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第9章语言与文学
9.1 复习笔记
本章要点：
1. Foregrounding; literal language and figurative language
前景化；字面语言和比喻语言
2. The language in poetry, fiction and drama
诗歌、小说和戏剧中的语言
3. The cognitive approach to literature
从认知角度研究文学
常考考点：
文体学概念；前景化；原语言和比喻语言；言语和思维的表达；了解诗歌、小说和戏剧语言的分析方法；掌握押韵和音步的概念以及正确辨别和不同的视角在小说作品中的运用
本章内容索引：
I. Stylistics
1. Definition
2. Literary Stylistics
(1) Foregrounding
(2) Literal language and Figurative Language II. The Language in Poetry
1. Sound patterning
2. Different forms of sound patterning
3. Metrical patterning
4. Conventional forms of meter and sound
5. The poetic functions of sound and meter
6. How to analyze poetry
III. The Language in Fiction
1. Fiction prose and points of view
(1) I-narrators
(2) Third-person narrators
(3) Schema-oriented language
(4) Given vs. New information
(5) Deixis
2. Speech and thought presentation
(1) Speech presentation
(2) Thought presentation
(3) Stream of consciousness writing
3. Prose style
(1) Authorial style
(2) Text style
4. How to analyze the language of fiction
IV. The Language in Drama
1. How to analyze drama
2. Analyzing dramatic language
V. The Cognitive Approach to Literature
1. Figure and Ground
2. Image Schemata
3. Cognitive Metaphor
I. Stylistics (文体学)
1. Definition (定义)
It is a branch of linguistics studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.
文体学作为语言学的分支，主要研究特殊语境中语言的特征(即语言的多样性)，并试图建立一些规则，以解释个体和社团在语言使用过程中的特殊选择。
2. Literary Stylistics (文学文体学)
The branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between language and literature is literary stylistics, which focuses on the study of linguistic features
related to literary style.
文学文体学是研究语言与文学关系的学科，其研究焦点是与文学文体相关联的语言特征。
(1) Foregrounding (前景化)
Originally coming from visual arts and in contrast with backgrounding, the concept of foregrounding, a popular term in stylistics, was applied in literary studies by the Russian formalists, Prague School scholars, and modern stylisticians. It is defined as “artistically motivated deviation”. This deviation, or uncommon usage, involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.
前景化的概念来源于视觉艺术，与“背景”一词相对应，已经成为文体学的常用术语。俄国形式主义语言学家、布拉格学派学者和现代文体学家都曾在文体研究中使用这一术语。它被定义为“以艺术手法为动机的偏离”。这种偏离，或非常规用法，覆盖了语言的所有层面；词汇、语音、句法、语义，笔迹等。
(2) Literal language and Figurative Language (字面语言和比喻语言)
Literal meaning is the first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives. The figurative use of language is a word or phrase that departs from everyday literal language for the sake of comparison, emphasis, clarity or freshness.
Another word for the figurative use of language is trope, which refers to language applied in a figurative way for a rhetorical purpose. Tropes occur frequently in language use and there are many different forms of tropes.
【考点：指出句中包含的修辞方法】
Simile: A simile is a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining
