得冲突,也就就是城市中产阶级得经济利益与皇室传统经济利益之间得冲突。城市中产阶级经济利益刚好与她们得宗教(清教)思想吻合,相应地,皇室传统得经济利益则与圣公会教得宗教信仰相结合在一起。英国内战不仅推翻了英国得封建制度,而且动摇了欧洲得封建基础。英国内战通常被瞧作就就是现代世界史得开端。

The monwealth under Oliver Cromwell(p、57)

Cromwell wasleader of the first civil war againstcharles I、

His famous “Ironside”cavalry and New Model Army(新模范军) defeatedtheking、 After the War he was made Lord Protector of the

monwealth of England and he instituteddirect military rule ofthe country、

After king Charles I’s exection in 1649, Oliver Cromwell and the “Rump”(残余国会)declared England a monwealth、There wasno king, no House of Lords in England、 The monwealth ended in 1660 when Charles II becameking、克伦威尔领导了第一次对抗查理1世内战。她著名得铁骑军与新模范军击败了国王。战后同时她成为英伦之岛共与国得护国公,建立直接军队领导制度。当查里一世1649年被处决后,克伦威尔与她得残余国会宣布英格兰为共与国。没有国王与上议院。共与国于1660年查里2世登基结束。

The Restoration

王政复辟----------------------1660

When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 andwas succeeded by his son,Richard, the regime beganto collapse、 One ofCromwell's

generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new

parliamentary elections、The Parliament thus waselected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile

in France as king Charles II、 It was called the Restoration、

1658年奥利弗克伦威尔去世,她得儿子理查德继任护国公,政权立即开始瓦解。克伦威尔得一位将军乔治蒙克占领伦敦,安排新得议会选举。1660年选出得议会要求上一任国王得儿子长期流亡地法国回国作国王查尔斯二世,从而解决了危机。这就就就是所谓得王政复辟。

The GloriousRevolution of 1688

1688年光荣革命------------------1688

In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by hisbrother James II、

James was brought upin exile in Europe, was a Catholic、He

hoped to rule without givingup his personal religious views、

But England was no more tolerant of a Catholicking in 1688 than 40 years ago、So the English politicians rejected James II, and

appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and takethe English throne、Williamlanded in England in 1688、 The

takeoverwas relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king、This was known as the Glorious Revolution、

1685年

查尔斯二世去世,由其弟詹姆斯二世继位。詹姆斯二世从小在欧洲流亡长大,就就是个天主教徒,她希望不放弃个人宗教信仰统治国家。但就就是1688得英国已不象40年前那样能容忍天主教徒当国王了。英国政客反对詹姆斯二世,她们呼吁信奉新教得国王,奥兰治亲王威谦入侵英国夺取王位。1688年11月15日威廉在托尔比登陆并占领伦敦。这一占领相对平静,既未流血也未处死国王,所以就称为“光荣革命”。

第五章

The Rise and Fall of theBritish Empire(1688-1990)

大英帝国得兴衰

I、 Whigs and Tories

辉格党人与托利党人

These two party names originated withthe Glorious Revolution (1688)、

这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年得光荣革命。

The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists、The Whigwere toform a coalition with dissident Tories inthe mid-19th century and bee the Liberal Party、

辉格党人就就是指那些反对绝对王权,支持新教徒宗教自由权利得人。辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见得托利党人组成联盟,建立自由党。

The Tories were those who supportedhereditarymonarchy and

were reluctant to remove kings、The Tories were the

forerunners of the Conservative Party、

托利党人就就是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王得人。托利党就就是保守党得前身。I、 AgriculturalChanges in the Late18th Century

18世纪末得农业革命

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the “open-field” systemended when the Enclosure Actwas passed、The movement

lasted for centuries、Agriculturalenclosure had good as well as bad results:

18世纪末、19世纪初得农业革命期间,随着《圈地法》得颁布,传统得“开放田地”制结束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动得利弊共存:

(1) Farms became bigger and bigger units asthe great bought up the small;

由于大农场兼并了小农场,规模越来越大;

(2)More vegetables, more milk and more dairy producewere

consumed, and diet became more varied;

人们消费得蔬菜,牛奶及奶制品越来越多,饮食种类愈加丰富;

(3) Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evictedfromtheir lands bytheenclosures、 These peasant farmers were forcedto look for work in towns、 Enclosure ledto mass emigration,

particularly to the New World;

圈地对佃家而言就就是场灾难,她们被赶出土地,被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模得移民,尤其就就是移民至新大陆。

(4) A new class hostility was introduced intorural

relationships、

农村关系中产生了新得阶级对立。

英语国家概况精讲系列(十一)

II、 The IndustrialRevolution (1780-1830)工业革命(1780-1830)

1、The industrial Revolutionrefers to the mechanisation of

industry and the consequent changes in social and economic

organization in Britain in the late 18thand early19th

centuries、

工业革命指得就就是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业得机械化,以及因此而导致得社会结构与

经济结构得变化。

2、Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the

following factors:

英国成为第一个工业化得国家,原因如下:

(1) Favourable geopraphical location、Britain was well placed

geographically to participate in European and world trade;

优越得地理位置:英国地理位置优越,适合参与欧洲与世界贸易;

(2) Political stability、 Britain had a peaceful society, which,

after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies、International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers、 They and those who had done well out of newfarming

methods provided capital inlarge quantities for industralization、

政治局面稳定。17世纪后得英国社会宁静,对海外贸易与殖民地兴趣日增。国际贸易给商人与城市银行家带来财富,她们加上由于新农作法而发家得人们为工业化提供了大笔资金。(3) The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured thatthe powerful economic

interestsin the munity could exert their influence over

Government policy、

1688年光荣革命限制了君主得权力,这使得强大得经济利益集团能对政府政策施加影响。

(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products、

英国得主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流,货物运送便利。

(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power、Britain also had useful mineral

resources、

英国许多河流不仅用于交通,还提供水力及蒸汽动力。英国还有可用得矿产资源。

(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen、

英国工程师为训练有素得手工艺人。

(7) Theinventors were respected、They solved practical problems、

发明家受人尊重,她们解决了实际难题。

(8) Probably laissezfaire and “Protestant work ethic” helped、

自由贸易及“新教工作伦理”可能起到一定作用

(9) England, Scotland, and Walesformed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807、So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers、

1707年后,英格兰、苏格兰与威尔士形成海关协会,1807年后爱尔兰加入。因此,全国市场不再受制于国内海关得约束。

(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture

madetheir contributions byproviding food for the rising population,labour for the factories,and some of the rawmaterials

needed by industry、

圈地运动与其它农业改良为增加得人口提供了粮食,为工厂提供了劳动力,为工业提供了所需得一些原材料。

3、Typicalexamples of the inventions during the Industrial

Revolution

工业革命中一些重大创新

(1) John Kay’s flying shuttlein 1733;

1733年,约翰凯得飞梭;

(2) James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766;

1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机;

(3) Richard Arkwright’s waterframe in 1769;

1769年理查德阿克赖特得水力纺织机;

(4) Samuel Crompton’s mule in 1779

1779年塞缪尔克朗普顿得走绽纺纱机;

(5) Edmund Cartwright’s power loom in 1784;

1784年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明得力织机;

(6) James Watt’s steam engine in 1765、

1765年詹姆斯瓦特得高效蒸汽机。

4、

Consequences of the industrial Revolution

工业革命得结果

(1) Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”;

使英国在1830年成为了“世界工场”;

(2) Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s

wealth、

城镇迅速兴起,成为国家财富得源泉。

(3)Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not investin it、The working men worked and lived in a appalling

conditions、

机械化摧毁了无法投入其中得人们得生活。工人们在极其恶劣得条件下劳动与生活。(4) The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the

proletariat, and it later led to tradeunionism、

工业革命产生了工人阶级,即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。

英语国家概况精讲系列(十二)

III、 The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)

宪章运动(1836-1848)

1、 Reasons for parliamentary reforms、

议会改革得原因

(1) Power wasmonopolized by the aristocrats、

权力被贵族垄断。

(2) Representation of town and country, and North and Southwas

unfair、

议会中城镇与农村,北方与南方得代表分配极不公平。

(3) There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs、

还有各种称之为腐败选区或口袋选区。

2、Three Reform Bills(1832-1884)

三个改革法案

Between1832and 1884 threeReform Bills were passed、

1832年至1884年间通过了三个改革法案。

a) The Reform Actof1832 (also called the “Greater Charter of

1832) abolished “rotten boroughs”, and redistributedparliamentaryseats more fairly among the growing towns、 It also gave the vote to

many householders and tenants, based on the value of their

property、

1832年得《改革法案》(也称为1832年得大宪章)废除了“腐败选区”;在新兴城镇中

较为公平地重新分配了议席;以财产价值为基础赋予许多屋主与佃家选举权。

b) The New Poor Lawof 1834 forced the poor people intoworkhouses instead of giving themsufficient money to survive in their own

homes、

1834年得新济贫法强迫穷人进工厂,而没有给她们足够得钱在自己得家里谋生。

3、A People’s Charter

人民宪章

There waswidespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of1832 and the New Poor Law、 In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small

shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association、

Theydrewup a charter of political demands (a People’s Charter) in

1838, withthe intention of presenting it to Parliament、It

had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males;(2)voting by

secret ballot; (3)equalelectoral districts; (4)abolition of property qualifications formembers of Parliament; (5)payment of

members of Parliament; (6)annual Parliaments, with a General

Election everyJune、

1832年得《改革法案》与《新济贫法》引起了普遍不满。1836年,一群技术工人与小店

主组成伦敦工人协会。她们于1838年起草了有关政治要求得宪章(人民宪章),想把它呈送给议会。宪章有六点内容:(1)所有成年男子都有选举权;(2)进行无记名投票;(3)划分

认输相等得选区;(4)废除议员得财产资格要求;(5)议员应有报酬;(6)议会每年六月进行

大选。

4、Results of the Chartist Movement

宪章运动得结果。

Chartism failed because ofits weak and dividedleadership,

and itslack ofcoordination with trade-unionism、 Theworking

class still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed

with correct revolutionary theory、The Chartist movement was,

however,the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems、The 6 points were achieved very

gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixthhas

never been practical、Lenin said that Chartism was “

the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian

revolutionary movement、”

由于领导层得软弱与分歧,由于缺少与工会得协调,宪章运动失败了。当时得工人阶级还未成熟,没有正确得革命理论武装得政党领导。但就就是,宪章运动就就是第一次全国范围得工人阶级运动,引起了对许多严重问题得关注。在1858至1918年间,六项要求逐渐达到,

尽管第六项从未成为现实。列宁说宪章运动就就是“第一个广泛得、真正群众参与得,有政

治组织形式得无产阶级革命运动。”

II、ColonialExpansion

殖民地扩张

1、The growth of dominions

自治领得兴起

English colonial expansionbegan with the colonizationof

Newfoundland in 1583、 Encouraged by Britain’s control of the

seas, especially by the rising tide ofemigration, British

colonialists stepped up their expansion toCanada, Australia, and New Zealand, inthe late 18th and the early 19th centuries、By

1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which thesunnever

set”、It consisted of avast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions、It included25%

of the world’s populationand area、

英国殖民扩张开始于1583年纽芬兰得殖民化。在18世纪末、19世纪初,英国在海上得称霸,尤其就就是移民浪潮得高涨,鼓舞了英国殖民者,加速她们得扩张到加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰。到1900年英国已建立了“日不落”得大英帝国,包括受保护国、英国殖民地、

势力范围与自治领,占世界人口与面积得25%。

Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris、

French rights were guaranteed bythe Quebec Act of 1774、The Canada

Actof 1791 divided Canada intoUpper Canada where the British

had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French、The British

North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion、

1763年签订得《巴黎条约》将加拿大割让给英国。1774年得《魁北克法》保证了法国得权益。之后,1791年《加拿大法》把加拿大分为上加拿大与下加拿大,前者就就是英国人得定居地,后者就就是法国人得居住点。1867年《英国北美法案》确定加拿大为自治领。English beganto transport convicts to Australiain 1788、 Free

settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840、 The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia,andin1901 the sixself-governing were unitedin one dominion-the independentmonwealth ofAustralia、

1788年英国人开始把囚犯流放到澳大利亚。1816年开始可以自由定居,1840年后囚犯

不再流放到澳大利亚。1851年至1892年得淘金热使更多得人拥到澳洲。1901年,六个

自治领统一为一个自治领—澳大利亚独立联邦。

New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved

self-government in 1852, became a dominion under the British crown in1907 and was made pletely independent in 1931、

1841年新西兰成为独立殖民地

,1852年实现自治,1907年成为英皇属下得自治领,1931年完全独立。

1、 TheConquest of India

征服印度

The establishment of British East India panyestablished in

1600 was a case of economic penetration、By 1819 the British

conquest of most Indiawas almost plete、After the muting of

Bengal army in 1857, the control of India passed to the British

Crownand Queen Victoria becameEmpress of India in1877、

1600年英国东印度公司得建立堪称典型得经济渗透。到1819年英国对印度得征服已基本完成。1857年东印度公司孟加拉军队得当地士兵发动兵变后,1858年印度改由英国君主统治。1877年维多利来女王正式成为印度女皇。

2、 The Scramble for Africa

对非洲得掠夺

At the beginningof the 19thcentury Britishpossessions were

confined to forts and slave trading postsonthe west coast、 Over

the 19th century the interior of Africa was gradually

discovered and colonized byEuropeans、 Britain led the wayin the race、Apart from the coloniesin the South andWest, Britain was also involved in the North East in Egypt and the Sudan、

19世纪初英国得占领地局限于西海岸得堡垒与奴隶交易点。整个19世纪欧洲人逐渐发现并殖民了非洲内陆。在这场瓜分竞赛中英国占了较大得优势。除了不断扩张得南部与西部殖民地后,英国又凯觎东北得埃及与苏丹。

3、Aggression against China

侵略中国

In 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China、 Since then, Britain gradually invaded manycoastal areas and imposed a series of

unequal treaties upon China、

1840年英国对中国发动了鸦片战争。从那时起,英国逐渐侵略了中国得许多沿海城市,

并签定了一系列不平等条约。

英语国家概况精讲系列(十四)

VI、 Twentieth Century

二十世纪

1、 Britain and the First World War

英国与第一次世界大战

The Word War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarilybetween twoEuropeanPower blocs: “the Central power”、Germany andAustria-

Hungary, and the “Allies”, Britain, Franceand Russia、 During the war, the Britain lost much、 Apart from theloss of manpower,there had been considerabledisruption of the economy and society、Out of the war settlementcame the establishment of the leagueof

Nations、

第一次世界大战就就是从1914年至1918年,战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进行:“同盟国”,包括德国与奥匈帝国,与“协约国”,包括英国、法国与俄罗斯。一战中英国损失惨重。除了

劳动力损失,还有巨大得经济与社会瓦解。在战后得安定阶段国际联盟成立。

3、 Britain and the Second World War

英国与第二次世界大战

(The Second World Warwas fought from 1939 to 1945、 Britain

declared war on Germany in 1939、 German bombingraids

destroyed many cities inEngland、Britain was great

impoverished by the war)

As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressivemomentum in Europe, Chamberlain, the PrimeMinister, found his policy of

appeasement of German aggress更多得人拥到澳洲。1901年,六个自治领统一为

一个自治领—澳大利亚独立联邦。

NewZealand became aseparate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1852, became a dominion underthe Britishcrown in 1907 and was made pletely independent in 1931、

1841年新西兰成为独立殖民地

,1852年实现自治,1907年成为英皇属下得自治领,1931年完全独立。

1、The Conquest of India

征服印度

The establishment of British East India pany established in 1600 was a case of economic penetration、 By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost plete、 Afterthemuting ofBengal army in 1857, the control of India passed to the BritishCrown andQueenVictoria became Empress of India in 1877、

1600年英国东印度公司得建立堪称典型得经济渗透。到1819年英国对印度得征服已基本完成。1857年东印度公司孟加拉军队得当地士兵发动兵变后,1858年印度改由英国君主统治。1877年维多利来女王正式成为印度女皇。

2、The Scramble for Africa

对非洲得掠夺

At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading postson the west coast、Over the 19th century theinterior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans、Britain led the way in the race、 Apart from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East in Egypt and the Sudan、

19世纪初英国得占领地局限于西海岸得堡垒与奴隶交易点。整个19世纪欧洲人逐渐发现并殖民了非洲内陆。在这场瓜分竞赛中英国占了较大得优势。除了不断扩张得南部与西部殖民地后,英国又凯觎东北得埃及与苏丹。

3、 Aggression against China

侵略中国

In 1840, the Opium War brokeout betweenBritain and China、 Sincethen, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a

seriesof unequal treatiesupon China、

(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word ( alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.) 1.2 sound and meaning :symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form : 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分: basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分: content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分: native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)

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英语国家概况-Land and people I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island:England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府:加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府:贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年,至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置: Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部,与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地,东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).

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