生理学核心词汇(中英对照)

医学常用生理学术语英文翻译Medical Terms Commonly Used in Physiology: English TranslationIntroduction:In the field of medicine, the study of physiology plays a crucial role in understanding the functions of the human body. As an interdisciplinary subject, physiology involves the study of various processes and mechanisms that occur within living organisms. To effectively communicate and collaborate with international colleagues, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of commonly used physiological terms in English. In this article, we will provide translations of key physiological terms from Chinese to English, facilitating the exchange of knowledge and promoting global collaboration in the field of medicine.1. Terminology Related to Body Systems:1.1 Cardiovascular System:- Artery (动脉): A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.- Vein (静脉): A blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.- Capillary (毛细血管): The smallest blood vessels in the body where gas exchange and nutrient transfer occur.- Heart (心脏): The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.- Blood Pressure (血压): The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.1.2 Respiratory System:- Lung (肺): The organ responsible for gas exchange, supplying oxygen to the blood and releasing carbon dioxide.- Trachea (气管): The windpipe that connects the larynx to the lungs.- Bronchial Tube (支气管): Airways that branch off from the trachea, leading to the lungs.- Respiration (呼吸): The process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.1.3 Nervous System:- Brain (大脑): The control center of the nervous system, responsible for coordinating and regulating bodily functions.- Spinal Cord (脊髓): The bundle of nerves that extends from the brain and runs down the vertebral column.- Neuron (神经元): The basic building block of the nervous system, transmitting electrical signals.- Synapse (突触): The junction between two neurons, enabling the transmission of signals.2. Physiology Terminology:2.1 Homeostasis:- Homeostasis (体内平衡): The ability of an organism or system to maintain a stable internal environment despite external fluctuations.- Feedback Mechanism (反馈机制): A regulatory process that allows the body to maintain homeostasis through continuous monitoring and adjustment.2.2 Cellular Processes:- Metabolism (新陈代谢): The set of chemical reactions that occur within living organisms to maintain life.- Respiration (细胞呼吸): The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.- Diffusion (扩散): The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.2.3 Hormonal Regulation:- Hormone (激素): Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various bodily functions.- Endocrine System (内分泌系统): A collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.- Pituitary Gland (垂体): Often referred to as the "master gland," it controls the release of hormones from other glands.Conclusion:This article has provided translations of commonly used physiological terms from Chinese to English, allowing for effective communication and collaboration in the field of medicine. Understanding these terms is essential for medical professionals and researchers seeking to exchange knowledge on a global scale. By breaking down language barriers, we can facilitate the dissemination of scientific information and promote advancements in the understanding of human physiology.。

Internal environment:内环境refers to the liquid surrounding the cells in the body of multicellular animals, that is extracellular fluid.Homeostasis稳态: refers to a state of relatively constant of physical and chemical properties of internal environment, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and all kinds of liquid ingredients in the body, and so on.positive feedback正反馈: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which a mplifies that changenegative feedback负反馈: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which counteracts that changefacilitated diffusion via carrier经载体易化扩散: Water soluble small molecules and ions under the carrier protein mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradientfacilitated diffusion via ion channel经通道易化扩散: All kinds of charged ions under the channel proteins mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradient and potential gradientPrimary active transport原发性主动转运:making direct use of energy derived from ATP to transport the ions across the cell membraneSecondary active transport次级主动转运:The ion gradients established by primary active transport permits the transport of other substances against their concentration gradientsresting potential静息电位: A potential difference across the membranes of inactive cells, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside of the cellaction potential动作电位: Some of the cells (excitable cells) are capable to rapidly reverse their resting membrane potential from negative resting values to slightly positive values. This transient and rapid change in membrane potential is called an action potential Excitation-contraction coupling兴奋收缩耦联: the mediation process of striated muscle cells generate action potentials and muscle filament contraction and relaxation. Hematocrit血细胞比容: The capacity percentage of the blood cells in the blood erythrocyte sedimentation rate红细胞沉降率: The distance that red blood cells settle in a tube of blood in one hourHemostasis止血: Small damaged blood vessels stop bleeding after a few minutes automaticallyBlood coagulation血凝固: blood change from sol to illiquid gel stateBlood group血型: The type of specific antigen on the surface of blood cellseffective refractory period:premature systole期前收缩: if ventricle is stimulated after ventricular muscle effective refractory period, before The next sinoatrial node excitement arrive, it will produce a contraction in advance.compensatory pause代偿间歇: A longer ventricular diastolic after premature systole. Atrioventricular delay房室延搁: Excitement slowly spread in atrioventricular junction and take longer time.Cardiac cycle心动周期: A cycle of heart contraction and relaxationStroke volume每搏输出量: One side of the ventricular injection volume of blood by a heart throbEjection fraction射血分数: The percentage stroke volume account for ventricularend-diastolic volumeCardiac output心输出量: The blood volume inject by one side of the ventricular per minuteCardiac index心指数: calculate cardiac output by unit surface areasystolic pressure收缩压: The highest blood pressure at mid ventricular systolic .diastolic pressure舒张压: The lowest blood pressure at ventricular end-diastolic.pulse pressure脉压: Systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressurecentral venous pressure中心静脉压: The blood pressure in right atrium and chest cavity vena cavaMicrocirculation: Blood circulation between arteriole and micro veinEffective filtration pressure有效滤过压:the pressure difference between filtration and reabsorptionRespiration: The process of gas exchange between the body and its environmentvital capacity肺活量: After inhalation complete, the largest gas exhaled from the lungs forced vital capacity用力肺活量: After inhalation complete, exhale the largest gas from the lungs as fast as possibleforced expiratory volume用力呼气量: After inhalation complete, the gas exhaled from the lungs in a certain timeAlveolar Ventilation肺泡通气量: amount of inhaled the fresh air in the alveoli per minute. Pulmonary stretch reflex牵张反射: The reflection of inspiratory inhibit or inhale excited caused by pulmonary inflation and pulmonary deflation.Digestion消化: break down of food into small molecular components small enough to absorb.Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.Absorption吸收: the small molecules that formed by digestion across the digestion tract mucosa go into blood and lymph.Small wave小波: the spontaneous rhythmic, subthreshold depolarization of the cell membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that characterizes the underlying electrical activity of the bowel.胃液主要成分1.HCl,parietal cell ,acid sterilization. Activation of pepsinogen, promotion of secretin secretion. Assisted effect of Fe and Ca absorption.2.Pepsinogen胃蛋白酶, chief cell, active in stomach, initially by H ions and then by active pepsin, autocatalytic activation. Pepsin an endopeptidase, which attacks peptide bonds in the interior of large protein molecules.3.Mucus粘液, neck cell and goblet cell, lubrication of the mucosal surface. Protection of the tissue from mechanical damage by food particle.4.intrinsic factor内因子, parietal cell. The intrinsic factor binds to vit B12 and facilitated its absorption.Stimulate gastric secretion刺激胃液分泌ACH gastrin histamine/ somatostatin Digestion phase gastric secretion消化期胃液分泌Cephalic gastric intestinal phase Regulation inhibitory gastric juice secretion胃液分泌抑制性调节1.HCl:inhibite G cell release gastrin;stimulate D cell release somatostatin;in the gastric antrum,inhibition of G cells,release of SST;in the duodenum ,release of secretin,bulbogastrone.2,fat:initiating release of enterogastrone.3,hepertonic solution:entero-gastric reflex.Receptive relaxation 容受性舒张:stimulation of receptor reflex muscle relax in the f undus and stomach body when chew and swallow.Pancreatic juice composition effect胰液成分作用:pancreatic amylase,pancreatic lip ase, trypsin,chymotrypsin,HCO3 bicarbonate balance the HCl in duodenum. Protect i ntestinal mucosa TPS and chymolase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase.Enteroh epatic circulation of bile salt.Bile salts were emptied into the small intestine with hepatic bile, about 95% is absorbed into the blood in the terminal ileum, and then synthesizing bile again after the hepatic vein to the liver, then empty into intestine.Physiological functions of bile胆汁生理作用1.Emulsifying or detergent function of bile salts.2.Help in the absorption of: fatly acid, lmonoglycerides, cholesterol, other lipids Peristalsis蠕动: the rhythmic waves of muscular relaxation and contraction are called peristalsis.Receptive relaxation 容受性舒张: stimulation of food on pharynx and esophagus produce relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and stomach.Gastric emptying胃排空: the process that the gastric contents are delivered to the duodenum.Thermal equivalent of food热价: calories liberated by 1g food oxidized in body. (kJ/g) Thermal equivalent of oxygen氧热价: heat production by consuming one liter of oxygen to oxidize a specific type of blood. (kJ/L)Respiratory quotient(RQ)呼吸商: in the process of oxidizing food, the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 used。

生物类中英文术语对照生物类中英文术语对照生物学是研究生命的科学领域，涉及到许多专业术语。

以下是一些常见的生物类中英文术语对照：1.细胞 - Cell2.细胞膜 - Cell membrane3.细胞核 - Cell nucleus4.细胞质 - Cytoplasm5.基因 - Gene6.DNA - DNA7.RNA - RNA8.蛋白质 - Protein9.酶 - Enzyme10.组织 - Tissue11.器官 - Organ12.系统 - System13.呼吸系统 - Respiratory system14.消化系统 - Digestive system15.循环系统 - Circulatory system16.神经系统 - Nervous system17.免疫系统 - Immune system18.感觉器官 - Sense organs19.植物 - Plant20.动物 - Animal21.真核生物 - Eukaryote22.原核生物 - Prokaryote23.进化 - Evolution24.自然选择 - Natural selection25.种群 - Population26.种 - Species27.物种多样性 - Biodiversity28.生态系统 - Ecosystem29.食物链 - Food chain30.生态位 - Ecological niche31.水生生物 - Aquatic organisms32.陆生生物 - Terrestrial organisms33.哺乳动物 - Mammal34.鸟类 - Bird35.爬行动物 - Reptile36.鱼类 - Fish37.節肢動物 - Arthropod38.昆虫 - Insect39.线虫 - Nematode40.软体动物 - Mollusk41.硬壳动物 - Crustacean42.植物分类 - Plant taxonomy43.界 - Kingdom44.门 - Phylum45.纲 - Class46.目 - Order47.科 - Family48.属 - Genus49.种 - Species50.进化论 - Theory of evolution51.遗传学 - Genetics52.基因组 - Genome53.遗传变异 - Genetic variation54.基因突变 - Gene mutation55.基因表达 - Gene expression56.遗传工程 - Genetic engineering57.克隆 - Cloning58.基因编辑 - Gene editing59.生物技术 - Biotechnology60.生物多样性保护 - Conservation of biodiversity61.细胞分裂 - Cell division62.有丝分裂 - Mitosis63.减数分裂 - Meiosis64.受精 - Fertilization65.胚胎 - Embryo66.胚胎发育 - Embryonic development67.遗传 - Heredity68.基因型 - Genotype69.表现型 - Phenotype70.遗传显性 - Dominant inheritance71.遗传隐性 - Recessive inheritance72.基因型比例 - Genotypic ratio73.表现型比例 - Phenotypic ratio74.自交 - Self-fertilization75.杂交 - Cross-fertilization76.光合作用 - Photosynthesis77.呼吸作用 - Respiration78.发酵 - Fermentation79.光合细菌 - Photosynthetic bacteria80.蓝藻 - Cyanobacteria81.植物生长 - Plant growth82.营养 - Nutrition83.吸收 - Absorption84.植物激素 - Plant hormones85.光周期 - Photoperiodism86.花期 - Flowering period87.叶绿素 - Chlorophyll88.光合作用速率 - Rate of photosynthesis89.光合产物 - Photosynthetic products90.光合产氧 - Oxygen production in photosynthesis91.繁殖 - Reproduction92.雄性 - Male93.雌性 - Female94.配子 - Gamete95.授粉 - Pollination96.传粉 - Pollination by animals97.结实 - Fruiting98.种子 - Seed99.胚 - Embryo100.发芽 - Germination这只是一小部分生物类中英文术语的对照，生物学领域的术语非常广泛。

cardiac cycle（心动周期）：心脏一次收缩和舒张，构成一个机械活动周期，称为cardiac cycle。

Stroke volume(每搏输出量）：简称搏出量，即一侧心室一次心脏搏动射出的血量。

正常成人安静平卧时约为70ml。

Ejection fraction(射血分数）：搏出量与心室舒张末期容积的百分比。

安静状态约55%-65% Cardiac output(每分心输出量）：一侧心室每分钟射出的血量（心输出量）Cardiac index(心指数）：单位体表面积的心输出量，称心指数。

安静、空腹状态下的心指数，称静息心指数。

Stroke work每搏功，心室一次收缩射血所做的功每分功:是指心室每分钟内收缩射血所做的功即心室完成每分输出量所做的机械外功，等于每搏功x心率。

Blood presure(血压）：是指血管内流动着的血液对单位面积血管壁的侧压力，即压强。

Arterial blood pressure(动脉血压）：是动脉血管内血液对单位面积血管壁的侧压力。

Central Venous Presure(中心静脉压）：右心房和胸腔大静脉的血压。

正常值：4-12cmH20 Peripheral venous pressure(外周静脉压）：指各器官静脉的血压。

Digestion（消化）：食物在消化道内被分解为可吸收的小分子物质的过程。

Absorption（吸收）：经消化后的营养成分透过消化道粘膜进入血液或淋巴液的过程。

slow wave potential**（慢波）：又称Basic electrial rhythm(BER，基本电节律），指消化道平滑肌细胞在静息电位的基础上，自发地产生周期性的轻度去极化和复极化。

Gastric emptying 胃排空指的是食物由胃排入十二指肠的过程Enterohepatic circulation of bile salt胆盐的肠肝循环，进入小肠的胆盐绝大部分由回肠粘膜吸收入血，通过门静脉系统回到肝脏再形成胆汁。

生理学名词中英文对照第一章绪论1.机体的内环境(internal environment)2.稳态（homeostasis）3.反射(reflex)4.反射弧(reflex arc)5.旁分泌调节（paracrine regulation）6.自身调节（autoregulation）7.负反馈（negative feedback） 8.正反馈（positive feedback）9.前馈(feed-forward)第二章细胞的基本功能10. 被动转运（passive transport） 11. 单纯扩散（simple diffusion）12. 经载体易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via carrier）13. 经通道易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via ion channel）14. 电压门控通道(voltage gated ion channel)15. 离子通道（ion channel）16. 化学门控通道(chemically gated ion channel)17. 机械门控通道(mechanically gated ion channel)18. 原发性主动转运（primary active transport）19. 继发性主动转运（secondary active transport）20. 同向转运（symport） 21. 反向转运（antiport）22. 出胞（exocytosis） 23. 入胞（endocytosis）24. 跨膜信号转导（transmembrane signal transduction）25. 刺激(stimulation) 26. 兴奋(excitation)27. 兴奋性(excitability) 28. 阈值(threshold)29. 极化（polarization） 30. 去极化（depolarization）31. 超极化（hyperpolarization） 32. 复极化（repolarization）33. 内向电流（inward current） 34. 外向电流（outward current）35. 电化学驱动力（electrochemical driving force）36. 静息电位(resting potential) 37. K+平衡电位（K+ equilibrium potential）38. 动作电位(action potential) 39. 超射（overshoot）40. “全或无”现象（“all or none”phenomenon）41. 阈电位（threshold potential） 42. 局部电位（local potential）43. 时间性总和（temporal summation） 44. 空间性总和（spatial summation）45. 量子释放（quantal release）46. 兴奋-收缩耦联（excitation-contraction coupling）47. 等长收缩（isometric contraction） 48. 等张收缩（isotonic contraction）49. 前负荷（preload） 50. 后负荷（afterload）51．肌肉收缩能力(contractility) 52．不完全强直收缩（incomplete tetauns）53．完全强直收缩（complete tetanus） 54.运动单位（motor unit）第三章血液55. 血细胞比容（hematocrit） 56. 血浆渗透压（plasma osmotic pressure）57. 血浆晶体渗透压（plasma crystal osmotic pressure）58. 血浆胶体渗透压（plasma colloid osmotic pressure）59. 悬浮稳定性（suspension stability）60.红细胞沉降率（erythrocyte sedimentation rate）61.红细胞渗透脆性（osmotic fragility） 62.血小板黏附（platelet adhesion）63.血小板聚集（platelet aggregation） 64.生理性止血（hemostasis）65.出血时间（bleeding time） 66.凝血时间（clotting time）67.血液凝固（blood coagulation） 68.血清（serum）69.凝血因子（clotting factor） 70.内源性凝血途径（intrinsic pathway）71.外源性凝血途径（extrinsic pathway） 72.纤维蛋白溶解（fibrinolysis）73.血型（blood group） 74.红细胞凝集（agglutination）75.凝集原（agglutinogen）76.凝集素（agglutinin）77.交叉配血试验（corss-match test）第四章血液循环78. 心动周期（cardiac cycle）79. 等容收缩期（period of isovolumic contraction）80. 等容舒张期（period of isovolumic relaxation）81. 每搏输出量（stroke volume）82. 射血分数（ejection fraction）83. 心输出量（cardiac output）84 心指数（cardiac index）85. 异长调节（heterometric regulation）86.心室功能曲线（ventricular function curve）87.心肌收缩能力(myocardial contractility)88.等长调节（homometric regulation）89.快反应细胞（fast response cell） 90.慢反应细胞（slow response cell）91.期前收缩（premature systole） 92.代偿间歇（compensatory pause）93.自动节律性(autorhythmicity) 94.正常起搏点（normal pacemaker）95.潜在起搏点（latent pacemaker） 96.异位起搏点（ectopic pacemaker）97.房室延搁（atrioventricular delay）98.膜反应曲线（membrane responsiveness curve）99.钙触发钙释放（calcium-induced Ca2+ release）100.外周阻力（peripheral resistance）101.动脉血压（arterial blood pressure）102.收缩压（systolic pressure）103.舒张压（diastolic pressure） 104.平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure）105.中心静脉压（central venous pressure）106.微循环（microcirculation） 107.压力感受性反射（baroreceptor reflex）第五章呼吸108.肺通气（pulmonary ventilation） 109.肺换气（gas exchange in lungs）110.呼吸运动（respiratory movement） 111.弹性阻力（elastic resistance）112.顺应性(compliance) 113.肺的静态顺应性（static compliance）114.比顺应性(specific compliance) 115.肺表面活性物质（pulmonary surfactant）116.气道阻力(airway resistance) 117.潮气量(tidal volume)118.余气量(residual volume)119.功能余气量(functional residual capacity)120.肺活量(vital capacity) 121.用力肺活量(forced vital capacity) 122.用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume)123.肺通气量(pulmonary ventilation)124.解剖无效腔(anatomical dead space) 125.肺泡无效腔(alveolar dead space) 126.肺泡通气量(alveolar ventilation)127.通气/血流比值(ventilation/perfusion ratio)128.血氧容量(oxygen capacity) 129.血氧含量(oxygen content)130.血氧饱和度(oxygen saturation) 131.氧解离曲线(oxygen dissociation curve) 132.肺牵张反射(pulmonary stretch reflex)第六章消化与吸收133.消化（digestion） 134.机械性消化（mechanical digestion）135.化学性消化（chemical digestion） 136.吸收（absorption）137.慢波（slow wave） 138.胃肠激素（gastrointestinal hormone）139.脑-肠肽（braingut peptide）140.黏液-碳酸氢盐屏障（mucus bicarbonate barrier）141.胃黏膜屏障（gastric mucosal barrier）142.容受性舒张（receptive relaxation）143.紧张性收缩（tonic contraction） 144.胃的排空（gastric emptying）145.肠-胃反射（entero-gastric reflex） 146.分节运动（segmentation contraction）147.胆盐的肠-肝循环（enterohepatic circulation of bile salt）第七章能量代谢与体温148. 能量代谢(energy metabolism)149. 食物的热价(thermal equivalent of food)150. 氧热价(thermal equivalent of oxygen)151. 呼吸商(respiratory quotient) 152. 基础代谢率(basal metabolic rate) 153. 体温（body temperature） 154.温热性发汗（thermal sweating）155.精神性发汗（mental sweating 156.热敏神经元(warm-sensitive neuron) 157.冷敏神经元(cold-sensitive neuron)第八章尿的生成和排出158. 管-球反馈（tubuloglomerular feedback）159. 肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate)160. 滤过分数(filtration fraction)161. 有效滤过压(effective filtration pressure)162. 肾糖阈（renal threshold for glucose）163. 葡萄糖吸收极限量（transfer maximum of glucose）164. 渗透性利尿（osmotic diuresis）165. 球-管平衡(glomerulotubular balance) 166. 水利尿（water diuresis） 167.清除率（clearance）第九章感觉器官的功能168. 感受器（receptor） 169. 感觉器官（sense organ）170. 适宜刺激（adequate stimulus） 171. 换能作用（transducer function）172. 瞳孔对光反射（pupillary light reflex）173.互感性对光反射（consensual light reflex）174. 瞳孔近反射（near reflex of the pupil）175.视敏度（visual acuity）176.暗适应（dark adaptation） 177.明适应（light adaptation）178.视野（visual field） 179.听阈（hearing threshold）180.耳蜗内电位(endocochlear potential)181.耳蜗微音器电位（cochlear microphonic potential）182.眼球震颤（nystagmus）第十章神经系统的功能183.突触（synapse） 184.经典的突触（classical synapse）185.兴奋性突触后电位(excitatory postsynaptic potential)186.抑制性突触后电位(inhibitory postsynaptic potential)187.非定向突触（non-directed synapse） 188.电突触（electric synapse）189.神经递质（neurotransmitter） 190.神经调质（neuromodulator）191.受体（receptor） 192.激动剂（agonist）193.拮抗剂（antagonist） 194.上调（up regulation）195.下调（down regulation） 196.胆碱能纤维（cholinergic fiber）197.肾上腺素能纤维（adrenergic fiber） 198.突触后抑制（postsynaptic inhibition）199.传入侧支性抑制(afferent collateral inhibition)200.回返性抑制(recurrent inhibition) 201.突触前抑制（presynaptic inhibition）202.特异投射系统(specific projection system)203.非特异投射系统(nonspecific projection system)204.牵涉痛（referred pain） 205.脊休克（spinal shock）206.牵张反射（stretch reflex） 207.腱反射(tendon reflex)208.肌紧张(muscle tonus) 209.去大脑僵直（decerebrate rigidity）210.α僵直（α-rigidity） 211.γ僵直（γ-rigidity）212.自发脑电活动（spontaneous electric activity of the brain）213.脑电图（electroencephalogram）214.脑干网状结构上行激动系统(ascending reticular activating system) 215.慢波睡眠（slow wave sleep） 216.异相睡眠（paradoxical sleep）第十一章内分泌217. 激素(hormone) 218. 允许作用(permissive action) 219. 长反馈（long-loop feedback） 220. 短反馈（short-loop feedback）221. 超短反馈（ultra-short-loop feedback）222. 下丘脑调节肽(hypothalamic regulatory peptides)223. 应激反应（stress reaction） 224.应急反应（emergency reaction）第十二章生殖225. 月经（menstruation） 226. 月经周期（menstrual cycle）227. 增生期（proliferative phase） 228. 黄体期（luteal phase）。

兴奋性excitability 组织细胞对刺激发生兴奋的能力，也即产生动作电位的能力。

内环境internal environment 机体细胞所直接生存的自身体液环境，即细胞外液。

稳态homeostasis 在机体各功能系统的协调作用下，内环境理化特性保持相对恒定的状态。

反射reflrx 机体在中枢神经系统参与下，对刺激发生的规律性反应。

负反馈negative feedback 在自动控制系统中，反馈信息与控制信息的作用性质相同，使系统输出的控制指令向相反方向改变，即增强输出控制信息所致效应的反馈过程。

易化扩散facilitated diffusion 是体内非脂溶性物质或脂溶性差的物质，借助于膜转运蛋白质，有高浓度一侧向低浓度一侧转运的过程，依据膜转运蛋白作用原理，分载体中介异化扩散和通道中介异化扩散。

前者主要涉及葡萄糖、氨基酸等物质转运，后者主要涉及例子等的转运。

静息电位resting membrane potential 细胞在未受到刺激而处于安静状态时，存在于细胞内、外两侧的电位差，表现为膜内电位较膜外为负。

动作电位action potential 是指可兴奋细胞受到阀刺激或阀上刺激时，在静息电位的基础上所产生的一次迅速、可逆、可传导的电位波动。

动作电位是细胞兴奋的标志，由峰电位和后电位组成阀电位threshold potential 是Na+通道突然大量开放而产生动作电位的细胞临界膜电位数值，一般比静息电位的绝对值小10~20mv全或无现象all or none phenomenon等长收缩isometric contraction 肌肉收缩过程中，长度保持不变，而张力增大的收缩形式。

血细胞比容hematocrit 经过离心处理后，血细胞在血液中所占的容积百分比。

红细胞渗透脆osmotic fragility 是指红细胞在低渗盐溶液中发生膨胀=破裂和溶血的特性。

血液凝固blood coagulation 血液由流动变成不能流动的凝胶状态的过程。

附录四生理学实验常用术语中英文对照1ą-波阻断alpha wave block氨基甲酸乙酯(脲酯，即乌拉坦) urethane 暗适应 dark adaptation安置 arrangeB白细胞 white blood cell (WBC)白细胞记数 numeration of leukocytes保护电极 protected electrode报告 report表面电极 surface electrode标准 standard波长 wavelength波宽 duration玻璃板 glass board玻璃分针 glass dissecting needle波形 wave form补呼气量 expiratory reserve volume补吸气量 inspiratory reserve volume不完全强直 incomplete tetanus不应期 refractory periodC材料material采血针 puncturing needle血型鉴定 blood typing蟾蜍toad肠肌 intestinal muscle潮气量 tidal volume抽血 draw blood穿刺 puncture传导速度 conduction velocity传出神经 efferent nerve传人神经 afferent nerve触发 trigger触发开关 trigger switch垂体后叶素 pituitrin刺激电极 stimulating electrode刺激伪迹 stimulating artifact促胰液素 secretin2大地，接地 ground大脑皮层 cerebral cortex大鼠rat代偿间歇 compensatory pause单极 monopolar单收缩 single twitch单相动作电位monophasic action potential胆盐 bile salt胆汁分泌 bile secretion导联 lead导线wire地，接地 earth (ground)滴管 dropper低血糖痉挛 hypoglycemic convulsion电磁标 signal magnet电刺激装置electrical stimulation apparatus电流 current电极 electrode电机械换能器electromechanical transducer电生理学 electrophysiology电压 voltage电压钳制术 voltage clamp technique电子刺激器 electron stimulator动脉插管 arterial cannula动脉夹 artery clip动脉套管 arterial cannula动作电位 action potential窦神经 sinus nerve对照 control多导电生理记录仪multipurpose polygraphE耳蜗微音器电位Cochlea microphonic potentialF乏极化电极 non-polarizable electrode放大enlarge放大器 amplifier3放电频率 firing frequency反射弧 reflex arc反射时 reflex time肺活量 vital capacity肺量计 spirometer肺内压 intrapulmonary pressure肺容量 pulmonary capacity肺通气 pulmonary ventilation腓总神经 popliteal nerve分贝 decibel (db)酚红，酚磺酞pernol red (phenolsulfonphthalein, vPSP) 缝合suture缝线suture辐辏，汇聚 convergence腹腔注射intraperitoneal injectionG肝素 heparin干扰 disturbance感应电刺激器 inductirium杠杆lever隔离 insulation, interference鸽子 dove狗 dog骨骼肌 skeletal muscle股神经 crural nerve光反射 light reflexH化学感受器 chemoreceptor红细胞red blood cell (RBC)红细胞比积 hematocrit红细胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 互感性光反射 consensual light reflex毁脑、脊髓的蟾蜍 pithed-toad呼吸运动 respiratory movementJ基础代谢率basal metabolic rate (BMR) 记滴器 drop recorder肌肉注射 intramuscular injection计时器 time recorder4记数板 counting slide记数池 counting chamber肌电图 electromyogram (EMG)脊椎动物 spinal animal肌动器 myograph肌紧张，肌张力 muscle tone脊髓反射 spinal reflex脊休克 spinal shock胫神经 tibial nerve静脉套管 venous cannula静脉注射venous injection, mainline静息电位 resting potential记录装置 recording apparatus剪刀 scissors监听器 audiomonitor交感神经 sympathetic nerve紧张期 tension period急性实验法 acute methodology减压神经放电discharge of depressor nerve减压反射 depressor reflex检压计 manometer局部麻醉 local anesthesiaK抗利尿激素 antidiuretic hormone (ADH)跨肺压 transpulmonary pressureL乐氏溶液 Locker's solution离体 in vitro离体蟾蜍心脏 isolated toad heart量血压take one's blood pressure硫喷妥钠 sodium pentothal氯醛糖chloralose颅骨钻 trephineM玛利氏气鼓 Marey's tambour麻醉剂 anesthetic agents麦克风，微音器 microphone脉率 pulse rate麦氏溶液 Magu’s solution盲点 blind spot5猫 cat每分钟通气量 minute ventilation volume 每分钟心输出量 minute cardiac output 描记气鼓 recording tambour前庭功能 vestibular function迷走神经 vagus nerveN脑电图 electroencephalogram (EEG)脑电图仪 electroencephalograph钠石灰 soda lime能量代谢 energy metabolism尿激酶 urokinase尿生成 urine formation凝固 coagulationP培养皿 culture dish运动皮质 motor cortex皮下注射 subcutaneous injection平滑肌 smooth muscle普通电极 common electrodeQ潜伏期 latent period强度—时间曲线 strength-duration curve 前置放大器 preamplifier气管插管 trachea cannula气管套管 tracheal cannula期前收缩 premature contraction期前兴奋 premature excitation切开 incision气胸 pneumothorax去大脑僵直 decerebrated rigidity去甲肾上腺素 noradrenaline (NA)躯体运动 somatic movement屈反射 flexion reflex全身麻醉 general anesthesia犬 dogR任内实验 Renne's test妊娠实验 pregnancy test任氏溶液 Renne's solution6人体绒毛膜促性腺激素human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)S扫描 sweep搔抓反射 scratch reflex纱布 gauze神经冲动 nerve impulse神经肌单位 neuromuscular unit神经调节 nerve regulation肾上腺素能神经 adrenergic nerve生理溶液 physiological solution生理学实验 physiological experiments生理盐水 normal saline生物电 bioelectricity射血前期 pre-ejection period (PEP)示波器 oscilloscope, oscillograph时间肺活量 timed vital capacity时基 time base视力表 visual testing chart视力计 optometer视敏度，视力 visual acuity视网膜电图 electroretinogram (ERG)视野 visual field实验设计 experimental design手术刀 scalpel手术灯 operating lamp手术台 operating table输出 output输入端 input输液 fluid injection双相动作电位 biphasic action potential斯氏第一结扎 stanniu’s first ligature斯氏第二结扎 stanniu's second ligature水检压计 water manometer水银检压计mecury manometer顺应性 compliance速率rate速尿 furosemide缩瞳 muosisT台氏溶液 Tyrode's solution体温计 thermometer调节反射 accommodation reflex7听诊器 stethoscope同步，同时性 synchronism铜锌弓(双金属电极) bimetal electrode 图，曲线diagram兔 rabbit脱脂棉 adsorben cottonW蛙 frog蛙心夹 heart chip完全强直收缩 completetetanus魏伯实验 Weber's test胃肠运动 gastrointestinal movement微音器效应 microphonic effect戊巴比妥钠 sodium pentobarbital无创伤测定 noninvasive assessmentX显微镜 microscope小脑损伤 cerebellar injury小鼠 mouse效应 effect心电图 electrocardiogram (ECG)心电向量图 vectorcardiogram心肌 myocardium兴奋 excitation兴奋性 excitability纤维蛋白溶解 fibrinolysis胸内负压 intrathoracic negative pressure 血红蛋白 hemoglobin (Hb)血红蛋白的测定estimation of hemoglobin 血红蛋白计 hemoglobinometer血管钳 hemostat血浆 plasma血流 blood blow血清serum血压 blood pressure血压计 hemomanometer血液凝固 blood coagulation血细胞记数器 hemocytometer血型 blood groupY压力感受器 baroreceptor8延迟delay易化区 facilitatory area咬骨钳 bone forceps乙醚ether乙酰胆碱 acetylcholine (ACh)抑制 inhibition抑制区 inhibitory area阴极 cathode阴极射线示波器 cathoderay oscillograph音叉 tuning fork影响influence诱发电位 evoked potential运动单位 motor unit阈电位 threshold potential阈刺激 threshold stimulus阈上刺激 suprathreshold stimulus阈下刺激 subthreshold stimulus阈值 thresho1dZ在体 in vivo止血 stop bleeding止血钳 hemostatic forceps振幅 amplitude正规胰岛素 regular insulin主动脉神经 aortic nerve注射 inject装置 apparatus增益gain针形电极 point electrode注射器syringe注射器针头 syringe needle总电机械收缩期total electromechanical systole (TEMS)总和 summation阻断 cut-out阻尼，衰减 damping最大刺激 maximal stimulus最大收缩 maximal contraction最大通气量 maximal ventilation capicity坐骨神经－腓肠肌标本 sciatic-gastrocnemius preparatio9。

《生理学》专业英语词汇第一章绪论1．内环境（internal environment）2．稳态（homeostasis）3．反射（reflex）4．负反馈（negative feedback）5．正反馈（positive feedback）6. 神经调节（nervous regulation）7. 体液调节( humoral regulation )8. 自身调节（autoregulation）第二章细胞的基本功能1．钠泵（sodium pump）2．静息电位（resting potential，RP）3．动作电位（action potential，AP）4．极化（polarization）5．超极化（hyperpolarization）6．去极化（depolarization）7．复极化（repolarization）8．阈强度（threshold tensen）9．阈电位（threshold potential，TP）10．局部电位（local potential）第三章血液1．血细胞比容（hematocrit）2．红细胞沉降率（erythrocyte sedimentation rate，ESR）3．血型（blood group）4．血液凝固（blood coagulation）5．促红细胞生成素（erythropoietin, EPO）第四章血液循环1．心动周期（cardiac cycle）2．搏出量（stroke volume，SV）3．射血分数（ejection fraction）4．心输出量（cardiac output，CO）5．心指数（cardiac index）6．心力储备（cardiac reserve）7．房-室延搁（atrioventricular delay）8．收缩压（systolic pressure，SP）9．舒张压（diastolic pressure，DP）10．中心静脉压（central venous pressure，CVP）11．肾素（renin）第五章呼吸1．潮气量（tidal volume，TV）2．肺活量（vital capacity，VC）3．用力肺活量（forced vital capacity，FVC）4．解剖无效腔（anatomical dead space）5．肺泡通气量（alveolar ventilation）6．肺通气/血流比值（ventilation/perfusion ratio）7．肺表面活性物质pulmonary surfactant第六章消化和吸收1．消化（digestion）2．吸收（absorption）3．脑-肠肽（brain-gut peptide）4．胃排空（gastic emptying）5．容受性舒张（receptive relaxation）6. 胆盐的肠肝循环（enterohepatic circulation of bile salt）第八章尿的生成和排出1．肾小球滤过率（glomerular filtration rate，GFR）2．滤过分数（filtration fraction，FF）3．肾糖阈（renal thredhold for glucose）4．渗透性利尿（osmotic diuresis）5．球-管平衡（glomerulotubular balance）6．水利尿（water diuresis）7．肾血浆清除率（renal plasma clearance）第九章神经系统的功能1．（感受器的）换能作用（transducer function）2．明适应（light adaptation）3．暗适应（dark adaptation）4．兴奋性突触后电位（excitatory postsynaptic potential，EPSP）5．抑制性突触后电位（inhibitory postsynaptic potential，IPSP）6．牵涉痛（referred pain）7．脊休克（spinal shock）8．牵张反射（stretch reflex）9．肌紧张（muscle tonus）10．去大脑僵直（decerebrate rigidity）第十章内分泌1．（激素的）允许作用（permissive action）2．下丘脑调节肽（hypothalamic regulatory peptide，HRP）3．应激（stress）。

推荐掌握的英文单词第一篇绪论internal environment内环境P5homeostasis稳态P5nervous regulation神经调节P6humoral regulation体液调节P6autoregulation自身调节 P6negative feedback负反馈 P8Positive feedback正反馈 P8第二篇细胞的基本功能simple diffusion单纯扩散)P18ion channel离子通道 P20water channel水通道P25secondary active transport继发性主动转运P29resting potential静息电位P47polarization极化P47hyperpolarization超极化 P47depolarization去极化 P47repolarization复极化 P47overshoot超射 P47Action potential动作电位P47spike potential锋电位 P51voltage clamp电压钳 P52patch clamp膜片钳P55Excitation兴奋 P65Excitability兴奋性 P65absolute refractory period绝对不应期P65relative refractory period相对不应期P65supernormal period超常期P65subnormal period低常期P65miniature endplate potential，MEPP微终板电位P69preload前负荷P81afterload后负荷P82contractility收缩能力P83twitch单收缩P84第三篇血液的功能Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate，ESR红细胞沉降率（血沉）P99 osmotic fragility渗透脆性 P99bleeding time出血时间P111Blood group血型P112blood coagulation血液凝固 P118clotting factor凝血因子 P118第四篇血液循环第九章心脏的生物电活动pump function 起搏功能autorhythmicity 自动节律性pacemaking function 起搏功能maximum diastolic potential, MDP 最大舒张电位maximum repolarization potential 最大复极电位fast response action potential快反应动作电位fast response cell 快反应细胞slow response action potential慢反应动作电位slow response cell 慢反应细胞sodium-calcium exchange 钠-钙交换electrocardiogram, ECG 心电图action potential duration,APD 动作电位时程amplitude of action potential, APA 动作电位幅值transient outward current, I to瞬时性外向离子流plateau phase 平台期long lasting calcium current,I Ca-Leffective refractory period, ERP 有效不应期premature systole 期前收缩extrasystole 期外收缩compensatory pause 代偿性间歇cardiac arrthythmia 心律失常sinus rhythm 窦性心律dominant pacemaker 主导起搏点latent pacemaker 潜在起搏点ectopic pacemaker 异位起搏点capture 抢先占领overdrive suppression 超速驱动压抑positive chronotropic action 正性变时作用negative chronotropic action 负性变时作用preferential pathway 优势传导通路functional syncytium 功能合胞体atrioventricular delay 房室延搁positive dromotropic action 正性变传导作用negative dromotropic action 负性变传导作用P-wave P波P-R interval P-R间期P-R segment P-R段QRS complex QFS波群S-T segment S-T段第十章心脏的泵血功能contractility 收缩性positive inotropic action 正性变力作用negative inotropic action 负性变力作用calcium-induced calcium release, CICR 钙触发钙释放calcium transient 钙瞬变atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP 心房钠尿肽endothelin 内皮素angiotension II 血管紧张素cardiac cycle 心动周期systole 收缩期diastole 舒张期pump cycle 泵周期ventricular systole 心室收缩期isovolumic contraction phase 等容收缩期injection phase 射血期rapid injection phase 快速射血期reduced injection phase 减慢射血期isovolumic relaxation phase等容舒张期rapid filling phase 快速充盈期reduced filling phase减慢充盈期priming pupm 初级泵heart sound 心音stroke volume 搏出量ejection fraction, EF 射血分数cardiac output，CO 心输出量cardiac index 心指数stroke work 搏功cardiac reserve 心力储备heterometric autoregulation 异长自身调节ventricular function curve 心室功能曲线homometric regulation 等长第十一章血管生理Windkessel vessel 弹性储器血管distribution vessel 分配血管precapillary resistance vessel 毛细血管前阻力血管precapillary sphincter 毛细血管前括约肌exchange vessel 交换血管postcapillary resistance vessel 毛细血管后阻力血管capacitance vessel 容量血管shunt vessel 短路血管arteriovenous shunt 动-静脉短路renin 肾素angiotensin 血管紧张素resistance of blood flow 血流阻力blood viscosity 血液粘滞度blood pressure 血压arterial blood pressure 动脉血压mean circulatory filling pressure 循环系统平均充盈压peripheral resistance 外周阻力systolic pressure 收缩压diastolic prssure 舒张压pulse pressure 脉压mean arterial pressure 平均动脉压central venous pressure 中心静脉压peripheral venous 外周静脉压venous return 静脉回心血量microcirculation 微循环ateriole 微动脉metarteriole 后微动脉throughfare 直捷通路effective filtration pressure 有效滤过压cardiac vagal tone 心迷走紧张cardiac sympathetic tone 心交感紧张vasoconstrictor nerve 缩血管神经vasodilator nerve 舒血管神经sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone交感缩血管紧张sympathetic vasoconstrictor center交感缩血管中枢cardiac sympathetic center 心交感中枢cardiac vagus center 心迷走中枢cardiaovascular reflex 心血管反射arterial baroreceptor reflex 压力感受性反射depressor reflex降压反射carotid sinus 颈动脉窦aortic arch 主动脉弓carotid sinus nerve 颈动脉窦神经chemoreceptor reflex 化学感受器反射carotid body 颈动脉体aortic body 主动脉体renin-angiotensin system, RAS 肾素－血管紧张素系统angiotensin-converting enzyme,ACE 血管紧张素转换酶adrenaline, epinephrine 肾上腺素noradrenaline, norepinephrine 去甲肾上腺素vasopressin 血管升压素nitric oxide, NO一氧化氮renal-body system 肾体液控制系统第十三章 器官循环coronary circulation 冠脉循环adnosine 腺苷第五篇 呼吸第十四章 肺通气respiration 呼吸external Respiration外呼吸internal respiration 内呼吸pulmonary ventilation 肺通气intrapulmonary pressure 肺内压inspiration 吸气expiration 呼气artificial respiration 人工呼吸respiratory movement 呼吸运动abdominal breathing 腹式呼吸thoracic breathing 胸式呼吸eupnea 平静呼吸forced breathing 用力呼吸intrapleural pressure 胸膜腔内压pneumothorax 气胸lung compliance 肺顺应性pulmonary surfactant 肺表面活性物质dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, DPPC 二棕榈酰卵磷脂inelastic resistance 非弹性阻力restrictive hypoventilation 限制性通气不足obstructive hypoventilation 阻塞性通气不足pulmonary volume 肺容积tidal volume, TV 潮气量inspiratory reserve volume, IRV补吸气量expiratory reserve,ERV补呼气量residual volume，RV 残气量functional residual capacity, FRC 功能残气量vital capacity,VC 肺活量forced expiratory volume, FEV用力呼气量total lung capacity 肺总量pulmonary ventilation 肺通气量maximal voluntary ventilation 最大随意通气量anatomical dead space解剖无效腔alveolar dead space 肺泡无效腔physiological dead space 生理无效腔alveolar ventilation肺泡通气量第十五章 肺换气和组织换气respiratory membrane 呼吸膜ventilation/perfusion ratio通气－血流比值第十六章 氧和二氧化碳在血液中的运输oxyhemoglobin 氧合血红蛋白deoxyhemoglobin 去氧血红蛋白oxygen capacity of Hb Ｈb的氧容量oxygen content of Hb Ｈb的氧含量oxygen saturation of Hb Ｈb的氧饱和度oxygen dissociation curve氧解离曲线Bohr effect 波尔效应carbaminohemoglobin 氨基甲酰血红蛋白第十七章 呼吸运动的调节respiratory center 呼吸中枢apneusis 长吸式呼吸pneumotaxic center呼吸调整中枢inspiratory neuron 吸气神经元expiratory neuron 呼气神经元respiratory rhythm呼吸节律peripheral chemoreceptor 外周化学感受器central chemoreceptor 外周化学感受器pulmonary stretch reflex 肺牵张反射第六篇 消化slow wave potential慢波电位basic electrical rhythm基本电节律gastrointestinal hormone胃肠激素mucus-bicarbonate barrier粘液－碳酸氢盐屏障enterohepatic circulation of bile salt胆盐的肠肝循环peristalsis蠕动low esophageal sphincter食管下括约肌entero-gastric reflex肠－胃反射segmentation contraction分节运动digestion消化absorption吸收第七篇 能量代谢与体温thermal equivalent of food食物的热价caloric value of food食物的卡价thermal equivalent of oxygen食物的氧热价respiratory quotient呼吸商specific dynamic action食物的特殊动力效应basal metabolism基础代谢body temperature体温core temperature深部温度shell temperature表层温度circadian rhythm日节律biorhythm生物节律radiation）辐射conduction传导convection对流insensible evaporation不感蒸发sensible evaporation可感蒸发thermal sweating温热性发汗mental sweating精神性发汗gustatory sweating味觉性发汗autonomic thermoregulation自主性体温调节behavioral thermoregulation行为性体温调节set point调定点第八篇 尿的生成与排出autoregulation of renal blood flow肾血流量的自身调节glomerular filtration rate肾小球滤过率filtration fraction滤过分数effective filtration pressure有效滤过压renal glucose threshold肾糖阈secretion分泌clearance清楚率tubuloglomerular feedback管球反馈glomerulotubular balance球管平衡osmotic diuresis渗透性利尿renorenal reflex肾－肾反射第九篇 神经系统receptor感受器adequate stimulus适宜刺激receptor potential感受器电位generator potential发生器电位coding编码作用adaptation适应现象reduced eye简化眼visual acuity视敏度visual accommodation眼的调节near point of vision近点myopia近视hyperopia远视astimatism散光nyctalopia夜盲症dark adaptation暗适应light adaptation明适应visual field视野hearing threshold听阈air conduction气导bone conduction骨导microphonic potential蜗微音器电位nystagmus眼震颤neuron神经元nerve impulse神经冲动axoplasmic transport轴浆运输postsynaptic potential突触后电位EPSP兴奋性突触后电位IPSP抑制性突触后电位postsynaptic inhibition突触后抑制presynaptic inhibition突触前抑制presynaptic facilitation突触前易化synaptic delay突触延搁electric synaptic transmission电突触传递 neurotransmitter神经递质cholinergic fiber胆碱能纤维adrenergic fiber肾上腺素能纤维specific projection system特异性投射系统non- specific projection system非特异性投射系统 evoked cortical potential皮层诱发电位（）、 referred pain牵涉痛muscle tonus肌紧张tendon reflex腱反射spinal shock脊休克stretch reflex牵张反射decerebrate rigidity去大脑僵直conditioned reflex条件反射unconditioned reflex非条件反射first signal system第一信号系统second signal system第二信号系统 electroencephalograme,EEG脑电图α－blockα波阻断slow wave sleep慢波睡眠第十篇 内分泌内分泌endocrine激素hormone神经内分泌neuroendocrine内分泌系统endocrine system胺类激素amine hormone多肽和蛋白质类激素polypeptide and protein hormone类固醇激素steroid hormone下丘脑-垂体-靶腺轴hypothalamus-adenohypophysis-target gland axis 下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴hypothalamus-adenohypophysis-thyroid axis 下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质腺轴hypothalamus-adrenocortical gland axis 下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴hypothalamus-adenohypophysis-gonadal axis生长激素释放激素growth hormone releasing hormone生长抑素somatostatin或growth hormone release inhibiting hormone 促甲状腺激素释放激素thyrotropin releasing hormone促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素corticotropin-releasing hormone促性腺激素释放激素gonadotropin-releasing hormone生长激素growth hormone促甲状腺激素thyroid-stimulating hormone促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocortical hormone卵泡刺激素follicle stimulating hormone黄体生成素luteinizing hormone胰岛素样生长因子insulin-like growth factor应激反应stress reaction催乳素prolactin缩宫素oxytocin甲状腺激素thyroid hormone胰岛素insulin糖皮质激素glucocorticoid允许作用permissive action应急反应emergency reaction雄激素androgen排卵ovulation雌激素female sex hormone孕激素pregnancy hormone。