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2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一一零

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Vanquishingthevirus攻克病毒

Africaisonthevergeofbeingdeclaredpolio-free非洲即将宣布消灭脊髓灰质炎病毒

Healthworkersovercameviolenceandconspiracytheories

卫生工作者克服了暴力和阴谋论的困难

EradicatingPolioishard.Itisevenharderwhenpoliticiansandimamsfan

theconspiracytheorythatthepoliovaccineispartofaWesternplotto

steriliseMuslims,ashappenedforseveralyearsinnorthernNigeria.

想要消灭脊髓灰质炎很难。而当政治家和部落领袖们煽动着阴谋论（他们宣称脊髓灰质炎疫苗是西方消灭穆斯林阴谋的一部分，正如尼日利亚北部多年来发生的那样）时，就更是难上加难了。Soin2015Nigeria’spresident,MuhammaduBuhari,decidedtosetan

example.Hegavethevaccinetooneofhisgrandchildrenontelevision,

beforerallyingpoliticiansandtriballeaderstojointhecampaign.

因此，在2015年，尼日利亚总统穆罕默杜·布哈里决定树立一个榜样。他在电视上给他的孙子接种了脊髓灰质炎疫苗，随后召集政客和部落领袖们加入这场运动。Hisefforts,andthoseofhundredsofthousandsofvolunteers,havepaid

off.OnAugust21stNigeriamarkedthreeyearssinceitslastdocumented

caseofwildpolio.Thatmeansthecountryissettobedeclaredpolio-freebytheWorldHealthOrganisation-backedGlobalPolioEradication

Initiative.

他和成千上万名志愿者的努力最终得到了回报。今年8月21日，尼日利亚距离上一次记录在案的野生型脊髓灰质炎病例已经过去了三年。这意味着尼日利亚将被世界卫生组织所支持的全球根除脊髓灰质炎行动宣布为无脊髓灰质炎国家。Ifthathappens,probablynextyear,allofAfricawillbeofficiallyfreeofthe

virus.PoliowillremaininonlyAfghanistanandPakistan;andonedayit

willbecompletelyeradicated,likesmallpoxwasin1980.

如果真的如此，整个非洲很有可能在明年将正式摆脱这种病毒。届时，脊髓灰质炎将只存在于阿富汗和巴基斯坦；而且总有一天人类将把它彻底消灭，就像1980年消灭天花病毒那样。MassvaccinationinNigeria,Africa’smostpopulouscountry,wasa

logisticalchallenge.Healthworkerswentvillagetovillageinroundafter

roundofcampaigns.Theywerestationedinmarketsandatborder

crossings.

尼日利亚是非洲人口最多的国家，大规模接种疫苗是一项后勤上的挑战。在一轮又一轮的运动中，卫生工作者要一个村一个村地去走访。他们会驻扎在市场和边境口岸。Toreachremotespots,theygotcreative.Satelliteimagingwasusedto

maptheislandsaroundLakeChad.Thenhealthworkerswentbycanoeto

deliverthevaccine.

为了前往偏远地区，他们变得富有创造力。他们利用卫星成像来绘制乍得湖周围岛屿的地图。然后卫生工作者划着独木舟去运送疫苗。Violencewasabigproblem.PoliowaslastfoundinachildinBorno,a

north-easternstateravagedbyBokoHaram.Thejihadistgroupprefers

kidnappingchildrentovaccinatingthem.

暴力是个大问题。最近一次发现脊髓灰质炎病毒是在博尔诺州的一名儿童身上。位于尼日利亚东北部的博尔诺州饱受博科圣地组织的蹂躏。该圣战组织更喜欢绑架儿童，而非为他们接种疫苗。Ithelpedspreadthemythaboutsterilisation.Sobravehealthworkers

havebeenrushingintoareasfromwhichitretreats(eventemporarily).An

improvingsecuritysituationhashelped.In2015about600,000children

werenotaccessible.Nowthatnumberisunder100,000.

为了延续消灭病毒的神话，勇敢的卫生工作者们已经涌入了圣战组织撤离的地区（有些地区只是暂时撤离）。安全形势的改善对疫苗的接种有所帮助。2015年，约有60万名儿童没能接种疫苗。如今，仅有不到10万名儿童无法接种。Volunteerstrainedtospotthevirushavebeencrucialinpreventing

outbreaks—notjustofpolio.In2014theyhelpedtracenearly900people

whomayhavebeenexposedtoEbolaafteraninfectedmanfromLiberia

arrivedinLagos.Nigeriaquicklycontainedthevirus,whichkilledeightin

thecountry.

接受过识别病毒训练的志愿者对于防止疾病（不仅仅是脊髓灰质炎）的爆发是至关重要的。2014年，一名来自利比里亚的埃博拉病毒感染者抵达拉各斯后，志愿者们帮助追踪了近900名可能接触过该病毒的人。尼日利亚很快便控制住了导致该国8人死亡的埃博拉病毒的传播。ThebigworrynowisthatpoliofromAfghanistanandPakistanmaybe

broughttoAfricaandleadtonewoutbreaks.InthepastpoliofromIndia

madeitswaytoAngolaandCongoaftertheyweredeclaredpolio-free.

现在最大的担忧是，从阿富汗和巴基斯坦带来的脊髓灰质炎病毒可能会导致新疫情的爆发。过去，在安哥拉和刚果宣布消灭脊髓灰质炎病毒后，印度的脊髓灰质炎病毒又传入了这两个国家。ThestrainfromPakistanisalreadytravelling:itwasrecentlyfound

insewageinIran.Thatisonereasonwhyitisimportanttomaintainhigh

vaccinationratesinAfrica.

来自于巴基斯坦的脊髓灰质炎病毒已经在传播了：最近人们在伊朗的污水中发现了这种病毒。这就是为什么在非洲保持高疫苗接种率很重要的原因之一。(红色标注词为重难点词汇)

重难点词汇：vanquish['væŋkwɪʃ]vt.征服；击败；克服；抑制conspiracy[kən'spɪrəsi]n.阴谋；共谋；阴谋集团eradicate[ɪ'rædɪket]vt.根除，根绝；消灭smallpox['smɔl'pɑks]n.天花vaccinate['væksə'net]vi.接种疫苗vt.给…注射疫苗sewage['sʊɪdʒ]n.污水；下水道；污物

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考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人

考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人

No one can doubt President Joe Biden’s commitment to clean energy.

Unfortunately, his agenda faces a challenge rarely mentioned by climate activists:

excessive regulation.

没有人能怀疑拜登（Joe Biden）总统对清洁能源的承诺。不幸的是，他的议题面临着一个气候活动人士很少提及的挑战：过度监管。

A report from the National Academies of Sciences found that if the U.S. wants to

reach net-zero emissions by midcentury, it will need to roughly double the share of

electricity it produces from non-carbon sources by 2030. Reaching even that goal —

which could well prove insufficient to the challenge — would require building wind

and solar installations at a historically unprecedented pace.

国家科学院的一份报告发现，如果美国想要在本世纪中叶实现净零排放，那么到2030年，它需要将非碳源发电量的比例提高一倍左右。即使要实现这一目标——很可能被证明不足以应对挑战——也需要以前所未有的速度建设风能和太阳能设施。

As things stand, that’s unlikely. There’s simply too much red tape.

就目前情况来看，这不太可能。繁文缛节太多了。

考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人 2

考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人 2

Artificial intelligence (AI) machine learning has transformed speech and language

recognition technology. A new study published in IEEE Transactions on Affective

Computing by researchers affiliated with the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and

Technology (JAIST) and Osaka University demonstrates human-like, sentiment-sensing

AI machine learning using physiological data.

人工智能（AI）机器学习已经改变了语音和语言识别技术。日本高级科学技术研究所和大阪大学的研究人员在《IEEE情感计算汇刊》上发表了一项新研究，展示了利用生理数据进行的类人、情感感知的人工智能机器学习。

Emotional intelligence, or emotional quotient (EQ), refers to a person’s ability to

understand and manage emotions in order to build relationships, solve conflicts,

manage stress, and other activities. Applied artificial intelligence machine learning

practitioners are striving to integrate more human-like traits, such as EQ, in areas such

考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人 3

考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人 3

That’s Not Fair: Why Relationships Must Be Equal

这不公平：为什么关系必须平等

The golden rule: We should treat others the way we want to be treated. We all

want to be treated fairly, and this comes up frequently in intimate relationships. It isn’t

cool if one does all the dishes while the other plays on the X-Box and no one wants to

be the only one putting the kids to bed or apologizing after a fight. Abusive

relationships are fundamentally unfair, where one person expects a servant or a target

instead of an equal partner.

黄金法则：我们希望别人怎样对待我们，我们就应该怎样对待别人。我们都希望被公平对待，这在亲密关系中经常出现。如果一个人洗所有的碗，而另一个人玩X-Box，那就太不好了，而且没人想成为唯一一个哄孩子睡觉或在吵架后道歉的人。虐待关系从根本上来说是不公平的，一个人期望一个仆人或一个目标，而不是一个平等的伴侣。

We recognize injustice, almost from birth. In one study, Paul Bloom showed

babies a series of animated shapes and figures. Some shapes were “helping” others

考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人 4

考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人 4

Diageo last week took a majority stake in Seedlip, a non-alcoholic spirit sold as an

alternative to gin — a move seen by analysts as the drinks giant’s attempt to grab more

of the growing teetotal market. The young are more abstemious than their elders, and

manufacturers and marketers need to keep up.

帝亚吉欧(Diageo)不久前收购了Seedlip的多数股权，这是一种被作为金酒替代品出售的无酒精型烈酒——市场分析师们将此举解读为酒业巨头试图在日益扩张的无酒精饮料市场中分一杯羹。年轻一代相对于他们的长辈在饮酒方面更加节制，酒类生产商和营销机构必须跟上这种趋势。

For those of us who don’t drink or, in my case, only occasionally, a reduction in

others’ drinking, along with a fall in the antisocial consequences, is a welcome

development. At a wedding in Italy this summer, I marvelled as a group of Italian and

French guests partied under a hot afternoon sun and late into the night, without

anyone staggering or slurring in the way they would inevitably have done in the UK.