英语国家概况名词解释

英国部分1.The Thames RiverThe Thames River is the second largest and most inportant river in Britain. It is 336 KM long, rising in southwest England and flowing through England and out into the North Sea. It flows rather slowly, which is very favorable for water transportation.2.The High LandersThey are the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern Scotland. They are a proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands・3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦The British Enpire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Co mmonwealth of Nations in 1931 .It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50 members counties within the commonwealth(1991).是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独立构成的自由联合体。

英语国家概况归纳英语国家概况，是指以英语为官方语言的国家或地区。

由于英语在全球范围内的广泛应用，这些国家或地区在经济、文化等方面都具有重要影响力。

本文将归纳一些英语国家的共同特点和各自的特色。

一、英语国家的共同特点1. 英语为官方语言：在这些国家或地区，英语被广泛用于政府、商务、教育等领域，并且是人们日常交流的主要语言。

2. 政治体制多样：英语国家的政治体制包括君主制、共和制等多种形式，每个国家都有自己的政治体系和法律制度。

3. 经济发达：大部分英语国家在经济方面表现出色，拥有发达的制造业、金融业和科技创新能力。

4. 教育系统完善：英语国家注重教育，拥有世界一流的高等教育机构和先进的教育体制。

二、英语国家的特色1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，拥有悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产。

伦敦作为英国的首都和全球金融中心，吸引着全世界的人才和投资。

2. 美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家，拥有丰富多样的文化和民主制度。

美国的经济实力和科技创新能力以及好莱坞的电影产业都在世界范围内具有巨大影响力。

3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大位于北美洲，是一个多民族多文化的国家。

加拿大的教育质量一直很高，吸引了许多国际留学生。

同时，加拿大在自然资源方面拥有丰富的优势，如石油和天然气等。

4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚位于南半球，是一个发达国家和移民国家。

澳大利亚拥有独特的自然环境，包括大堡礁和艾尔斯岩等著名景点，吸引了大量的游客。

5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于太平洋上的岛国，以其美丽的自然风景和友好的社会环境而闻名。

新西兰的教育质量也很高，在国际教育市场上具有竞争力。

6. 南非（South Africa）南非是非洲大陆唯一的英语国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。

南非拥有得天独厚的自然景观，如克鲁格国家公园和好望角等。

7. 印度（India）印度是世界上使用英语最广泛的国家之一，也是英语国家中人口最多的国家。

英语国家概况名词解释The Hundred Years’War (1337-1453)The Hundred Years’War was a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, Territory, security and the throne.The Hundred Years’War promoted the concept of English Nationalism（民族主义）and the development of the textile industry because it reducedthe export of English wool. The war raised the social position of the bourgeois（资产阶级）class. All these factors contributed to the decline of feudalism in England.Black DeathBlack Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague（黑死病）, an epidemic disease(流行病) spread by rat fleas（鼠疫跳蚤）. It was a fierce and widespread outbreak of plague(瘟疫) that ravaged（毁坏）the whole of Europe in the 14th century. It hit England first in 1349 with subsequent waves between 1360 and 1375 . The plague killed perhaps up to one-third of the British population. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The Wars of RosesBetween 1455 and 1485 a series of battles were fought between the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and the House of York, symbolized by the white rose, ended with the failure of the House of York.Fought between two branches of the Plantagenet family.1485 the Lancastrian Henry Tudor, defeated King Richard II and found the House of Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow（致命的打击）. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.The English RenaissanceThe English Renaissance reached its height in the first 15th century,was largely literary, and it achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama.Civil war and restorationEnglish Civil War between 1642 to 1651 is also called Puritan Revolution.(清教徒革命)From 1649 to 1658 England was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by Oliver Cromwell as the Lord Protector.The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry.Constitutional MonarchyIt is a form of government in which head of the state is a king or a queen and the monarch’s power is limited by Parliament. In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule. In English history, constitutional monarchy was established after Glorious Revolution in 1688.Queen Elizabeth II is the current monarch of the United Kingdom.Civil ServiceThe government departments are staffed by members of the Civil Service, whose duty is to assist in carrying out the administration of laws passed by Parliament. Changes of government do not involve changes in department staff. Civil servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination.The judiciary 司法制度The judicial branch of the British government is rathercomplicated in that England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland al have their own legal systems, with considerable differences in law, organization and practice. The legal system of Northern Ireland is similar to that of England and Wales, but Scotland had a distinct legal system based on Roman law, which is the legal basis for most European countries.British law consists of 2 parts, civil and criminal, with different courts at various levels to handle cases in each category.The Metropolitan PoliceThe police force is responsible for the security of London, with its headquarters at New Scotland Yard. It is directly under the control of Home Secretary.The City of LondonThe City of London is the business centre of London where large financial organizations are located, such as the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and Lloyd’s (a famous insurance company).Bank holidaysOfficial public holidays are also called “Bank holidays”. The term “Bank holidays”goes back to the Bank Holidays Act of 1871, which owes its name to the fact that banks are closed on the days specified.Open UniversityThe Open University(also commonly referred to by its initialism OU) is a distance learning and research university founded by Royal Charter in the United Kingdom. The university is funded by a combination of student fees, contract income, and allocations for teaching and research by the higher education funding bodies in each of the four countries of the UK (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland). It is notable for having anopen entry policy, i.e. students' previous academic achievements are not taken into account for entry to most undergraduate courses. The majority of the OU's undergraduate students are based in the United Kingdom and principally study off-campus, but many of its courses (both undergraduate and postgraduate) can be studied off-campus anywhere in the world.The OU was established in 1969 and the first students enrolled in January 1971. The University administration is based at Walton Hall, Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, but has regional centres in each of its thirteen regions around the United Kingdom. It also has offices and regional examination centres in most other European countries. The University awards undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as non-degree qualifications such as diplomas and certificates, or continuing education units.。

英美国家概况的名词解释英美国家，即英国和美国，是两个历史悠久、文化丰富的重要国家。

本文将对与英美国家相关的几个名词进行解释，以便更好地理解这两个国家的概况。

一、英国1.英国（United Kingdom）英国是由四个国家组成的主权国家，分别是英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

英国是一个古老而庞大的民主国家，具有悠久的历史和文化遗产。

它的首都是伦敦，也是全国最大的城市。

英国是世界上最早实行议会制度的国家之一，英国议会在国家政治中发挥着重要的作用。

2.女王（Queen）英国的最高元首是女王，目前是伊丽莎白二世。

虽然女王的权力很有限，但她在国家象征和在国内外的代表方面具有重要作用。

女王在国内是象征统一和稳定的力量，也是国家的象征之一。

3.下议院（House of Commons）和上议院（House of Lords）英国议会由两个部分组成，分别是下议院和上议院。

下议院是由选举产生的国会议员组成，代表着普通民众的利益。

上议院则由具有世袭或由女王任命的成员组成，代表了英国的各个社会阶层和权贵利益。

两个议院在通过法律和决策方面具有平等的地位。

4.脱欧（Brexit）脱欧是英国脱离欧洲联盟的简称，是近年来英国政治中的重大事件。

2016年，英国举行公投决定是否脱欧，最终脱欧派以微弱优势胜利。

这一决定引发了一系列的政治和经济变革，对英国和欧洲乃至全球产生了深远影响。

二、美国1.美国（United States）美国是由五十个州组成的联邦共和制国家，是世界第三大国家。

它是一个多民族、多文化的国家，人口众多，经济强大。

美国以其广阔的土地、先进的科技和繁荣的文化而闻名于世。

2.总统（President）美国总统是美国的最高政府首脑，负责领导国家的行政事务和外交关系。

总统由公民选举产生，任期为四年。

美国总统在国内外事务、国家安全和法律领域具有重要的职权。

3.国会（Congress）美国国会是美国的立法机构，由参议院和众议院组成。

英语国家概况名词解释复习范围英语国家概况名词解释复习范围1. Puritanism: 清教徒主义Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of Jonh Calvin and wantedto purify the Church of England. They believe that human beings werepredestined by God before they were born. Some were God’s chosen peoplewhile others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could savepeople. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work orthe prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must readthe Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contactwith God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2. The Declaration of Independence : 独立宣言The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jeffersonand adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, where the people of 13English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom andindependence from the British colonial rule. The document declaredthat all men were equal and that they were entitled to havesomeunalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government: the powers ofgovernments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose ofgovernments were to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory ofpolities and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainlycame from John Lock.3. George Washington :George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the AmericanRepublic. He was the Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in theWar of Independence against the British colonial rule and the firstPresident of the United States.4. WASP: The early immigrants were generally known as the White Anglo-SaxonProtestants because most of them believed in the protestant church. Theyplayed the main role in the founding of the 13 colonies and establishedthe ruling position of their English language. They transplanted Englishvalues and traditions to the colonies and played the decisive role inwinning independence from England. Today it is estimated that about 33%of Americans are of British origin.5. Three Faiths in the US : By the 1950's,the three faiths model of American religionhad developed. American were considered to come in three basic varieties:protestants, Catholic and Jewish. In terms of numbers, the Protestantsare the strongest, the Catholica are next to the Protestants and theJewish are the smallest among the three groups.6. Religious liberty in the US : The Declaration of Independence guaranteed thebasic right of religious freedom and this right was a political necessity.The First Amendment to the US Constitution explicitly forbade the federalgovernment to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the freepractice, or exercise, of religion. When desputes about the relationshipbetween government and religion arise, American courts must settle them.But American institutions presuppose a Supreme Being, thereforeChristianity is often, in practice, more favored than other religions.7. The “Lost Generation”: 迷惘的一代In the aftermath of World War Ⅰ, manynovelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived in Europe.They were known as the “Lost Generation.” Two of the mostrepresent ative writers of the The “Lost Generation” were Hemingway andFitzgerald.8.Hemingway : 海明威 an American writer of fiction who won the Nobel Prize forliterature in 1954 (1899-1961). Among his best booiks were The Sun AlsoRises, A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls.9. High education in the USIn America, higher education refers to education on the college level.America higher education includes four categories of institution .They are the university , the four-year undergraduateinstitution( the college) the technical training institution and thetwo-year or community college. Some are supported by public funds andsome by private funds. Many universities and colleges have wonreputations for providing their students with a higher quality ofeducation. The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory.10 The civil rights movementIt is one of the most important of all social movements in the1960sin America. Rose Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believed tobe true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’sit-in at a department lunch counter in the North Carolina touchedoff the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half ofthe decade, civil rights organizations like the SNCC,CORE,and SCLCstruggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics,network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some blackorganizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized onmore radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-imageof the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leadersas Martin Luther King.Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspired a generationof both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racialequality in the US.11. Martin Luther King.Jr.A black Baptist minister, he was the leader of the Southern ChristianLeadership Conference during the civil rights movement ofthe 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregationand other kinds of social injustice,King organized a series of “marches”, including the march on Washington of August, 1963, whenKing delivered his famous” I Have aDream”speech.As a civil rights leader, King worked ont only to endracial discrimination and poverty , but also to raise the self imageof the blacks.Due to his strong belief in non-violent peaceful protest,King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He wasassassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12. The House of Lords and Commons in the UKThe House of LordsThe House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are theArchbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; andthe Lords Temporal , which regers to those lords who either haveinherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed .The lords mainly represent themselves instead of theinterests of the pubilc.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British life because itis the place where about 650 elected representatives(Members ofParliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in theGeneral Elections and should represent the interests of the peoplewho vote for them.13. RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literat ure’s romantic period. Writers of r omantic literature aremore concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power ofreason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by WilliamWordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regard as the romanticpoetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelly,the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height.The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.14. ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare (1561-1616) was a famous dramatist and poet. Hecreated a large number of masterpieces, including comedy, tragedy andhistorical dramas. Shakespeare’s plays fall into categories, orclasses. He excels in each kind. The tragedies include RomeoandJuliet, Hamlet , Othello, King lear, and Macbeth. Among the comediesare Th e Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twlfth Night ,and The Tempest.His history plays, based on English history, includeRichard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V.16. Terra NulliusTerra Nullius is from Latin. It means a land that is owned by no one. The British declared the Australian continent Terra Nullius tojustify their invasion of the indigenous people’s land. It servedto legitimize their taking possession of the land and devalue theindigenous people as uncivilized and not fully human.17. The “Washminster” form policy in AustraliaThe “Washminster” form of polity is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of governmentand the British Westminster system. This means that the politicalstructure of the government is based on a Federation of States witha three-tire system of government. However, the chief executive isa Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.18. The Bloc QuebecoisThe Bloc Quebecois was founded in 1990 by a formerConservative cabinet minister and later separatist Lucien Bouchard. It is a Quebecseparatist party intended to complement the provincial Parti Quebecois (PQ) on the federal level. Its main concern is only to dothe best for Quebec, and wants to separate entirely from the federalgovernment. In the 1993 elections the party became the second largestin the Canadian parliament, and the charismatic Bouchard becameleader of the opposition.19. The Cold WarBy the end of World War II, the United States, which had not suffered as much as other allied countries, became the strongest country in the world. As the possessor of atomic tombs and much ofthe world’s gold reserv e and industrial production in his hand, thepolicy-makers of the US wanted a world order dominated by the US, aworld market free and open to American goods and services. In pursuingthis gold, the US encountered determined resistance from the SovietUnion. Gradually the two wartime allies fell apart and the Cold Warbegan.20. Unilateralism (the US)When George W. Bush became president in 2001, he and histopadvisers pursued a strategy that has significantly changed some ofthe principles that have been practiced in American foreign policyfor years. This strategy has two prominent elements: unilateralismand faith in military strength. The review policies and internationalagreements from the point of view of American national interests. Ifthey think any international agreement is not in line with Americannational interests, they will not hesitate to discard it.20. London : London is the largest city located in the south of the country. It isdominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is not only the financialcenter of the nation, but also one of the three major internationalfinancial centers in the world.21. Percy Bysshe Shelley : 雪莱His writing has a wide range. The lovely musicalquality of his work appears in the fine verses of “Ode to the West Wind”and “To a Skylark.” “The Revolt of Islam,” renamed as “The Rise ofIs lam,” preaches revolution, and Defense of Poetry upholds the placeof imagination and love in the arts. The long poem Adonaisis a beautifullament written on the death of Keats. A month before his 30th birthdayhe drowned while sailing in the Mediterranean. His ashes lie in the sameRoman cemetery where Keats is buried.22. the relationship between the UK and the US :The British foreign policy is alsoaffected by its relationship with the United States. During World War2, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work togetherclosely in the postwar years, because they had many things in common aboutthe past and the world situation. Even today, British and Americanpolicy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However,Britain’s “special relationship” with the United Stated has gonethrough many ups and downs. The British are beginning to realize thattheir own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States.But both sides have worked hard to maintain the “special rela tionship.”23. the Great Barrier Reef : 大堡礁The Great Barrier Reef, the largest coralstructure in the world, extends for over 2000 kilometers along the coastof Queensland, Australia. It is an important part of the marine ecosystems, and abounds a lot of rare marine plants and animals in someof the island and coral reef. Great Barrier Reef has been listed as theWorld Natural Heritage.24. the Dreaming (Australia) : 创梦信仰The Dreaming is the belief system fromancient times that has bound indigenous groups together. The centralprinciple of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continenthave special responsibilities to the land. The people don’t own the land;instead the land owns the people. The stories of the Dreaming provideprinciples of how people should live and interact with each other. Theyalso provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people cansurvive in the life-threatening environment.25. James Joyce : 詹姆士乔伊斯The novelist James Joyce is famous s the writer whochanged the nature of the novel forever. In common with many of thewriters before him, Joyce was extraordinarily self-conscious about thelanguage in which he was writing. As he has his hero say in The Portraitof the Artist as a Young Man, he didn’t feel that the Engl ishwas hisnative tongue: it was a foreign language, even although it pretended tobe the same as the one he had learned himself, which was in fact a regionalvariant, knows as Hiberno-English.。

英美概况名词解释英语专业英美概况名词解释英语国家概况名词解释系列（1）Amerigo Vespucci----Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator, proved that the landwas not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.（意大利女航海家，被认为真正发现了美洲）The Puritans----The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge providedby God for those He meant to save.（清教徒：英国新教中信奉加尔文教义，认为圣经是唯一标准，大部分清教徒逃到了美国，感恩节）英语国家概况名词解释系列（2）The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.（《权利法案》：英国资产阶级革命，奠定君主立宪制）The Emancipation（解放） Proclamation-（宣言）---After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.（《解放奴隶宣言》：林肯，美国南北战争时期）英语国家概况名词解释系列（3）Pilgrims（清教徒） Thanksgiving Day----The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter aftertheir arrival was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.（感恩节）The Chunnel----In 1985 the British government and French governmentdecided to build a chann el tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under theStraits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.（英吉利海峡隧道：连接英法）英语国家概况名词解释系列（4）Eisteddfod----Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod is the most famous festival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh. The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture alive.(威尔士诗歌音乐比赛年会:凯尔特地区)Cockney----A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London.(伦敦东区土话，伦敦佬)英语国家概况名词解释系列（5）Stonehenge----It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.（史前巨石阵：英国南部）The Celts----The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.(凯尔特人：不列颠原著民)英语国家概况名词解释系列（6）Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.（诺曼底人对英格兰的军事征服：从此封建制度在英国确立）感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。

致用英语英语国家概况-回复“英语国家概况”英语国家概况是指那些以英语为官方语言或主要交流语言的国家。

这些国家分布在全球各个大陆，每个国家有着独特的历史、文化和政治体系。

在本文中，我们将逐步回答关于英语国家的概况。

一、历史背景英语国家的历史可追溯到大英帝国的时代，于17世纪末期开始形成。

大英帝国是一个庞大的殖民帝国，其领土遍布非洲、亚洲、北美、南美和大洋洲。

英国在殖民地进行殖民统治和商业活动时，英语逐渐成为这些地区的主要语言。

虽然大英帝国在20世纪初解体，但英语作为一种国际交流语言的地位却得以保持。

二、主要国家1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语国家的起源地，也是英语的教育和文化中心。

英国有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、贝多芬、达尔文等众多重要历史人物和文化瑰宝。

2. 美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家，拥有庞大的英语母语人口。

美国也是世界经济和科技的领袖之一，许多全球顶尖的大学和科技公司均位于美国。

3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是一个多语种国家，英语和法语是其官方语言。

英语在加拿大广泛使用，并且加拿大有许多英语为母语的人口，包括英国后裔和移民。

4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚因其独特的自然环境和丰富的野生动植物而闻名于世。

英语是澳大利亚的主要语言，澳大利亚是一个多元文化的国家，吸引了许多国家的移民。

5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南半球，被太平洋环绕。

英语是该国的主要语言，新西兰受到其壮丽的自然景观、世界级的户外活动和友好的人民所吸引。

三、政治体系英语国家的政治体系多样，包括君主立宪制、共和制和议会制。

其中英国的政治体系是君主立宪制，美国是共和制，加拿大和澳大利亚是君主立宪制与议会制相结合，新西兰则是君主立宪制。

四、经济发展英语国家在世界经济中扮演着重要的角色。

例如，英国是欧洲最大的金融中心之一，美国是全球最大的经济体，加拿大是全球主要的资源出口国之一，澳大利亚是世界领先的矿产资源生产和出口国之一。

The Anglo-Saxons (P18)The aerospace industry in the UK (P80)Anglicanism (P269)The advantages of the pluralist form of government (P295)The Bill of Rights of 1689 (P48)The Bronte sisters (P100)Britain and the EU (P127)Britain and the United States (P127)The BBC (P143)The British stereotypes about the Irish (P220)The Constitution (P48)Class system in British society (P66)“The City” (P80)The Canterbury Tales (P100)Comprehensive schools (P113)The Commonwealth (P127)Cricket and “fair play” (P161)The Celts (P183)Checks and balances (P200)The Civil Service (P200)Catholicism in Australia (P268)The constitutional crisis of 1975 (P295)The Dreaming (P254)The Easter Rising (P35)The electoral campaign (P66)Ethnic relations in the UK (P66)Elizabethan Drama (P100)Eisteddfod (P162)The Easter Rising of 1916 (P183)Emancipists (P282)The functions of Parliament (P48)The formation of the government (P66)The foundations of British’s foreign policy (P127)“Football hooligans” (P161)Fundamentalism 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英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况是指使用英语作为官方语言或主要语言的国家。

这些国家分布在全球各个大洲，包括欧洲、北美洲、南美洲、非洲、亚洲、大洋洲等地区。

下面是对英语国家概况的整理和相关参考内容。

一、英语国家概况1. 英语国家数量截至目前，全球有超过70个国家和地区官方或主要使用英语。

其中包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家，以及南非、印度、新加坡等国家。

2. 英语在国际交流中的地位由于历史、文化、经济和政治原因，英语成为了世界共通的交流语言。

在国际贸易、国际关系、科学技术、旅游等领域中，英语的地位举足轻重。

很多国家把英语作为第二语言学习，以便更好地融入国际社会。

3. 英语国家文化特点英语国家拥有丰富多样的文化，包括文学、艺术、音乐、电影等。

英国文化以其悠久的历史、文学作品和皇室传统而闻名；美国文化则以其多元文化、好莱坞电影、流行音乐等领域有着巨大影响力。

4. 英语国家的教育体系英语国家拥有世界顶尖的教育体系，包括英国的牛津大学、剑桥大学等，美国的哈佛大学、斯坦福大学等。

这些学府不仅吸引着来自全球的学生，也为国际学生提供了优质的教育资源。

二、参考内容1. 英国英国是英语国家的发源地，拥有悠久的历史、文化和传统。

英国的教育体系著名于世，在全球范围内享有盛誉。

参考内容可包括英国的地理位置、历史概述、国家特色、名胜古迹、教育体系等。

2. 美国美国是使用英语的最大国家，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。

美国的文化多元，享有世界级的艺术、电影和音乐产业。

参考内容可包括美国的地理、历史、政治制度、经济实力、文化特点等。

3. 加拿大加拿大是英语国家中面积最大的国家，也是全球最宜居的国家之一。

加拿大的教育体系、医疗服务和社会福利享誉国际。

参考内容可包括加拿大的地理特点、历史发展、多元文化、经济实力等。

4. 澳大利亚澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，英语是其官方语言。

澳大利亚是一个富有自然景观和野生动物资源的国家，吸引着来自世界各地的游客和留学生。