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英美国家概况Unit9TheBritishMedia（英国的媒体）Unit 9 The British Media (英国的媒体)一、本单元重点内容1. Popularity of the media (媒体的受欢迎程度)2. The quality press (优质报章)3. The Observer 《观察家报》4. The Times 《泰晤士报》5. The Guardian 《卫报》6. The Telegraph 《电讯报》7. The Financial Time 《金融时报》8. The tabloids (小报)9. Television and radio (电视和无线电)10. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (英国广播公司)11. The Independent Television Commission (独立电视委员会)二、本单元重、难点辅导1. the degree of popularity of the media: 1 st : TV 2 nd: newspaper 3 rd: radio2. the functions of the mediaProvide entertainment; information about political and social issues; weather reports; carry advertising; education; provide a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice; engendering a national culture3. British Newspapers (one of the world’s oldest established newspaper industries)1). the Observer <<观察家报>>—still published every Sunday; first appeared in 1791; the world’s oldest national newspaper2). the Times <<泰晤士报>>—began in 1785; the UK’s oldest daily newspaper3). the Guardian<<卫报>>—a national daily newspaper which is radical in politics and interested in society and social problems. It is quite soft on crime and quite feminist and shows great concern for green politics.政治上比较激进，对社会问题感兴趣。
比较地理环境对中英两国文明进程的影响人类的文明，无论是古代的、现代的、都发生于某一特定的时间和空间所外的自然环境。
原始人采撷果实、居于洞穴或露宿于野，所有的一切都离不开自然环境，他们的衣食住行、生活和生产都深深地依赖地理环境。
进入文明之后，随着人类自身巨大潜能的逐渐发挥，人类对自然的依赖表面看来似乎有所淡化和隐化，但实际情况是，人类的文明程度愈高，对地理环境的利用的范围也愈益扩大和深化。
今天，科学技术的突飞猛进，都是建立在无数对自然宇宙的新发现、新认识和众多新材料、新方法产生的基础之上。
所以，无论对人类历史的哪一阶段进行研究，都决不能忽视自然地理环境对人类文明的影响和作用。
英国是一个岛国，总面积244200平方公里，东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡，与法国隔海相望。
地理学上叫“不列颠群岛”，它们星星点点地散布在欧洲大陆西北边的水域中。
最大的岛屿——大不列颠岛，上面分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域单位。
从英格兰的最南端到苏格兰的最北端只跨越10个纬度，最长也不过600英里（966公里）。
在欧洲国家中英国的面积之小可想而知。
英国的海岸线异常曲折，构成了许多港湾。
在英国，“内陆”离海洋最远处也不过75英里（120公里）。
位于欧洲大陆袈上的不列颠诸岛沿海水域不深，当大西洋暖流缓缓穿过这个“陆桥”之时，它温暖了空气、提升了水温，使不列颠的气候与同纬度其他地区相比，都要暖和宜人。
浅水、暖流、深湾共同构成了远古时代养育不列颠人的天赐富源。
独特的地理环境，对英国的政治、经济、文明、价值观念和民族精神都产生了深远的影响，其影响可归纳为以下几点：1.国家面积小，有助于政治统一，社会、经济和文化易于交流，制度容易规范化。
亚里士多德曾论述过城邦人口的规模，他认为一个城邦最适当的人口限度应该是足以满足自我需要而又是观察所能遍及的最大数目。
正是这种小国寡民的城邦才有条件建立那种公民直接参与的民主政治，而且极不容易形成专制。
Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It’s widely used in media and taught at schools. It’s preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model f or correct British English. It’s also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used. Commonwealth of NationsThe Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head. The commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence. The major activities of Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.Critical realismCritical Realism is a literary school which flourished in the 40s and early 50s of the 19th century. The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English critical realist was Charles Dickens.Three Majestic CirclesIt’s the foreign policy adopted by the Britain after WW II.The first was the Commonwealth circle,which embraced much of Africa and Asia as well as the dominions of Canada, New Zealand and Australia. The second was Britain’s “special relationship” with the United States,and the third was Britain’s close relationship with Western Europe.Melting pot/salad bowlThe United States "is not merely a nation but a nation of nations". The immigrants came in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America was described as a "melting pot" where various racial and ethnic groups were combined into one culture. Recently, Americans have been called a "salad" in that people of different races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously but at the same time keep their distinct culture and custom.Checks and balancesIt goes back to the tradition that everybody in the United States was afraid that one persons or group, including the majority, it might become too powerful or be able to seize control of the country and create a tyranny. To guard against the possibility, the delegates who drafted the constitution set up a government consisting of three parts, or branches: the legislature, executive, and the judiciary. Each branches has powers that the others do not have and each has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful actionby other branches.Ideals of American educationThe first ideal is that as many people as possible should have access to as much education as they want. The second is that of producing a society that is totally literate and of local control. The third is about the basic nature of knowledge and learning that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known. ThanksgivingIt is celebrated in the United States on the fourth Thursday in November. For many Americas it is the most important holiday apart from Christmas. Schools, offices and most businesses close for thanksgiving, and many people make the whole weekend a vacation.The lost generationThe lost generation refers to the young American writers caught up in the world war I and cut off from the old values yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization has gone mad.They produced works of disillusionment.Two of the most representative writers of the The lost generation are Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald.。
英美国家概况大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland首都：伦敦面积：2,441,000.00 平方公里国际电话码：44人口：5858.7万人(1997年)语言：英语货币：英镑(GBP)民族：英格兰人81.5%，苏格兰人9.6%，爱尔兰人2.4%，威尔士人1.9%，奥尔斯特人1.8%，其它民族2.8%。
宗教：圣公会50%, 天主教10%。
国花：红玫瑰（蔷薇科）简史公元1-5世纪，英格兰被罗马帝国所占领。
8世纪末起到9世纪中，丹麦人侵袭英格兰，公元865年，对其发动全面入侵。
公元10世纪，魏萨王朝挫败入侵丹麦人，建立广阔权域。
丹麦人又于1017年在第二次入侵中征服英格兰，使之成为松散的丹麦海盗帝国的一部份。
1042年，帝国瓦解，恢复英国王统。
15世纪下半叶进入资本主义原始积累时期。
17世纪中爆发资产阶级革命。
18世纪后半叶至19世纪上半叶，是生气勃勃的经济变革时期，英国成为世界上第一个完成了工业革命的国家。
19世纪是大英帝国的全盛时期，它的工商业居世界领先地位，殖民地遍布五大洲；是世界上最有政治权势的国家，号称“日不落帝国”。
美利坚合众国The United States of America首都：华盛顿哥伦比亚特区面积：9,363,123.00 平方公里国际电话码：1人口：27053.7万(1998年)语言：英语货币：美元US$民族：白人83.4%，黑人12.4%，亚洲人后裔和太平洋岛居民3.3%，印第安人和爱斯基摩人0.8%，其它种族占0.1%，不属于任何教派的占10%。
宗教：56%的居民信奉基督教新教，28%信奉天主教，2%信奉犹太教，信奉其它宗教的占4%。
国花：耧斗菜（毛茛科）简史自哥伦布1492年到达美洲以后，西班牙、英国和法国等欧洲国家陆续向美洲移民并建立殖民地。
18世纪30年代，英国人在北美东海岸建立起13个殖民地。
