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船舶柴油机的工作原理和基本结构

船舶柴油机的工作原理和基本结构
船舶柴油机的工作原理和基本结构

1.2.2 船舶柴油机的工作原理和基本结构

1. A diesel engine is similar to a gasoline engine except that the former has no ______.

A. piston

B. connecting rod

C. cylinder

D. spark plug

注柴油机与汽油机相似除了柴油机没有火花塞。D

2. Fuel oil begins to inject into the cylinder of a four-stroke diesel engine during the _____.

A. intake stroke

B. exhaust stroke

C. power stroke

D. compression stroke 注燃油开始喷射进入柴油机气缸是在压缩冲程末。D

3. Oil for piston cooling is delivered through rod to a compartment in the piston heat, then distributed as a result of piston motion, and finally drained to the crankcase through one or more holes or pipes; this procedure is known as the _____.

A. splash method

B. spray method

C. shaker method

D. throw-off method

注活塞冷却油通过活塞杆进入一个空间,由于活塞的往复运动,将通过一些小孔管加热,分配最后排放冷却油到曲轴箱,这个过程被称为震荡冷却。C

4. Successful combustion inside the cylinders of a diesel engine depend upon______.

A. fine atomization

B. high temperature

C. good mixing of fuel and air

D. any one of the other alternatives

注柴油机气缸内完全燃烧取决于良好雾化,高温,以及燃油空气的良好混合。D

5. The function of diesel engine valve springs is to ______.

A. hold the valves open

B. keep the valves off their seats until the exhaust stroke is completed

C. close the valves

D. open inlet valves when the air injection cycle begins

注柴油机阀件弹簧的作用是关闭阀。C

6. Cast iron pistons used in large propulsion diesel engines are constructed with_____.

A. no taper

B. the skirt being tapered and smaller than the crown

C. the skirt being tapered and larger than the crown

D. the crown being tapered and smaller than the skirt

注使用在大型推进装置的铸铁活塞的建造是使用活塞头呈锥面,并且小于活塞裙。D

7. In a full floating piston pin, the pin is prevented from sliding against the cylinder walls by _______

A. snap rings

B. seal welding

C. a press fitting

D. a tongue-and-groove

注在全浮动的活塞销上,扣环可以防止活塞销滑动而碰壁。A

8. The use of push rods is necessary in a diesel engine when______

A. the camshaft located some distance below the rocker arms

B. the rocker arms are pivoted near their centers

C. two or more valves must be opened and closed at same time

D. hydraulic valve lash adjusters are used

注当凸轮轴位于摇臂之下距离时,推杆的使用是必要的。A

9. In a large slow-speed propulsion diesel engine, the force applied to the crosshead is

______

A. against the crosshead during power stroke and away from the crosshead during the compression stroke

B. against the crosshead during the compression stroke and away from the crosshead during the compression stroke

C. against the crosshead during the power and compression strokes

D. away from the crosshead during the power and compression strokes

注在大型低速主推进柴油机中,施加给活塞的力,在压缩冲程和作功冲程期间是对着十字头方向的。C

10. Diesel engine cylinder head test cocks are used to ______.

A. check cylinder lubrication prior to starting engine

B. connect exhaust gas analyzers to determine engine efficiency

C. hydraulic test exhaust heats for leaking

D. remove moisture accumulations from cylinders prior to starting

注柴油机缸盖上的示功阀用来除掉启动前气缸内的残余物。D

11. Besides assisting in cooling, the piston cooling fins also provide extra strength for the piston______.

A. skirt

B. crown

C. wrist pin

D.oil rings

注除了冷却外,活塞冷却翅片也为活塞头提供了附加的力。B

12. In diesel engines, the four basic events (intake, compression, power and exhaust) are performed once in _______.

A. two crankshaft revolutions in a two-stroke engine

B. two power stroke in a two-stroke engine

C. collecting the air charge at the air cleaner

D. combustion and expansion of hot gas

注在二冲程柴油机中,活塞两个冲程期间,进气、压缩、作功和排气等四个动作各进行一次。D

13. In describing basic diesel engine operation, the term”event” refers to the______.

A. production of high pressure gases

B. removal of expended combustion gases

C. admission of air to the cylinder

D. any one of the other alternatives

注在描述柴油机基本工作过程中,术语"event"指的是,高压气体的产生,废气的排出和新鲜空气的吸入。D

14. The term”diesel engine scavenging” means______

A. delivering more air into the cylinder than it would normally receive during an ordinary charging process

B. forcing the products of combustion out of the cylinder with the fresh air charge

C. collecting the air charge at the air cleaner

D. combustion and expansion of hot gas

注柴油机的扫气是利用新鲜的空气将废气排除的过程。B

15.If fuel oil injects into the cylinder of a diesel engine just after the piston passes top

dead center, it will_______

A. increase engine power

B. increase engine load

C. decrease engine power

D. improve fuel economy

注在柴油机上止点后喷油将降低柴油机的功率。C

16. The air supplied to a diesel engine is compressed to ______

A. provide heat for the ignition of the fuel

B. start the engine

C. decrease injection delay

D. improve fuel economy

注供给柴油机的空气被压缩,以提供足够的热量引燃燃油,但不能减少喷油延时。A

17. In a single-acting diesel engine, the cylinder liner area that is most difficult to lubricate is the _____

A. major thrust side

B. minor thrust side

C. top circumference

D. bottom circumference

注在单作用的柴油机上,最难润滑的汽缸套区域是主推力侧。A

18. A naturally aspirated diesel engine at full throttle will have an intake manifold pressure______

A. slightly less than atmospheric pressure

B. approximately equal to exhaust manifold pressure at all times

C. that is widely fluctuating

D. constantly decreasing as engine load increases

注对于自然吸入的柴油机,进气总管内的压力稍低于大气压。A

19. Which of the following two events occurs simultaneously in a two-stroke diesel engine?

A. exhaust and scavenging

B. scavenging and compression

C. ignition and exhaust

D. exhaust and compression

注排气和扫气冲程在二冲程的柴油机里同时发生。A

20.”loop”,”uniflow”,” ”, and “return-flow”, are terms used to describe various types of______

A. control air circuits

B. supercharging

C. turbochargers

D. scavenging 注弯流,直流,横流,回流这些都是扫气的类型。D

21. In order to reverse the rotation of a two-stroke loop scavenged, direct reversing, propulsion diesel engine, the cam positions must be changed for the _______

A. starting air and fuel pumps

B. piston cooling pumps

C. exhaust valves

D. any one of the other alternations

注柴油机换向,必须改变启动空气、燃油泵凸轮的位置。A

22. Connecting rods in a trunk-piston diesel engine are opened and used to connect the_______

A. engine to the bed

B. rocker arm to the camshaft

C. crankshaft to the gear train

D. piston to the crankshaft

注筒形活塞柴油机的连杆被用来链接活塞和曲轴D

23. The intake ports of a two-stroke diesel engine are opened and closed by the action of the _______

A. camshaft

B. piston movement

C. exhaust valves

D. vertical drive

注二冲程柴油机吸气口的启闭是由活塞运动实现的。B

24. What causes diesel fuel to be ignited in the cylinder of an operating diesel engine?

A. spark plug

B. heat of compression

C. carburetor

D. glow plug

注柴油机是压燃式的内燃机,然油是由空气的压缩热引燃的 B

25. The lower section of a piston is called the _____

A. land

B. skirt

C. crown

D. plate

注活塞的下半部分被称作活塞裙。B

26. On most diesel engines, the governor controls the output speed by_____

A. controlling the amount of duel injected into the cylinders

B. varying the aped of the turbocharger

C. adjusting the compression ratio

D. changing the timing of the fuel injection camshaft

注调速器是通过控制喷射进入气缸的燃油量来调节速度的。A

27. Most fuel injection nozzles are opened by______

A. fuel oil pressure

B. a cam operated follower

C. a spring-loaded pressure plate

D. timing gears keyed to the crankshaft

注燃油喷嘴是由燃油压力来打开的。

28. An individual injection pump is designed for variable beginning and constant ending of injection. For diesel engines operating at constant speeds, the stat of injection will______

A. advance as the load increases

B. retard as the load increases

C. remain unchanged regardless of load

D. always occur at top deal center

注对于始点可调式、终点不可调式的喷油泵,当柴油机转速恒定时,随着负荷增加,喷油定时应提前A

29. The function of diesel engine piston compression rings is to _____

A. prevent piston side thrust

B. prevent engine friction losses

C. transmit heat from the piston to the cylinder liner

D. remove oil from the cylinder combustion space

注活塞压缩环的一个作用是把热量从活塞传递到气缸套。C

30. The process of supplying a diesel engine cylinder with air at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is called_____

A. engine displacement

B. super-aspirating

C. air injection

D. supercharging

注给柴油机气缸供应高于大气压力的新鲜空气的过程被称为扫气D

31. The power output of a turbocharged diesel will drop if the cooling water flow

through the air cooler is interrupted because the _______

A. turbocharger stalls

B. exhaust pressure increases

C. air charge density decreases

D. scavenge effect increases

注空冷器冷却水流量减少,进气温度升高,从而使进气密度减少,发动机功率下降C

32. The diameter of a piston is usually less at the crown than at the skirt in order to ______

A. facilitate the installation of piston rings

B. allow for the expansion of the piston during operation

C. prevent crankcase vapors from entering the combustion chamber

D. reduce wearing of the upper cylinder liner

注活塞头部的直径比裙部的直径小,主要是运行期间,头部温度高、膨胀量大B

33. What occurs in the combustion space of a diesel engine cylinder shortly after ignition and before the piston reaches TDC?

A. rapid increase in temperature with constant pressure

B. rapid increase in pressure with constant temperature

C. rapid increase in pressure and temperature

D. rapid increase in volume and decrease in pressure

注柴油机气缸燃烧室内燃油点火后、活塞到达上止点之前,气缸内的温度和压力都迅速增加。C

34. The camshaft of a four-stroke diesel engine is used to operate_______

A. fuel injectors

B. exhaust valves

C. intake valves

D. any one of other alternatives

注四冲程柴油机的凸轮轴被用来操作喷油器,排气阀以及进气阀D

35. In a four-stroke diesel engine the intake valves open _______

A. before TDC and close after BDC

B. after TDC and close after BDC

C. before TDC and close before BDC

D. after TDC and close before BDC

注四冲程的柴油机的进气阀上止点之前打开,下止点之后关闭A

36. In which of the following scavenging methods will the exhaust valve be located in the cylinder head?

A. return-flow

B. uniflow

C. cross flow

D. direct flow

注在直流扫气中,排气阀位于汽缸头之上。B

37. Which of the following statements is correct regarding a turbocharged four-stroke diesel generator?

A. at zero load the intake manifold pressure is greater than the exhaust manifold pressure.

B. at full load the intake manifold pressure and exhaust manifold pressure are equal

C. at full load the intake manifold pressure is less than the exhaust manifold pressure

D. at full load the intake manifold pressure is greater than the exhaust manifold pressure.

注当四冲程涡轮增压柴油发电机全负荷运转时,进气总管的压力大于排气总管的压力。D

38. Which of the following adjustments must be made to a naturally aspirated four-stroke diesel engine if a turbocharger is installed?

A. increase the compression ratio

B. increase the exhaust and intake valve overlap

C. increase the ignition lag

D. because the amount of exhaust and intake valve overlap

注对于自然吸气的柴油机,如果安装了涡轮增压器,气阀重叠期才会增加B 39.During warm-up,the expansion of valve stems due to engine heat is allowed for by the __ __.

A. valve spring

B. hydraulic governor

C. valve lash

D. cooling system

注在暖机期间,由于发动机的加热产生阀杆的膨胀在气阀间隙许可的范围内。C 40. In a diesel engine, the main bearings are used between the___.

A, connecting rod and the crankshaft

B, wrist pin and connecting rod

C, camshaft and the engine block

D, crankshaft and the engine block

注柴油机中,主轴承用于曲轴和机座之间。D

41.The relative air pressure in the inlet manifold of a turbocharged diesel engine is usually ____.

A.greater than the average exhaust manifold pressure

B.less than the average exhaust manifold pressure

C.greater at the turbine wheel than at the impeller

D.greater at reduced engine speed

注涡轮增压柴油机进气管空气的压力高于排气总管的平均压力。A

42. In an internal combustion engine, which of the devices listed will force the compression rings to seal the compression gases in the space above the piston?

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,ed of bimetallic piston rings.

B.Ring gap pre-pensioning.

C.Thermal increase in ring-end clearance

D.Gas pressure acting against the back of the ring

注在内燃机里,燃气的密封是靠作用在活塞环背面的气体力来实现的。D

43.Black smoke exhausting from an auxiliary diesel engine can be caused by ____.

A.fuel dribbling from leaking fuel injector

B.burning fuel with a high carbon content

C.burning fuel with a high vanadium content

D.burning fuel with lower sulphur content

注发动机超负荷会引起排温过高、排气冒黑烟。 A

44.In a jerk pump, the amount of fuel that will be forced through the spray nozzle on each upward stroke of the plunger depends on ____.

A.the pump supply pressure

B.the slope of the fuel cam

C.how the plunger is rotated

D.the number of sleeve segments engaged with the rack

注高压油泵柱塞每个行程通过喷嘴的喷油量取决于如何转动柱塞。C

45. Turbocharged four-stroke/cycle diesel engines utilize valve overlap for ____.

A.improving cylinder scavenging

B.preheating the combustion chamber

C.reducing air charge density

D.preventing valve wear

注四冲程涡轮增压柴油机利用气阀重叠可提高扫气。A

46.Diesel engine piston ring gaps can be straight or angle cut. In comparison , the angle cut ring_____.

A.allows piston ring expansion

B.controls piston ring tension

C.increase ring wearing quality

D.decreases combustion gas leakage

注柴油机的活塞环的搭口有直切口或斜切口。相比较而言,斜切口活塞环能降低燃气泄漏。D

47.Turbulence of the compressed air charge in a diesel engine cylinder increases _____.

A.ignition lag

B.piston side thrust

C.efficiency of the engine

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,pression pressure

注进入柴油机气缸的压缩空气的紊乱增加柴油机的效率。 C

48. Telescopic pipes to the piston of a large slow-speed main propulsion diesel engine are designed to prevent ____.

A.excessive crankcase pressure

B.excessive lube oil temperature

C.contamination of the lube oil by water

D.contamination of the cooling water by lube oil

注低速柴油机中,通向活塞的伸缩管用来防止滑油被冷却水污染。C

49. The shape of a cam on a diesel engine determines the valve's ____.

A.point of opening

B.speed of opening

C.lift from its seat

D.All of the above.

注柴油机凸轮的形状决定了阀的开启时间、速度和阀的升程。D

50. Engine displacement is equal to the cylinder ____.

A. area times the stroke

B. area times the stroke, times the number of cylinders

C. volume times the stroke

D. volume times the stroke, times the number of cylinders

注发动机的排虽=气缸面积x活塞冲程×气缸数目。B

51.. A connecting rod in a four-stroke/cycle diesel engine is subject to ____.

A.tension load twice each crankshaft revolution

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,pression load during power and compression strokes

C.inertia load once every four crankshaft revolutions

D.bending loads at bottom and top dead center

注四冲程柴油机连杆在作功和压缩过程中受压。B

52.The upper piston rings in large, slow-speed, two-stroke/cycle diesel engines are most effectively lubricated by oil ____.

A.fed from mechanical lubricators

B.thrown off from the main bearings

C.supplied from wick fed drip lubricators(灯芯式滴油注油器)

D.flow from a centrifugal or banjo oiler(放射管加油器)

注大型低速二冲程柴油机的上半部分的活塞环是由机械注油器供应的油来润滑的。A

53. By which of the following disadvantages are cylinder linings constructed as an integral part of the block characterized ?

A.They conduct heat poorly

B.They are expensive.

C.They cannot be replaced.

D.They require special tools for removal. 注将气缸套和气缸体制造成一个整体,其缺点是不能更换。C

54.The main function of tie gods in the construction of large,low speed diesel engines is to ____.

A.stiffen the bedplate in way of the main bearings to increase the engine's longitudinal(纵向的) strength

B.accept most of the tensile(张力的或拉力的)loading that results from the firing forces developed during operation

C.mount the engine frame securely to the hull to prevent shaft coupling misalignment(失中)

D.connect the crosshead solidly(坚固地)to the piston rod

注大型低速柴油机中贯穿螺栓的主要作用是承受发动机运行期间由于气缸内的爆炸力而产生的张力。B

55.The power developed by a large slow-speed main propulsion diesel engine is dependent upon the ____.

A.quantity of air it takes in and retains in the cylinders during a given time period

B.proportion of trapped air that is utilized in the combustion process

C.thermodynamic efficiency of the engine cycle

D.All of the above.

注大型低速主机发出的功率取决于在规定时间内的进气量、参加燃烧的空气量和循环的热效率。D

56.Which of the following construction techniques is used on new piston rings to facilitate run-in or seating?

A.Special ring facings , such as a thin bearing surface of anti-friction metal.

B.The oil control ring face is machined at an angle of 10 degrees.

C.The ring diameter , when free , is machined slightly smaller than than the cylinder bore to allow for expansion at high combustion temperatures.

D.Oil control rings maintain continuous oil film.

注下面那个建造技术使用于新活塞环促进磨合或安装?特殊的环表面,例如薄的耐磨金属承受表面。A

57.The cylinder liner forming the cylinder wall and the inside of the water jacket is called a ____.

A. dry liner

B. wet liner

C. jacket liner

D. corrugated liner

注气缸套的外表面与冷却水直接接触叫湿式缸套。B

58.The main function of piston compression rings is to ____.

A.prevent excessive cylinder liner wear

B.reduce friction losses in the engine

C.seal the space between the piston and the liner

D.limit upward flow of lube oil into the combustion space

注压缩环的主要作用是密封活塞和缸套。C

59.***Compared to four-stroke/cycle engines, two-stroke/cycle diesel engines have the disadvantage of ____.

A.less even torque

B. higher cylinder head temperatures

C.fewer power strokes per revolution

D.greater weight/size requirements

注与四冲程柴油机相比,二冲程柴油机的缺点是缸盖温度较高。B

60.Clearance volume scavenging in a turbocharged, four-stroke/cycle diesel engine is accomplished____.

A.during the valve overlap period R with only the exhaust valve open

C.at a pressure below atmospheric D without cooling the cylinders or pistons 注在增压四冲程柴油机中,气缸余隙容积的扫气是在气阀重叠期间完成的。A 61.In a diesel engine, the time taken to heat the fuel particles, turn them into vapor, and bring about combustion is called ____.

A.injection lag

B.ignition delay

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,pression

D.turbulence lag

注在柴油机里,将燃油颗粒加热变成油蒸气,进而发生燃烧所用的时间叫滞燃期。B

62.What is the meaning of the term “valve clearance”?

A.The clearance between the rocker arm and valve push-rod.

B.The clearance between the valve spindle disc and seat.

C.The clearance between the rocker arm and camshaft push-rod.

D.The clearance between the rocker arm and valve push-rod in either warm or cold state.

注气阀间隙是指摇臂和阀杆之间的间隙(严谨的说:在冷态cold state测量)。A

63.The meaning of lapping a valve and valve seat is ______.

A.grind the valve against the valve seat to obtain a uniform sealing valves

B.repair by welding

C.adjust the overlapping of the inlet and exhaust valves

D.machining the valve in a lathe machine

注阀和阀座之间的研磨是指阀和阀座研磨获得一致的密封面。A (良好的阀面线密封)

64.Why do many engine makers recommend to grind the valve spindle sealing surface with a half degree difference to the valve seat?

A.To avoid sticking between valve and seat during high load operation.

B.To minimize heat transfer between seat and housing .

C.To improve the sealing surface between valve and seat during operation of the engine (compensate for the bending of the valve disc caused by combustion pressure).

D.To compensate for the heat expansion.

注主机制造者建议在研磨阀线宽度阀的是阀座的一半,为了在主机运行期间提高阀和阀座之间的密封(补偿因为燃烧压力造成的阀盘变弯)。C

65.What is the purpose of the cylinder head safety valve?

A.To adjust the cylinder pressure to a safe working pressure

B.A valve for safety stop(emergency ) of the engine.

C.For indication of engine being overloaded.

D.To relieve excessive high pressure in the cylinder to protect the engine from being damaged.

注气缸盖安全阀的作用是释放气缸内过高的压力以保护其不被损坏。D

66.Some engine makers use a copper gasket for proper sealing between fuel injector valve , cylinder head and combustion chamber . Why is it so important to use the correct one?

A.To keep the valve in correct position and to maintain proper sealing.

B.For proper sealing function.

C.To avoid combustion gas to overheat the valve.

D.To keep the valve in correct position only.

注一些主机制造者在油头,气缸盖和燃烧室之间使用铜垫片密封,一个重要的原因是能保证阀的正确位置并且维持合适的密封。A

67.Is it recommended to adjust the spring tension on the fuel valves during operation to achieve?

A.Equal cylinder pressures.

B.To improve the fuel atomizing.

C.Not recommended at all.

D.Exhaust temperatures in line (equal temperatures)

注在运行期间根据什么建议调整油头弹簧张力。(答案为全都不建议)。C

68.The starting air valve is fitted for the purpose of ______.

A.bringing the engine up to sufficient number of revolutions for combustion to take place and engine to run.

B.turning the engine for starting for starting preparations

C.bringing the engine up to full rotational speed to start the engine

D.retarding the engine revolution for manoeuvring purpose

注安装启动空气阀的目的是使柴油机达到足够的发火转速从而正常运转。A

69.What is the purpose of the engine crankcase door’s relief valves?

A.To release pressure in crankcase explosion .

B.To release pressure from stuffing box leakage.

C.To avoid hot spots in crankcase .

D.To release pressure in crankcase .

注曲轴箱道门的安全阀的作用是释放曲轴箱爆炸的压力。A

70.According to the principle of four-stroke diesel engine, how many work strokes are there per revolution?

A.1/2.

B.1.

C.2

D.3.

注根据四冲程柴油机原理,每转一转有效冲程的数目是什么?A

71.According to the principle of two-stroke diesel engine, how many work strokes are there per revolution?

A.1/2.

B.1.

C.2

D.3.

注根据二冲程柴油机原理,每转一转有效冲程的数目是什么?B

72.In the two-stroke diesel engine, it is designed so that the oil impingement is timed to proceed only on the piston ring belt during ____.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,pression stroke

B.suction stroke

C.expansion stroke

D.exhaust stroke 注二冲程柴油机,设计成定时注入滑油,以便油只在压缩冲程射到活塞环带上。A

73.In heavy marine engine the practice is to drive the engine on ____ which has previously been stored in starting air reservoirs.

A.electric motor

B.hydraulic motor

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,pressed air

D.turning gear

注实际上,中型船用柴油机是靠事先储存在启动空气瓶的压缩空气启动的。C

74.In a four stroke engine, which process lasts the longest period?

A.Exhaust and suction process.

B.Suction and compression process.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,bustion and exhaust process.

D.Working and exhaust process.

注四冲程柴油机,哪个行程持续时间最常?A

75.Propulsion engines and the vast majority of auxiliary generator engines are designed to allow a generous through-flow of scavenge air in order to control ____.

A.the lubricating oil consumption

B.the turbine blade(涡轮机叶片)temperature

C the flow rate of fuel

D.scavenge air pressure

注主机和大部分发电机设计时允许大量的扫气空气进入气缸,目的是控制涡轮机叶片的温度。B

76.During engine starting, the compressed air is admitted to each cylinder through a cam operated starting air valve when the piston has just passed its ____.

A.BDC

B.TDC

C.BBDC

D.ATDC

注当活塞剐刚经过上止点时,压缩空气通过凸轮驱动的启动空气阀进入到气缸。B

77.The burning of the fuel adds more heat to the air charge, causing it to expand and force the engine piston to do work on the ____ which in turn drives the ship's propeller.

A.crank-pin

B.crankshaft

C.crankcase

D.camshaft

注发动机的活塞作功在曲轴上,再依次通过其他轴来驱动船舶的螺旋桨。B

78.In four strokes engine, the cycle of events is completed in four strokes of ____.

A.the cylinder

B.the crankshaft

C.the piston

D.the cross-head

注四冲程柴油机中,工作循环是由活塞的四个冲程来完成的。C

79.The two-stroke cycle begins with the piston ____,with the air inlet ports or scavenge ports in die sides of the cylinder being opened.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,ing down from the BDC

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,ing up from the BDC

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,ing down from the TDC

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,ing up from the TDC

注二冲程循环开始工作时,活塞从下止点上行,同时扫气口处于开启状态。B 80.The two-stroke cycle begins with the piston coming up from the bottom of its stroke, with ____ in the sides of the cylinder being opened.

A.scavenge ports

B.inlet valves

C.air starting valves

D.exhaust valves 注二冲程循环开始工作时,活塞从下止点上行,同时扫气口处于开启状态。A 81.The ignition of the fuel in diesel engine is caused by the ____ of compression of the air previously admitted into the cylinders.

A.vacuum pressure

B.specific gravity(比重)

C.heat

D.viscosity

注发动机中,燃油的发火是由先前进入到气缸的空气的压缩热量引起的。C

82. The main moving parts of a diesel engine consist of the ____ and the pistons.

A.bedplate, connecting rods

B.crankshaft, the connecting rods,the crossheads

C.frames, crossheads

D.crankshaft, the cylinder

注发动机的主要运动部件由曲轴、连杆和活塞等组成。B

83.In the four-stroke engine, it takes ____ to make one power stroke.

A.one propulsion

B.two propulsions

C.two revolutions

D.one revolution 注四冲程机中,产生一个作功冲程,曲轴需要转两转。C

84.The crosshead and crankpin bearing are secured to the ______by means of fitted bolt.

A.crosshead guides

B.piston rod

C.crosshead shoes

D.connecting rod

注十字头和曲柄销轴承是通过服配螺栓被固定在连杆。D

85.The space between cylinder liner and jacket is called ____.

A.the circulating tank

B.the scavenge box

C.the cooling water space

D.the cooler

注缸套和冷却水套之间的空间是冷却水空间。C

86.The pistons of high output engines are often made in two pieces ____ together to form precisely shaped cooling chambers.

A.screwed

B.bolted

C.welded

D.shrunk

注大功率发动机的活塞是由两部分组成的,该两部分用螺栓连成一体,形成合适形状的冷却腔。B

87.The operation between two fuel injections is called a ____.

A. turning cycle

B.working cycle

C.working hour D working stroke

注两次燃油喷射之间的运行被称作一个工作循环。B

88.When the starting air valve closes on one cylinder, another starting air valve has ____ opened on another cylinder whose piston has just commenced its downward stroke.

A. just

B. nearly

C. merely

D. already

注当某个气缸的空气启动阀关闭的时候,另一个气缸的空气启动阀已经打开,该缸的活塞正开始其下行冲程。D

89. In the two-stroke engine the crankshaft is connected with ____ by means of the

connecting rod.

A.the stuffing box

B.the piston

C.cross-head

D.guide plate

注在二冲程柴油机中,曲轴通过连杆与十字头相连。C

90.During the suction stroke, the piston is moving ____.

A. inwards

B.outwards

C.downwards

D.upwards

注吸气冲程期间,活塞下行。C

91.Charging is the filling of the engine cylinder with a supply of _____for compression.

A. water

B.fresh air

C.fuel oil D, gas

注发动机气缸充气是指向气缸注入一股新鲜空气以备压缩。B

92.The energy for pushing this piston up can be supplied from ____,so that the piston can keep moving up and down.

A.the same piston

B.the piston nearby

C.the other pistons

D.the generators on board

注推动活塞向上的能量可由其他活塞来提供,这样活塞能保持上下运动。C 93.The fresh air coming in through the inner air ports, is compressed by ____ to a higher pressure.

A.the cylinder head

B.the cross-head

C.the moving piston

D.the stationary piston

注通过内部的气口,新鲜空气进入到气缸,然后被运动的活塞压缩到很高的压力。C

94. The cylinder is fitted with internal liner so that a water space is left ____ the liner and the outer wall.

A. around

B. among

C. in

D. between

注气缸装有内部衬套,这样缸套和气缸外壁之间便形成了冷却空间。D

95.The process of loop scavenge is that the exhaust will be via ports ____ the air ports and controlled by the same piston.

A.behind

B.far from

C.adjacent to(邻近的)

D.in from of

注回流扫气方式中,废气经过与扫气口相邻的排气口,扫气口和排气口由同一活塞来控制。C

96.In the suction stroke air is induced into the cylinder ____. In the compression stroke the air is compressed

A.by an fuel valve

B.through an inlet valve

C.with an exhaust valve

D.from an outlet valve

注在吸气冲程中,空气通过进气阀被吸入到气缸。压缩冲程时,空气被压缩。B 97.A charging of fresh air is drawn into the engine cylinder and then ______by the moving piston ______very high pressure.

A.pressed /to

B.pressurized /with

C.pushed/in

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,pressed /to

注进入气缸的新鲜空气被移动的活塞压缩产生高压。D

98.The cylinder head, cylinder liner and ____ form the combustion chamber.

A. frame

B.piston

C.crankcase

D.explosion plate

注气缸盖、缸套和活塞构成燃烧室。B

99.____ pistons have low inertia and high coefficient of thermal expansion.

A.Castiron(铸铁)

B.Cast steel(铸钢)

C.Forged steel(锻钢)

D.Aluminum(铝)

注铝质活塞具有惯性小(重量轻)、热膨胀系数大的特点。D

100.____ usually helps to induce air movement to assist combustion.

A.Cylinder cover

B.Main bearing

C.The exhaust valve

D.The piston movement

注活塞的运动有助于空气在气缸中流动,以利燃烧。D

101. At the top of the A-frames there is a strong cast iron frame called ____.

A. cylinder liner

B.cylinder cover

C.the gear box

D.the scavenging box

注 A字架的顶部有一个铸铁架,即扫气箱。D

102.The bearing shell generally has ____ for location and oil grooves round the center of its axial length.

A.tips(倾斜)

B.tags(标记)

C.lips(嘴唇或唇缘)

D.keys(键)

注轴瓦一般都有定位卡舌。B

103.The bearing shells depend on the accuracy of ____ to held them in a truly circular shape.

A.the gap

B.the clearance

C.the bore

D.the homing

注轴瓦依赖于轴承孔的精确度,以保证其正确的圆度。C

104.The two halves of connecting rod large end bearing are held together by ____.

A.bridges

B.tap bolts(六角头螺钉)

C.jack bolts(定位螺栓)

D.shims(薄垫片)

注连杆大端轴承的两个轴瓦通过轴承盖连成一体。A

105. Generally the gudgeon pin is fully floating in both connecting rod small end and ____.

A.the crosshead

B.the crankshaft

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,rge end

D.the piston bosses

注一般地说,活塞销在连杆小端和活塞销座端都是全浮动式的。D

106.The gudgeon pin is carried in ____ in the piston skirt.

A.the bearing

B.the crosshead

C.bosses(轮毂)

D.bridges

注活塞销坐落在活塞裙的销座上。C

107. Pistons may be made in ____ in order to keep the weight down for balancing purposes at high speed

A.cast iron

B.forged steel

C.stainless steel

D.aluminum alloy

注活塞可由铝合金制造,以减轻重量,保持高速时的平衡性能。D

108.The rim of the piston may contain cut-out portions to accommodate ____ when they open.

A.the gases

B.the air

C.the valves

D.the injectors

注中速机的活塞头区域具有避阀坑,当气阀开启时,用来容纳气阀。C

109.The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine which ignites the fuel by injecting it into hot, high pressure air in a ____.

A.air bottle

B.air compressor

C.crank case

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,bustion chamber 注柴油机是一种内燃机,燃油喷射进入燃烧室内高温高压的空气,并被引燃(combusing chamber=combustion space)。D

110.The cooling oil is usually supplied to the pistons by means of ____ connected to the crosshead

A.injectors

B.pumps

C.telescopic pipes

D.guideways

注冷却油通过伸缩管供应到活塞十字头。C

111.The bedplate is of fabricated design and consists of two I-shaped longitudinal girders with transverse members into which the east steel bearing housing are welded. What's the meaning of "members" in the sentence above?

A.Bed-plates

B. Girders

C.Bearing housings

D.Designs

注机座是结构钢设计。由两根带有横梁的“工”字形纵梁组成,在横梁上焊接了铸铁的轴承座。显然,句中“members"指的是“girders”。 B

112.The bed-plate is secured in the longitudinal direction by means of bolts known as____

A. end-chock bolts

B. side-chock bolts

C. through bolts

D. tie rods

注机座在纵向是通过所谓的端锲螺栓来固定的。A

113.The position of ____ on the cross-head is determined by dowel pins.

A. grooves

B. piston tings

C. piston skirts

D. cross-head shoes

注十字头滑块在十字头上的位置由定位销来决定。D

114.The piston rods are bored from the top flange to a point opposite the centre of ____.

A.the main bearing

B.the crankshaft

C.the dowel pin

D.the crosshead

注活塞杆从顶部法兰到十字头中心相应一处是空心的。D

115.The operation between two fuel injections is called a ____,which consists of a fixed sequence of events.

A. turning cycle

B.working cycle

C.working hour D working stroke

注两次燃油喷射之间的运行被称作一个工作循环。B

116.The _____is / are mounted on and bolted to the bedplate cross girders.

A.crankshaft

B.guide-ways

C.crankcase

D.frames

注机架安装并用螺栓固定在机座的横梁上。D

117.In the part of the cylinder liner inside the scavenging air box there is a series of openings known as ____.

A.scavenging air ports

B.exhaust ports

C.fuel valves

D.indicator cocks 注在扫气箱内的气缸套部分,有一系列的气口,即所谓的扫气口。A

118.The sealing rings are in four parts and pressed together around the piston rods by means of ____.

A.nuts

B.bolts

C.coil springs(卷簧或盘簧)

D.stuffing boxes

注密封环由四部分组成,通过开口弹簧沿活塞杆压紧。C

119.Although the crankshafts of medium diesel engines appear to be robust , they rely on the support of the _______to develop their full strength.

A.piston rods

B.thrust bearings

C.main bearings

D.crank throws

注中速柴油机的曲轴显得很强劲,他们依靠主轴承支撑全部力。C

120.***A main bearing consists of two shells which are secured by means of studs and ____.

A.tie rods

B.through bolts

C.1ead wires

D.bearing caps

注主轴承由两个轴瓦组成,轴瓦由双头螺栓和轴承盖来固定。D

121.In each cylinder cover there are two or three holes for ____.

A.the exhaust valves

B.the fuel valves

C.indicator cocks

D.the fuel pumps

注某些发动机的每个气缸盖上,有两三个开口,用来安装油头。B

122.On top of scavenging air box is mounted a strong cast iron frame for each cylinder known as ____.

A.cooling jacket

B.cylinder liner

C.piston crown

D.cylinder cover 注在扫气箱的顶部,安装了一个坚固的铸铁架,即冷却水套。A

123.The scavenging box is built of a number of sections provided with ____ enabling them to be bolted together to form two blocks

A.chain transmission

B.machine-turned liners

C.fuel valves

D.vertical flanges

注扫气箱由几个分段部件组成,这些分段部件装有垂直法兰,使得它们能用螺栓连接起来形成两组。D

124.In each cylinder cover is a large central opening for mounting ____.

A.the indicating cock

B.the starting valve

C.air inlet valve

D.the exhaust valve

注在每个气缸盖上的中央,有一个大的开口,用来安装排气阀。D

125.A-frames and cylinder block is held together by ____ to form a rigid structure.

A.tap-bolts

B.jack-bolts

C.tie rods

D.fitted rods

注机座、A字架和气缸体通过贯穿螺栓连接成一体。C

126.____ is secured by means of side-chock bolts and end-chock bolts.

A.The bedplate(机座)

B.the column(机架)

C.The main bearing(主轴承)

D.The double bottom(双层底)

注机座分别通过侧楔和端楔螺栓(与底座)固定。A

127.The lowest ring of a piston is ____.

A.a coil spring(卷簧)

B.a sealing ring(密封环)

C.an oil distributor ring(布油环)

D.main seal ring(主密封环)

注最下面的一道活塞环是布油环。C

128.A single piece of ______fitted with bronze rings guides the piston in the cylinder liner.

A.piston skirt

B.guide-way

C.piston crown

D.crosshead

注活塞裙安装一道青铜环(承磨环)引导活塞在气缸(运动)。A

129.The _____for the camshaft gear train is taken from a spur gear which for a six-cylinder engine is at the coupling end.

A.driven gear

B.grease

C.drive

D.lubricating oil

注一个六缸主机连接端用直齿轮来齿轮传动驱动曲轴。C

130.*The gas loads on the engine structure are constrained by means of hydraulically preloaded which connect the bed plate, frame sections and cylinder jackets into a single unit.

A.connecting rods

B.main bearing

C.column

D.tie rods

注连接机座、机架和气缸体成一体的显然是贯穿螺栓。D

131.The lower end of each piston rod is reduced in diameter to fit a bore in the

cross-head this being secured to the piston rod by a ____.

A.bolt

B.disc

C.cap

D.nut

注每个活塞杆的下半端直径减少,以适合十字头孔,十字头与活塞杆用螺母固定。C

132.____ for attachment to the propeller shaft also accommodates the turning gear and is integrally forged the crankshaft.

A.The coupling flange(联轴节法兰)

B.The camshaft

C.The cross-head pin

D.The cylinder jackets

注与调距桨轴相连的联轴节法兰,同时也提供给盘车机,它与曲轴整体锻造而成。A

133. Smaller engines can be made more rigid than large ones and may not have ____.

A.through bolts(贯穿螺栓)

B.turbo-chargers

C.bed plates

D.columns

注小型的发动机比大型发动机制造得更稳固,而且不需要贯穿螺栓。A

134.Because the castings of smaller engines are not so big and heavy, ____ and cylinder block may be made in one piece.

A. the column(机架)

B.the jacket

C.cylinder cover

D.cylinder liner

注由于小型发动机的铸件不是很重也不是很大,机架和气缸体可以做成一体。A 135. Diesel engines are started by supplying ____ into the cylinders in the appropriate sequence for the required direction.

A.fuel oil

B.diesel oil

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,pressed air

D.jacket water

注根据需要的转向以合适的顺序向气缸内鼓进压缩空气,可以启动柴油机。C

136. The burning of the fuel adds more heat to the air charge, causing it to expand and force the engine piston to do work on the crankshaft. What does "it" mean in this sentence?

A. the burning

B. the fuel

C. the air charge

D. the engine piston

注燃油的燃烧将更多的热量加给空气,引起空气膨胀。显然“it指的是“air charge”。 C

137.The lower end of each piston rod is reduced in diameter to fit a bore in the____this being secured to the piston rod by a nut.

A.piston gudgeon pin

B.piston skirt

C.cross-head

D.cross- head pin 注每个活塞杆的下半端直径减少,以适合十字头孔,十字头与活塞杆用螺母固定。C

138.Please draw out a 0.1 mm ____ between the two halves of the bearing to reduce the clearance.

A.shim(薄垫片)

B.gasket(垫圈)

C.washer(垫圈)

D.packing(填料) 注抽出轴瓦之间的垫片,以减少间隙。A

139.The timing of the injection can be altered by raising or lowering the pump ____ in relation to the cam.

A.needle valve

B.cylinder

C.piston

D.plunger

注喷油定时可以通过改变柱塞和凸轮之间的相对位置来改变。D

140.The pumps press oil into the crosshead beating gap when the load on the shell is ____.

A.at its highest

B.with its greatest

C.increasingly larger

D.at its lowest

注当轴瓦上的负荷处于最小值时,油泵才能把油压到十字头轴承的间隙中去。D 141.In the two-stroke engine, each revolution of ____ makes one power or working stroke

A.the turning gear

B.the turbo-charger

C.the crankshaft

D.the compressor 注二冲程柴油机中,曲轴每转一转,就产生一个作功冲程。C

142.Each cylinder is closed at the top by a ____, made of a special heat-resistant steel.

A.cylinder liner

B.coupling flange

C.cylinder cover

D.piston crown 注气缸的顶部由气缸盖封闭,缸盖由特殊的耐热钢制造。C

143.*Crankshafts of medium speed engines are ____ from a single piece of steel.

A.unusually solid welded

B.never be solid forged

C.almost invariably solid forged

D.almost invariably be welded

注中速柴油机的曲轴几乎都是由一块钢整体锻造而成。C

144. _______is a source of power by which the diesel engine may operate

A.Water energy(水身B)

B.Electrical energy(电能)

C.Chemical energy(化学能)

D.Heat energy(热能)

注热能是发动机功率的来源。D

145.The bore of each cylinder is formed in a liner which can be ____ when worn out.

A.welded

B.replaced

C.drilled again

D.bored

注缸套磨损后可以更换。B

146. ____ is fully floating in both connecting rod small end and the piston shirt.

A.The piston rod(活塞杆)

B.The cross head pin(十字头销)

C.The gudgeon pin(活塞销)

D.The crank-pin(曲柄销)

注在二冲程柴油机中,活塞销一般是全浮动式的。C

147.The design of ____ is similar to that of the main bearing

A.the block bearing(支承轴承或止推轴承)

B.the camshaft bearing

C.the connecting rod small end bearing

D.the connecting rod large end beating

注连杆大端轴承的设计与主轴承的设计相似。D

148.The piston body is mainly subjected to _______stress.

A.pushing

B.stretch

C.centrifugal

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f513057334.html,pressive

注活塞体主要承担压应力。D

149.When the piston reaches the top of its stroke, both the ____ and the temperature of the air rise to very high value.

A.density

B.mass

C.pressure

D.volume

注当活塞到达上止点时,空气的温度和压力都上升到很高的值。C

150.The cylinder covers and the liners are bolted together by means of ____.

A.bolts welded into the cylinder head

B.bolts welded into the cylinder frames

C.studs(双头螺栓)screwed into the cylinder head

D.studs screwed into the cylinder frames

注气缸盖和缸套通过双头螺栓固定,该螺栓旋在气缸架上。D

151.Since the burning or combustion takes place within the engine itself, the engine is known as ____.

A.a fire-tube boiler

B.an internal combustion engine

C.an external combustion engine

D.an internal combustion generator

注由于发动机的燃烧发生在发动机本身之内,因此这种发动机是一种内燃机。B 152.The crosshead shores are _______lined.

A.chromium

B.alloy steel

C.white metal

D.white sliver

注十字头滑块带有白合金衬。C

153.The position of the piston parts in relation to each other is secured by means of ____ in the crown.

A.a mark(记号)

B.a bolt

C.a dowel pin(定位销)

D.a measuring tool 注活塞的两部分彼此之间的有关位置是通过机加工的凹槽和活塞头上的定位销来回定的。C

154. The cylinder cover is not provided with ____.

A. fuel valve

B.lubricator

C.indicator valve D the starting valve

注缸盖上有油头、示功旋塞和启动空气阀,但没有注油器。B

155.The crown is fairly thick with the cylindrical parts ____ to a thinner section.

A.forged

B.tapering(锥形)

C.drilling

D.boring

注活塞头区域的金属材料相对较厚,活塞圆柱体部分逐渐变薄。这主要是因为活塞内部的冷却空间而形成的结构特点。B

156. Two-stroke engines invariably have ____ to admit air when uncovered by the descending piston.

A.inlet ports

B.outlet ports

C.inlet valves

D.exhaust valves

注二冲程发动机必然具有进气口,当该气口被下行的活塞打开后,空气便进入。A

157.When ____ is compressed, its temperature rises so that it ignites the fine spray of fuel injected into the cylinder.

A.the oil

B.the air

C.the fresh water

D.the steam

注当空气被压缩时,其温度升高,引燃喷入气缸的细雾状燃油。B

158. The fuel injector injects a fine spray of fuel into the_____ and combustion takes place producing much high pressure in the gases.

A.cold air

B. lubricant

C.hot air

D. Hot water

注油头把细雾状的燃油喷人高温的空气,燃烧便发生,产生更高的压力。C 159.The scavenging air ports are located at such a height that they are just exposed by the _____ of the piston when the piston is in the bottom dead center position.

A. lower edge

B. piston ring

C. upper edge

D. skirt

注扫气口应位于这样一个高度,即当活塞处于下止点时,扫气口正好被活塞的上边缘打开。 C

160.The joint face between the cylinder cover and the liner is arranged ____ the combustion process as possible.

A. such far away from

B. such near by

C. as far away from

D. as near by

注缸盖和缸套间的连接面应设计成尽可能远离燃烧室。C

161.The ports are drilled in the liners at an angle of approx. 20℃, the result being that ____ is given a rotary movement.

A.the scavenging air

B.the exhaust gases

C.the mixed air

D.the spray oil

注缸套上的扫气口成大约20°角,其结果是使扫气空气产生回转运动。A

162.The crankshaft rests in bearings built into cross girders of ____.

A.A-shape frame

B.cylinder block

C.the bed-plate

D.the double bottom

注曲轴坐落在轴承上,轴承安装在机座的横梁上。C

163. As the plunger moves up,the ports are closed and the fuel _____ and delivered to the injector nozzle at very high pressure.

A.being compressed B.to be pumped up

C.is pressurized D,are built up

注随着柱塞上行,进油口被关闭,燃油被加压,并以很高的压力排到喷嘴。 C 164.The needle valve will open when the fuel pressure acting on the needle valve ____ exerts a sufficient force to overcome the spring compression.

A.tape face

B.tapered(锥形的)face

C.surface

D.thinner face

注当作用在针阀锥形面上的燃油压力足以克服弹簧力时,油头的针阀将开启。B 165.The needle valve in the injector ____ at a pre-set pressure which ensures that the fuel will atomize once it enters the cylinder.

A. will lift

B. will be lifted

C. will close

D. will be closed

注油头的针阀将在预先设定的压力下抬起,该压力能确保一旦燃油进入气缸便

能雾化。A

166.Such an engine frame helps ____ the engine and so protect the bearings from the deformation forces transmitted via the ship's double bottom.

A. to stiffen

B. to soften

C. to loosen

D. to wear

注发动机的这种机架有助于加固发动机,同时防止轴承受到通过船舶双层底传

递来的变形力。A

167.Among the ring of a piston the ____ one is subjected to the greatest load and temperature.

A.bottom

B.middle

C.top

D.None of the above.

注活塞环中,顶部第一道环承受最大的负荷和最高的温度。C

168.An aluminum piston has lower______ and higher coefficient of thermal expansion compared to that of cast iron.

A.viscosity B.twisting moments C,inertia D.None of the above

注铝质活塞与铸铁活塞相比,热膨胀系数较大。C

169.A ____ is the foundation of the engine, without the support of which the shaft alignment in particular, and engine structure as whole, would inevitably be lost.

A.frame(机架)

B.bedplate(机座)

C.cylinder

D.liner

注机座是柴油机的基础,没有它的支撑将会失去柴油机整机结构精确的轴线对中。B

170.The main bearing metal is a lining ____.

A.inside the bearing

B.outside the bearing

四冲程柴油机的工作原理

车辆维修试题 一、四冲程柴油机的工作原理 柴油机的工作是由进气、压缩、燃烧膨胀和排气这四个过程来完成的,这四个过程构成了一个工作循环。活塞走四个过程才能完成一个工作循环的柴油机称为四冲程柴油机。现对照上面的动画了说明它的工作理原。 1. 进气冲程 第一冲程——进气,它的任务是使气缸内充满新鲜空气。当进气冲程开始时,活塞位于上止点,气缸内的燃烧室中还留有一些废气。 2、压缩冲程 压缩时活塞从下止点间上止点运动,这个冲程的功用有二,一是提高空气的温度,为燃料自行发火作准备:二是为气体膨胀作功创造条件。当活塞上行,进气阀关闭以后,气缸内的空气受到压缩,随着容积的不断细小,空气的压力和温度也就不断升高,压缩终点的压力和湿度与空气的压缩程度有关,即与压缩比有关,一般压缩终点的压力和温度为:Pc =4~8MPa,Tc=750~950K。 3、燃烧膨胀冲程 。在这个冲程开始时,大部分喷入燃烧室内的燃料都燃烧了。燃烧时放出大量的热量,因此气体的压力和温度便急剧升高,活塞在高温高压气体作用下向下运动,并通过连秆使曲轴转动,对外作功。所以这一冲程又叫作功或工作冲程。 4、排气冲程

排气冲程的功用是把膨胀后的废气排出去,以便充填新鲜空气,为下一个循环的进气作准备。 二、柴油机和汽油机工作过程的主要区别是什么 汽油机和柴油机它们的区别主要在于压缩比、点火方式、所用燃料及用途。柴油机吸入洁净空气,在活塞快要到达上止点时,向气缸内喷入燃油,燃油被高压高温的空气点燃,膨胀,将活塞推向下至点,而传统汽油机是吸入汽油与空气的混合气体,在活塞快要到达上止点时,用火花塞发火点燃混合气。 如今的电喷汽油机在活塞快要到达上止点时,用电子控制的喷油泵将汽油喷入气缸,但是燃烧还是靠火花塞点燃。 三、什么叫压缩比? 压缩比=汽缸总容积/燃烧室容积压缩比是内燃机的重要指标,压缩比越大,其压强越大,温度越高。柴油机的压缩比为15~18。从理论上讲,压缩比越大,效率越高。但因为气缸受材料强度的限制,而且气缸内工质的温度不能超过燃料的燃点,所以压缩比不能太大。 四、柴油机的基本构造有哪些 柴油机由曲柄连杆机构、配气机构、冷却系、润滑系、起动系五大基本构造。 五、柴油机怎样对配气和油泵齿轮 1、,将一缸活塞摇至上止点,凸轮轴一缸俩凸轮朝下,即倒八字,装入.

柴油机柱塞式喷油泵结构工作原理基础

柴油机柱塞式喷油泵结构工作原理基础 喷油泵是柴油供给系中最重要的零件,它的性能和质量对柴油机影响极大,被称为柴油机的"心脏"。 ?一.功用、要求、型式 ?功用:提高柴油压力,按照发动机的工作顺序,负荷大小,定时定量地向喷油器输送高压柴油,且各缸供油压力均等。 要求:?(1)泵油压力要保证喷射压力和雾化质量的要求。?(2)供油量应符合柴油机工作所需的精确数量。 (3)保证按柴油机的工作顺序,在规定的时间内准确供油。?(4)供油量和供油时间可调正,并保证各缸供油均匀。(5)供油规律应保证柴油燃烧完全。 (6)供油开始和结束,动作敏捷,断油干脆,避免滴油。?类型:车用柴油机的喷油泵按其工作原理不同可分为柱塞式喷油泵、喷油泵- 喷油器和转子分配式喷油泵三类。?? 二.柱塞泵的泵油原理 柱塞泵的泵油机构包括两套精密偶件: 柱塞和柱塞套是一对精密偶件,经配对研磨后不能互换,要求有高的精度和光洁度和好的耐磨性,其径向间隙为0.002~0.003mm

柱塞头部圆柱面上切有斜槽,并通过径向孔、轴向孔与顶部相通,其目的是改变循环供油量;柱塞套上制有进、回油孔,均与泵上体内低压油腔相通,柱塞套装入泵上体后,应用定位螺钉定位。?柱塞头部斜槽的位置不同,改变供油量的方法也不同。出油阀和出油阀座也是一对精密偶件,配对研磨后不能互换,其配合间隙为0.01 。 出油阀是一个单向阀,在弹簧压力作用下,阀上部圆锥面与阀座严密配合,其作用是在停供时,将高压油管与柱塞上端空腔隔绝,防止高压油管内的油倒流入喷油泵内。?出油阀的下部呈十字断面,既能导向,又能通过柴油。出油阀的锥面下有一个小的圆柱面,称为减压环带,其作用是在供油终了时,使高压油管内的油压迅速下降,避免喷孔处产生滴油现象。当环带落入阀座内时则使上方容积很快增大,压力迅速减小,停喷迅速。? 泵油原理 工作时,在喷油泵凸轮轴上的凸轮与柱塞弹簧的作用下,迫使柱塞作上、下往复运动,从而完成泵油任务,泵油过程可分为以下三个阶段。 ?进油过程

船舶柴油机的基本知识讲解

课题一船舶柴油机的基本知识 目的要求: 1.了解船舶柴油机的基本概念及优缺点。 2.掌握柴油机基本结构和主要系统。 3.掌握柴油机主要结构参数。 4.掌握四、二冲程柴油机的工作原理。 5.比较四、二冲程柴油机工作原理与结构上的差别。 6.了解船舶柴油机的基本分类和型号。 重点难点: 1.柴油机与汽油机的区别。 2.进排气重叠角、定时图。 教学时数:4学时 教学方法:多媒体讲授 课外思考题: 1.柴油机与汽油机有哪些区别? 2.柴油机主要结构组成和作用。 3.压缩比ε意义及对柴油机工作性能有什么影响? 4.四冲程柴油机各工作过程特征及特点。 5.二、四冲程换气在工作上原理及结构上有什么差别? 6.四冲程柴油机进、排气为什么都要提前和滞后?气阀重叠角有何作用?

课题一船舶柴油机的基本知识 第一节柴油机的概述及发展趋势 一、柴油机的概述 1.热机 热机是指把热能转换成机械能的动力机械。蒸汽机、蒸汽轮机以及柴油机、汽油机等是热机中较典型的机型。 蒸汽机与蒸汽轮机同属外燃机。在该类机械中,燃烧(燃料的化学能转变成热能)发生在汽缸外部(锅炉),热能转变成机械能发生在汽缸内部。此种机械由于热能需经某中间工质(水蒸气)传递,必然存在热损失,所以它的热效率不高,况且整个动力装置十分笨重。在能源问题十分突出的当前,它无法与内燃机竞争,因而已经在船舶动力装置中消失。 2.内燃机 汽油机、柴油机以及燃气轮机同属内燃机。虽然它们的机械运动形式(往复、回转)不同,但具有相同的工作特点──都是燃料在发动机的气缸内燃烧并直接利用燃料燃烧产生的高温高压燃气在气缸中膨胀作功。从能量转换观点,此类机械能量损失小,具有较高的热效率。另外,在尺寸和重量等方面也具有明显优势,因而在与外燃机竞争中已经取得明显的领先地位。 在内燃机中根据所用燃料不同,可大致分为汽油机、煤气机、柴油机和燃气轮机。它们都具有内燃机的共同特点,但又都具有各自的工作特点。由于这些各自不同的特点使它们在工作原理、工作经济性以及使用范围上均存在一定差异。如汽油机使用挥发性好的汽油做燃料,采用外部混合法(汽油与空气在气缸外部进气管中的汽化器进行混合)形成可燃混合气。缸内燃烧为电点火式(电火花塞点火)。这种工作特点使汽油机不能采用高压缩比,因而限制了汽油机的经济性不能大幅度提高,而且也不允许作为船用发动机使用(汽油的火灾危险性大)。但它广泛应用于运输车辆。 3.柴油机 柴油机是一种压缩发火的往复式内燃机。它使用挥发性较差的柴油或劣质燃料油做燃料。采用内部混合法(燃油与空气的混合发生在气缸内部)形成可燃混合气;缸内燃烧采用压缩式(靠缸内空气压缩形成的高温自行发火)。这种工作特点使柴油机在热机领域内具有最高的热效率(已达到55%左右),而且允许作为船用发动机使用。因而,柴油机在工程界应用十分广泛。尤其在船用发动机中,柴油机已经取得了绝对领先地位。 根据英国劳氏船级社统计,1985年全世界制造的船舶中(2000t以上)以柴油机作为推进装置者占99.89%,而到1987年100%为柴油机船。船用主机经济性、可靠性、寿命是第一位,尺寸、重量是第二位,低速机适用作船用主机,大功率四冲程中速机适用作滚装船和集装箱船,中、高速机适用作发电机组。柴油机通常具有以下突出优点: (1)经济性好。有效热效率可达50%以上,可使用廉价的重油,燃油费用低。 (2)功率范围宽广,单机功率从0.6kW~45600kW,适用的领域广。

船用柴油机工作原理

船用柴油机是一种船舶上用的柴油机。其工作原理如下: 一股新鲜空气被抽进或泵进发动机汽缸内,然后被运动的活塞压缩到很高的压力。当空气被压缩时,其温度升高以致它能点燃喷射进汽缸的细雾状燃油。燃油的燃烧给充进的空气增加更多的热量,引起膨胀并迫使发电机活塞对曲轴做功,曲轴依次地通过其他轴来驱动传船舶的螺旋桨。 两次燃油喷射之间的运行称为一个工作循环。在四冲程柴油发动机中,这个循环需要由活塞四个不同的冲程来完成,即吸气、压缩、膨胀和排气。如果我们把吸气和排气与压缩和膨胀结合起来,四冲程发动机就变成了两冲程发电机。 二冲程循环开始于活塞从其冲程的底部(既下止点)上升,此时汽缸边上进气口处于打开状态。此时,排气阀也打开,新鲜空气充入汽缸,把上一冲程残留的废气通过打开的排气阀吹出去。阀吹出去。 当活塞向上运行到其行程上午大约五分之一时,它就关闭进气口,同时排气阀也关闭,所以温度和压力都上升到很高的值。当活塞到达其冲程的顶部(即上止点)时,燃油阀把细雾状的燃油喷射到汽缸内的高温空气中,燃油立即燃烧,热量使压力很快上升。这样,膨胀的燃气迫使活塞在做功冲程中向下移动。当活塞向下移动到行程的一半过一点的地方,排气阀打开,高温的燃气由于其自身的压力开始通过排气阀向外流出,该压力受

助于通过进气口进入的新鲜空气。进气口是随着活塞的进一步下行而打开的。然后,另一循环又开始了。 在二冲程发动机里,曲轴转一圈做一次做功冲程,而四冲程发动机,需要曲轴转二圈才做一次做功冲程,这就是为什么二冲程发动机在相同的尺寸下能够做大约两倍于四冲程发动机所做功的原因。在当前实际使用中,具有相同缸径和相同转速的发动机,二冲程发动机输出的功率比四冲程发动机高出大约百分之八十。这种发动机功率的增加,使得二冲程发动机作为大型船舶主机而得到广泛地应用。 船用柴油机和普通柴油机的区别有两点 其一,船用油一般碱值比较高。由于船用燃油硫含量高,(一般在0.5%-3.5%范围内变化)因而要求润滑油必须有足够的碱保持性,以中和燃料燃烧后生成的酸性物质。 其二,船用油耐水性能好。船在海上航行难免遇水污染,因而要求船用润滑油必须具有良好的抗乳化性能和分水性能,而陆用柴油机油则无此工况,也无此要求。 此外,船用油具有车用柴油机油的其它一切性能。

柴油机工作原理及构造

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二、发动机的总体构造 柴油机由两大机构四大系统组成。 1、柄连杆机构—曲柄连杆机构主要由构成气缸的机体、活塞、连杆、曲轴和飞轮等组成。 由发动机的工作循环可知,混合气在气缸内燃烧产生的高压是通过活塞、连杆、曲轴而变为有用的机械能输出的;反之,工作循环的准备过程也是由曲轴通过连杆通过活塞作往复运动来实现的。可见,曲柄连杆机构是发动机维持工作循环,实现能量转换的核心。 2、配气机构—为使发动机的工作循环能够连续进行,必须定时地开闭气门,以便向气缸内充入新鲜气体和排出废气。它主要由气门和控制气门开闭的凸轮轴及其他传动件等组成。 3、燃料供给系—从发动机的工作循环可知,柴油机要向气缸内提供纯空气并在规定时刻向气缸内喷入燃油。另外,需要将燃烧完的废气按规定的管路导出。柴油机的燃料供给系主要由燃油箱、喷油泵、喷油器、进、排气管、虑清器等组成。 4、润滑系—发动机内部有很多高速运动的摩擦表面,为了减小摩擦阻力和减缓磨损,需要向这些摩擦表面提供润滑油。润滑系主要由油底壳、机油泵、油道、虑清器等组成。 5、冷却系—发动机工作时,气缸内气体燃烧的热量在使气体膨胀做功的同时,不可避免地将会加热与它相接触的机件,为了保持正常的工作温度,需将机件的多余热量散发出去。冷却系有水冷和风冷两种,水冷主要由散热器、风扇、水泵、水套等组成;风冷主要由风扇、散

船舶柴油机的工作原理

船用柴油机地工作原理 二冲程柴油机地工作原理 通过活塞地两个冲程完成一个工作循环地柴油机称为二冲程柴油机,油机完成一个工作循环曲轴只转一圈,与四冲程柴油机相比,它提高了作功能力,在具体结构及工作原理方面也存在较大差异. b5E2R. 二冲程柴油机与四冲程柴油机基本结构相同,主要差异在配气机构方面.二冲 程柴油机没有进气阀,有地连排气阀也没有,而是在气缸下部开设扫气口及排气口; 或设扫气口与排气阀机构.并专门设置一个由运动件带动地扫气泵及贮 存压力空气 地扫气箱,利用活塞与气口地配合完成配气,从而简化了柴油机结构. 图是二冲程柴油机工作原理图.扫气泵附设在柴油机地一侧,它地 转子由柴油机带动.空气从泵地吸入吸入,经压缩后排出,储存在具有较大容积地 扫气箱中,并在其中保持一定地压力.现以图说明二冲程柴油机地工作原理. 燃烧膨胀及排气冲程: 燃油在燃烧室内着火燃烧,生成高温高压燃气.活塞在燃气地推动下,由上止点 向下运动,对外作功.活塞下行直至排气口打开(此时曲柄在点位置, 此时燃气 膨胀作功结束,气缸内大量废气靠自身高压自由排气,从排气口排人到排气管. 当气缸内压力降至接近扫气压力时(一般扫气箱中地扫气压力为 ,下行活塞把扫气口打开(此时曲柄在点地位置,扫气空气进入气缸,同时把气缸内地废气经排气口赶出气缸.活塞运行到下止点,本冲程结束,但扫气 过程一直持续到下一个冲程排气口关闭(此时曲柄在点位置为止. ·· 第三篇船舶柴油机检修图二冲程柴油机工作原理示意图扫气及压缩冲程: 活塞由下止点向上移动,活塞在遮住扫气口之前,由扫气泵供给储存在扫气箱 内地空气,通过扫气口进入气缸,气缸中地残存废气被进入气缸地空气通过排气口 扫出气缸.活塞继续上行,逐渐遮住扫气口,当扫气口完全关闭后(此 时曲柄在点 位置,空气停止充人,排气还在进行,这阶段称为“过后排气阶段”.排气口关闭时 (此时曲柄在点位置,气缸中地空气就开始被压缩.当压缩至上止点前点时,

柴油机工作原理

四冲程柴油机的工作原理

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示功图。图中的压力曲线表示柴油机工作时,气缸内气体压力的变化规律。从土中我们可以看出进气开始,由于存在残余废气,所以稍高于大气压力 P0。在进气过程中由于空气通过进气管和进气阀时产生流动阻力,所以进气冲程的气体压力低于大气压力,其值为0.085?0.095MPa,在整个进气过程中,气缸内气体压力大致保持不变。 当活塞向下运动接近下止点时,冲进气缸的气流仍具有很高的速度,惯性很大,为了利用气流的惯性来提高充气量,进气阀在活塞过了下止点以后才关闭。虽然此时活塞上行,但由于气流的惯性,气体仍能充人气缸。 二.压缩冲程 第二冲程---- 压缩。压缩时活塞从下止点间上止点运动,这个冲程的 功用有二,一是提高空气的温度,为燃料自行发火作准备:二是为气体膨胀作功创造条件。当活塞上行,进气阀关闭以后,气缸内的空气受到压缩,随着容积的不断细小,空气的压力和温度也就不断升高,压缩终点的压力和湿度与空气的压缩程度有关,即与压缩比有关,一般压缩终点的压力和温度为:Pc=4?8MPa,Tc = 750?950K。 柴油的自燃温度约为543 —563K,压缩终点的温度要比柴油自燃的温度高很多,足以保证喷入气缸的燃油自行发火燃烧。 喷入气缸的柴油,并不是立即发火的,而且经过物理化学变化之后才发火,这段时间大约有0.001?0.005秒,称为发火延迟期。因此,要在曲柄转至上止点前10?35。曲柄转角时开始将雾化的燃料喷入气缸,并使曲柄在上止点后5?10 °时,在燃烧室内达到最高燃烧压力,迫使活塞向下运动。 三?燃烧膨胀冲程 第三冲程--- 燃烧膨胀。在这个冲程开始时,大部分喷入燃烧室内的 燃料都燃烧了。燃烧时放出大量的热量,因此气体的压力和温度便急剧升高,活塞在高温高压气体作用下向下运动,并通过连秆使曲轴转动,对外作功。所以这一冲程又叫作功或工作冲程。

柴油机工作原理及构造

柴油机工作原理及构造 精选文档

柴油机概述 一,定义: 柴油机是用柴油作燃料的内燃机。柴油机属于压缩点火式发动机,它又常以主要发明者狄塞尔的名字被称为狄塞尔引擎。柴油机在工作时,吸入柴油机气缸内的空气,因活塞的运动而受到较高程度的压缩,达到500~700℃的高温。然后将燃油以雾状喷入高温空气中,与高温空气混合形成可燃混合气,自动着火燃烧。燃烧中释放的能量作用在活塞顶面上,推动活塞并通过连杆和曲轴转换为旋转的机械功 二 :历史 法国出生的德裔工程师鲁道夫,狄塞尔,在1897年研制成功可供实用的四冲程柴油机。 1)1905年制成第一台船用二冲程柴油机。 2)1922年,德国的博世发明机械喷射装置,逐渐替代了空气喷射。 3)二十世纪20年代后期出现了高速柴油机,并开始用于汽车。 4)二十世纪50年代,柴油机进入了专业化大量生产阶段。特别是在采用了废气涡轮增压技术以后,柴油机已成为现 代动力机械中最重要的部分。 三,分类 柴油机种类繁多。 1! 按工作循环可分为四冲程和二冲程柴油机。 ②按冷却方式可分为水冷和风冷柴油机。 ③按进气方式可分为增压和非增压(自然吸气)柴油机。 ④按转速可分为高速(大于1000转/分)、中速(300~1000转/分)和低速(小于300转/分)柴油机。 ⑤按燃烧室可分为直接喷射式、涡流室式和预燃室式柴油机。 ⑥按气体压力作用方式可分为单作用式、双作用式和对置活塞式柴油机等。 ⑦按气缸数目可分为单缸和多缸柴油机。 ⑧按用途可分为船用柴油机、机车柴油机、车用柴油机、农业机械用柴油机、工程机械用柴油机、发电用柴油机、 固定动力用柴油机。 ⑨按供油方式可分为机械高压油泵供油和高压共轨电子控制喷射供油。

柴油发动机的工作原理与基本组成

柴油发动机的工作原理与基本组成 一、柴油发动机的概念: 柴油发动机是内燃机的一种,将柴油喷射到气缸内与空气混合,燃烧得到热能转变为机械能的热力发动机,即依靠燃料燃烧时的燃气膨胀推动活塞作直线运动,通过曲柄连杆机构使曲轴旋转,从而输出机械功。 二、四冲程工作原理: 1、四冲程分类:a进气冲程、b膨胀冲程、c压缩冲程、d排气冲程。 2、四冲程工作原理: 1、吸气冲程:活塞从上止点向下止点移动,目的是吸入新鲜空气为燃烧做好准备,此时进气门打开,排气门关闭。活塞到达下止点时进气门关闭,近期冲程结束。 2、压缩冲程:活塞从下止点向上止点移动,此时上气门关闭,气缸内空气受压缩温度、压力提高,为燃烧提供条件,活塞到达上止点时压缩冲程结束。 3、膨胀(做功)冲程:在压缩冲程结束时前,喷油器将燃油喷入气缸,与空气混合形成可燃气体并自燃,产生高温、高压推动活塞向下止点运动并带动曲轴旋转而做功,活塞到达下止点时,气缸内压力下降,直到排气门打开。 4、排气冲程:做工结束后,气缸内的气体已成为废气,活塞从下止点向上止点运动,排气门打开,进气门关闭,活塞将废气排出气缸,到达上止点时,排气冲程结束。 5、排气冲程结束后,排气门关闭,进气门又打开,重复进行下一个循环,周而复始不断对外做功。

三、柴油机的组成部分: 柴油机总体结构一般由以下几大系统或机构组成: 1、机体(缸体)

2、燃油系统 3、曲轴连杆机构

4、进排气系统 进排气系统工作原理图:

5、润滑系统 1)润滑系统的组成: 2)润滑系统的作用:将润滑油共给摩擦件以减少摩擦阻力,减轻机件的磨损,并部分地冷却摩擦零件,清洁摩擦表面。 6、冷却系统:

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