Emissions from Power Electronic Drives

MEGADRIVE-LCILarge adjustable-speedsynchronous motor drives Power range 2000…80000kWLarge adjustable speed AC drives designed toraise your profitability2Substantial savings of energy and maintenance costsSmoother running results in – higher productivity – longer plant lifeProcesses and industries– power plants– chemicals and petrochemicals – building materials – metals – mining– research and development – water and sewage treatment – marine and offshore – oil and gas – pulp and paperEmissions• Electric drives avoid emissions.(a significant advantage in today’s world)• Noise reduced to the minimum possible.Better process control• greater accuracy• smooth control at low flow rates • wider range of control• faster response with greater stability • reduced production waste and higher quality• set-points quickly reached and therefore shorter production times• renowned reliability and adaptabilitySoft starting• less mechanical stress on motor and driven plant• minimum repercussions on the supply system• reduced temperature rise while the motor is accelerating• no need of pony motors and clutches • starting of very large motors and generatorsTypical applicationsSpeed control and soft starting of – fans and pumps– high-speed compressors – reciprocating compressors – wind tunnel blowers – blast furnace blowers – rolling mills – extruders– marine propulsion systems – test bays You would be surprised how many industrial processes can be improved by using adjust-able speed electric motors. The larger the process and the higher the performance demands, the greater the benefits fromelectronic speed control. The energy savings alone in a drive of a few megawatts can offset the cost of the speed control system in just months or a few years.Reasons for using MEGADRIVE-LCI Efficiency• Compressors, fans and pumps run at their optimum operating point.• Substantial energy savingsReliability• Mechanical flow control devices aspotential source of failures are eliminated.• «Softer» control reduces wear on motor and driven plant.Maintenance• Less stress and wear reduces the maintenance requirement.• Mean time to repair typically <1 hourMEGADRIVE-LCI system3RectifierThe rectifier is of the controlled line-commutated type similar to those used for DC drives. The rectifier or supply converter in conjunction with the reactor in the DC link circuit form a fully controllable DC current source.DC link reactorThe reactor in the DC link circuit smoothes the DC current and limits the rate of current rise in the DC link circuit in the event of a fault.InverterThyristors in the inverter electronically switch the DC current such as to produce a three-phase AC system of variable frequency and voltage for supplying the motor. The design of the inverter is basically the same as that of the rectifier with the exception that the inverter phase currents are commutated by the motor voltage. An inverter of this type is referred to as a load-commutated inverter (LCI). At very low speeds (0…5% of rated speed), themotor voltage is too low to guarantee reliable commutation and pulse mode commutation has to be employed.ExcitationThe excitation of the synchronous machine can be of the brushless or slipring type. It provides the field current over the entire speed range and at standstill.Control systemThe main purpose of the control system is to generate the firing impulses for the thyristors in the rectifier and inverter at the right instants to maintain the desired voltage and frequency across the motor. Since the drive system is self-controlled, it cannot fall out-of-step. The principal applied is that of a four-quadrant drive which permits driving and braking in both directions. Voltage, current and speed are regulated by closed-loop control.12-pulse circuitTo minimise both the harmonic influence of the drive on the supply system and the ripple on the motor torque, rectifier and inverter normally operate in a 12-pulse mode. This technique eliminates harmonics ofA synchronous motor for this kind of Similarly, the supply transformer also has two secondary windings shifted by 30°.The diagram to the right shows a simplified 6-pulse circuit a) and alternative 12-pulse circuits b), c) and d). The best one to use for a particular application is largely determined by the power and voltage ratings of the drive.The main components of an adjustable speed drive are shown in the diagram to the right.Although the transformer and the motor are designed for operation in conjunction with a converter, they do not differ essentially from normal versions. The following explanation is therefore confined to the components of the frequency converter and its operation.World-wide referencesABB has installed more than 150MEGADRIVE-LCI units with a total power of 1140MW for applications in power plants, the oil, gas and chemical industries, in water pumping stations and in test bays. For the most part, they are driving compressors, blowers, pumps and extruders efficiently and reliably under extremely adverse ambient conditions (corrosive atmospheres) or in hazardous areas (oil platforms etc.). The largest drives supplied up to the present were for a hydroelectric power plant in the PR of China (pump rated at 60 MW) and for the Troll project in Norway, where five com-pressor drives each with a rating of 41 MW and a maximum speed of 3750 rpm are4The permissible relationships between power and maximum speed for MEGADRIVE-LCI. The maximum speed is primarily determined by the design of the motor, i.e. by the physical forces to which the rotor is subjected.installed to transport natural gas. Another noteworthy project was for a converter-fed high-speed synchronous motor (14 MW at 6,400 rpm) to replace a steam turbine driving a five-stage compressor in an ethylene production plant in Italy.Over 50 of the units supplied for driving boiler feed pumps in electricity power plants and operate in the high-speed range up to 6000 rpm. They have ratings between 3 MW and 15 MW.These together with approximately 360 LCI.ST units supplied for soft start of synchronous machines, make ABB a leading supplier of this kind of drive technology.Technical dataTypical power range: 2…80MW Speed control range: (0)…10…100%Motor frequency: 0…125Hz The maximum speed is a function of the number of poles, e.g. two-pole machines have a maximum speed of 7500 rpm.Design and function of the MEGADRIVE-LCIcontrol system5Sequential controlThis part of the control system generates the signals in the correct sequence for starting up and shutting down the drive. The functions are performed in several stages and include inter mediate checks for ensuring that start-up, respectively shut-down is proceeding normally and also emergency shut-down routines which are executed in the event of a fault on the drive.StructureAs can be seen from the block diagrambelow, the control system is divided into three parts for:• interface modules• programmable controller • standard modulesThe interface modules facilitate the exchange of data with other drive components, remote control from a control room and communication with a higher level control system.The programmable controller part includes the torque and speed controllers, complex protection functions, the sequential control for the starting up and shutting down routines as well as the emergency trip, drive supervision and general diagnostic functions. All these tasks are performed by a high-speed programmable controller which has been specifically designed for large converter fed AC drives. It provides a high degree of flexibility and being programmable is easily adapted to accommodate different drive applications.The standard modules includes the gate control units for the thyristors and hard-wired protection devices which duplicate and serve as back-ups for the protection functions performed by the digital control part.The functions of the control system are grouped as follows:• sequential control • closed-loop control• communication and interfaces• protection, supervision and diagnostics6Closed-loop controlThe most important regulation functions of a LCI drive system are the feedback and forward control. They act on the supply converter (rectifier), on the machine converter (inverter) and the excitation system.Speed controllerThe speed controller (1) and the current controller (2) form a conventional cascade feedback circuit. The speed controller provides the current controller with the set-point value necessary to attain and maintain the required speed. It may be assumed that the torque developed by the motor is approximately proportional to the motor current, flux and power factor. Thus the current controller indirectly adjusts the torque exerted on the shaft of the motor by varying the DC voltage at the output of the line converter.ß angle controlß angle control (3) is a forward controlfunction which determines the instant of firing of the thyristors in the machine converter. The angel ß is adjusted as a function of current and speed such as to ensure correct commutation of the inverter.Voltage controllerThe voltage controller (4) and the currentcontroller (5) also form a conventional cascade feedback circuit. The voltage controller provides the excitation current controller with the set-point value it needs to attain and maintain the required voltage at the motor terminals. Basically, the motor voltage is adjusted in proportion to the motor speed which is equivalent to maintaining the motor flux at its rated value. The current controller (5) adjusts the current of the brushless exciter by varying its stator voltage via a three-phase AC controller .Communication and interfacesThe programmable high-speed controller communicates with the other controlsystem modules via a parallel bus capable of transferring the control function data at the required rate. Communication with other units of the drive and with any higher level control system or remote control centres takes place via corresponding interfaces controlling either parallel or fast serial links.The ability to ride through short supply interruptions is one of the most important features of MEGADRIVE-LCIUsually, your process just carries on without noticing anything.The protection and supervisory functions ensure that the mechanical and thermal operating limits of the drive are not exceeded. They are implemented in the application program running on the micro-processor of the programmable high-speed controller and their signals are evaluated by the diagnostic system. The most important protection functions (overcurrent and overspeed) are also duplicated by hard-wired devices acting as a back-up for the software protection functions. Trips and alarms are transmitted to the relevant devices to shut down or, should it become necessary, trip the drive completely. Faults are displayed in plain language on the control panel in the door of the control cubicle and on any remote control panel with clear indication of the first fault. Numerous protective and supervisory functions are available.The following are the minimum included with the standard MEGADRIVE-LCI.Motor:Overvoltage, undervoltage, stalled rotor, winding and bearing temperatures, over-Protection and diagnostics speed and setspeed deviation.Converter:Supply over andundervoltage,overcurrent, groundfault, failure ofauxiliaries, coolingwater temperature,level, flow andconductivity, respec-tively air flow in thecase of air-cooledunits, and excitationand control systemfailure.Supplytransformer:Oil temperature andlevel and Buchholzin the case of oil-immersed types,respectively windingtemperature in thecase of dry types.Also components are conservatively rated and more than adequate safety margins are allowed.Where appropriate, functions are physically isolated from each other in the interest of greater reliability.A special design feature of MEGADRIVE-LCI is its ability to ride through brief supply interruptions so that in most cases they pass unnoticed by the process. Should the drive fail in spite of all these precautions, fault location and corrective action are made easy by the failure indication system which points to the precise component. Attention has also been paid to the simple replacement of all components,units and assemblies. For example, a thyristor can be replaced without having to interrupt the cooling water circuit. All the measures incorporated should achieve repair times of just minutes and an MTBF of more than 4 years.Reliability is a must!Reliability and availability are of the utmostimportance in power plants and industrialprocesses. As a leading supplier of drivesystems, ABB achieves the highest reliabilityby ensuring that it complies with the qualitystandards and procedures specified in ISO9001. T ests are performed at various stagesduring production in addition to the extensivefinal tests (heat run, combined, and burn-intests are conducted on request). Redundancyof crucial components (e.g. cooling pump orfan and essential parts of the control system)can be provided which enormously increasesreliability and availability while enablingmaintenance intervals to be extended to4 years and more.7Applications8Compressor hallwith 3 reciprocating compressors equipped withMEGADRIVE-LCI in a natural gas pumping stationBoilerfeed pumpsin a thermal power plant driven by MEGADRIVE-LCIContinuous rating :10 MW, 500…5222 rpm Short-time rating: 13 MW, 5700 rpmShaft output per drive: 4.7 MW Speed range: 0…375 rpmApplicationsWireblock drivewithMEGADRIVE-LCI9Polyethylene extruder drivewithMEGADRIVE-LCIContinuous rating : 5.5MW Torque:44.3 kNmSpeed range: 120…1185 rpmContinuous rating: 5 MWSpeed range: 900…1500 rpmConverter design and cooling10Part of a water-cooled thyristor stackCompact and modularThe main components of a converter are:• thyristor stacks with thyristor heat sinks • snubber circuits• gate control units with either magnetic oroptical fibre transmis-sion of the control impulses• semiconductor supervision devices • reactors• current and voltage transformers• fans in the case of air cooling• cooling unit with heat exchanger and pumps in the case of water cooling• control and protection equipment• excitation system• local control panel Both the power and control sections of the converter are constructed as modular units. For powers up to 22MW, all the modules are mounted on a common base frame and fullymetal clad and are shipped as a single unit.Converters for higher ratings are broken down into suitable units for shipment.The standard DIN enclosure protection class is IP30 for water-cooled converters and for air-cooled converters.Special enclosures and proofing areavailable to comply with higher protection classes.The advantages of modular construction are:• compactness and robustness • fast erection on site• adaptability to the customer’s needs • ease of maintenance• simple replacement of components • easy to handle and shipHigh voltage for high powerAt the lower end of the power range, a single thyristor per branch is usually sufficient. Higher powers are generally achieved by connecting thyristors in series to divide the voltage rather than in parallel to share the current. The series connection of thyristors or thyristor bridges (e.g. for 12-pulse operation) has thus become standard practice for converters with voltage ratings up to 7kV .Special designs are available up to 20kV .A high basic insulation level inside thecubicles minimises the risk of short-circuits.The advantages of a high system voltage are:• reduced losses because the higher power is achieved with less current • better cost/benefit ratio for the motor • cheaper cables with lower cable losses• fuses can be avoided.Water-cooled MEGADRIVE-LCI Rated power: 5MWEfficient cooling meanshigher reliabilityAir-cooling• Open-circuit:Fans force the cooling air through the thyristor heat sinks.This method is suitable in plants with clean air conditions.• Closed-circuit:The cooling air circulates in a closed circuit inside the converter cubicles. The air in the closed cooling circuit is cooled by an air-to-air or air-to-water heat exchanger.This method is necessary in plants with dusty and/or aggressive atmospheres.The advantages of air cooling are:• simplicity• overload capability for short duty cycles • permits converters to be installed where cooling water is not available.Water-coolingDeionised water flows in a closed-circuit through the thyristor heat sinks and around the snubber circuit resistors and is cooled by either a water-to-water or water-to-air heat exchanger. This method is necessary for high-power applications and in plants with dusty and/or aggressive atmospheres. Circulation pump, monitoring devices for flow, temperature and conductivity are part of the converter assembly. No cooling water pipes have to be disconnected or drained in order to replace a thyristor.The advantages of water cooling are:• space-saving layout• losses easily conveyed from control room • higher ambient temperature permissible • less noise• fully enclosed cubicle with protection class up to IP55 (protection against dust and splash water) for noise reduction and severe ambient conditions availableAir-cooledMEGADRIVE-LCI driving a boiler feed pump in a nuclear power plant Rated power: 3.4MW Operatingmode: 12/12-pulse11Walk-in enclosureFor outdoor erection, the converter complete with auxiliaries, switchgear, reactors and air-conditioning plant can be installed in a fully sealed enclosure which can be supplied for varying severities of ambient conditions. All components are wired and the system tested at the works prior to delivery which considerably reduces the time required forerection and commissioning on site.Water-cooledMEGADRIVE-LCI driving a natural gas compressor Rated power: 41MW Operatingmode: 12/12-pulseWalk-in outdoor enclosure for two MEGADRIVE – LCI’s driving boiler feed pumps in a power plantHigh-speed synchronous motor drivesThe maximum possible speed of a directly connected two-pole synchronous motor on a 50 or 60Hz system is 3000, respectively 3600 rpm.Higher speeds can be obtained from a two-pole motor by inserting a frequency converter in the motor supply which applies frequencies higher than the power system frequency to it. The maximum speed possible for a synchronous motor in this kind of arrangement varies with power rating, but cannot exceed about 7500 rpm due to the constraints of the rotor and exciter design (see diagram on page 4).High-speed synchronous motor driving a boiler feed pump in a power plant Continuous rating: 10MW Speed range: 500…5222rpm Short-time rating: 13 MW at 5700 rpm12High-speed drive referencesSince the first high-speed synchronous motors with LCI frequency converters went into service at the beginning of the 80’s, ABB has installed more than 60 with a total power of about 700MW. They are used mainly for driving boiler feed pumps in power plants and large compressors in gas and chemicals and in various kinds of test bays. The individual power ratings range from 2.5 MW up to 41.5 MW and they operate at speeds up to 6500 rpm. Drives for applications in hazardous areas have been constructed to meet the corresponding standards and have been certified by authorities following extensive testing at the works. In all cases, theperformance of these high-speed drives has been excellent and they are operating to the full satisfaction of the users.Proven converter designThe LCI converter used to supply a variable voltage and frequency to a high-speed synchronous motor is basically the same as those already described for operation at normal speeds. The only difference is the higher output frequency which can be as high as 125Hz. Both supply and machine converters usually operate in a 12-pulse mode and most are equipped with water-cooled thyristors.High-speed drive applications• compressors for drives in gas and chemicals• boiler feed pumps in power plants • drives for test baysAdvantages• no gears and therefore higher reliability and availability• reduced length of shaft train • much improved drive efficiency • low maintenance costsMotor designExtreme left: high-speed EEx «p» synchronous motor designed for driving a five-stage compressor in a chemical plant producing ethyleneRated power: 13MW Speedrange: 5700…6400rpmIn general, the mechanical and electrical design of a high-speed synchronous motor corresponds to that of a standard ABB air-cooled turboalternator slightly modified for supply by a converter.Established methods and the experience gained over many years can thus be directly applied. There are two sets of stator windings shifted by 30° to eliminate the 6th and the 18th torque harmonics. The cylindrical rotor is a forged monoblock in which equally spaced slots for the rotor coils are machined around the circumference. The electrically conducting slot wedges and the interconnecting retaining rings form the damper winding. The retaining rings are made of a high tensile strength non-magnetic steel alloy and oppose the centrifugal forces acting on the rotor end coils.The exciter rotor and the diode wheel are shrunk onto the end of the shaft projecting from the motor bearing and are supported by a third bearing. This ensures that a critical whirling speed cannot occur within the normal operating speed range. Two axial flow fans provide self-ventilation and the air is cooled by an air-to-water heat exchanger.13Rotor of a high-speedsynchronous motor with the exciter and rotating diodes on the leftHigh-speed synchronous motor Rated power: 10MWRated speed: 6000 rpmMEGADRIVE-LCI.STStarter for synchronous machines14Main features• starting current limited to the rated machine current or less• provides facility for braking the machine • sequential starting of several machines possible with a single soft starter • microprocessor control systemOperationThe synchronous machine is started with a variable frequency by the converter in the same way as a converter-fed variable speed motor (see MEGADRIVE - LCI). At rated speed, the machine is automatically synchronised to the power system and the circuit-breaker for direct connection to the supply is closed. The motor is excited from standstill.Typical applicationsStarting of• gas turbines• synchronous compensators • refiner motors• motor/generators in pump storage power plants• large compressors and blowers for: chemical processes wind tunnels blast furnacesReferencesWorld-wide, ABB has installed more than 360 solid-state converters as starters with ratings between 1MW and 60 MW. These are in use in a variety of applications and the technique has proved highly reliable for over 20 years.Starting a large synchronous machine on-line can prove problematical either because of the inrush current or because of the thermal stress at hot spots on the rotor surface while running up. These problems can be overcome with the aid of solid-state «soft» starting equipment which for this reason is being used in an increasing number of applications.Technical dataTypical power range: 2…80MWMaximum speed: 3600 rpm (+5%)Output frequency: 0…60Hz (+5%)Gas turbine startingconverter Type LCI.ST 3.8Rated power: 3.8MWMEGADRIVE-LCI.ST15Features and optionsThe converter circuit is chosen to suit the particular application and requirements.• 12-pulse supply and machine converters minimise distortion of the supply voltage and heating losses in the rotor due to harmonics• matching transformer at the converter output• changeover switchgear Optional redundant components:• (n+1) thyristors per arm of a thyristor bridge• separate exciter converter for starting • Cooling ancillaries:Air-cooling: redundant fansWater cooling: redundant pumpLeft: Solid-state starter with 12-pulse converters and matching transformer at the outputRight: Solid-state starter with 6-pulse converters for the rated motor voltageMEGADRIVE-LCI.STSolid-state frequency converter for starting motor/generator sets in pump storage power plants Rated power: 24MW16Engineering a MEGADRIVE-LCI-system• reliability and availability • control• overall efficiency • total costAn optimum drive system can only beachieved if there is close cooperation between the machine and converter design engineers and this is given top priority at ABB. The motor design must take due account of the losses resulting from the harmonic content in current and voltage and the pulsating torque. The torsional forces exerted on the shaft train are analysed by computer to ensure proper mechanical performance.It is not sufficient to just consider the motor and the converter when deciding on a suitable voltage level. Overall efficiency, the switchgear and other characteristics of the specific plant have to be included as well. An understanding of the user’s application, national standards and the prevailing ambient conditions on site is also essential to engineer a fully satisfyingdrive system.A MEGADRIVE system – the total solutionEngineering a converter-fed drive involves selecting and matching the motor and the converter to satisfy requirements determined by the load, the supply system, the ambient conditions and the process. Standard computer programs are employed for network analysis, harmonic filter design, simulation of transient behaviour, examination of the mechanical operation etc.The main steps in engineering a MEGADRIVE-LCI system are:Selection of the optimumsystem and circuit according to • motor rating and speed• motor torque/speed characteristic • specified dynamic response • speed control range• power factor and voltage distortion constraints of the power system Design of the converter components in relation to the drive parameters to optimise the system with regard to • voltage, current and frequency • reactances• characteristics and number of semiconductors • protection • coolingOptimised system performance combined with high reliability and availability –the target of our systems engineersStandard converter typesMotor design criteria Standard versions1)Smallest size Largest size2)Air-cooled Water-cooled Air-cooled Water-cooledType designation E0806-211N4 W1212-091N4A1212-171N4 W2x06-573N4Input voltage [V]2100 2x9402x17502x5710No. of thyristors in series 1 1 1 3AC current [A]775 1880 1410 1610Frequency (up to)[Hz]60 60 60 60Motor power[kW]21004660 6330 23520Design criteria forlarge converter-fed AC motorsIn order to guarantee the specified outputand reliable operation of a large adjustablespeed AC motor designed for supply by aconverter, ABB pays special attention to thefollowing:• The motor cooling system remains fullyeffective throughout the specified rangeof speeds at the specified load.• Full account is taken of the additionallosses resulting from the harmoniccontent in voltage and current.• The motor insulation is suitable to with-stand the voltage waveforms includingsurges and du/dt phenomena which mayoccur in practice.• Motor and converter voltages are chosen such that overall drive efficiency andcable costs are an optimum.• The motor reactances are matched to converter operation.Synchronous motor9MW, 1500rpm • Where any doubt exists, a torsionalanalysis of the shaft train is recommended.• The excitation system is designed toexcite the machine at any speed and atstandstill.• Noise levelswhich are notnecessarily thesame as anequivalentconventionalAC motor arechecked inrelation to thecustomer’sspecification.• The motor protection and supervisionfunctions are suitable for converteroperation.1) Data for specified conditions regarding • power supply• cooling• overload • without redundancy• suitable voltage and commutation reactance of the motor2) Higher power ratings on request17。

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Figures are based on 30 European countries. For more information please visit .** The declared Fuel/Energy Consumptions, CO2 emissions and electric range are measured according to the technical requirements and specifications of the European Regulations (EC) 715/2007 and (EC) 692/2008 as last amended. Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are specified for a vehicle variant and not for a single car. The applied standard test procedure enables comparison between different vehicle types and different manufacturers. In addition to the fuel efficiency of a car, driving behaviour as well as other non-technical factors play a role in determining a car's fuel/energy consumption, CO2 emissions and electric range. CO2 is the main greenhouse gas responsible for global warming.About Ford Motor CompanyFord Motor Company is a global automotive and mobility company based in Dearborn, Michigan. With about 201,000 employees and 67 plants worldwide, the company’s core business includes designing, manufacturing, marketing, financing and servicing a full line of Ford cars, trucks, SUVs and electrified vehicles, as well as Lincoln luxury vehicles. At the same time, Ford is aggressively pursuing emerging opportunities through Ford Smart Mobility, the company’s plan to be a leader in connectivity, mobility, autonomous vehicles, the customer experience and data and analytics. The company provides financial services through Ford Motor Credit Company. For more information regarding Ford and its products worldwide or Ford Motor Credit Company, visit .Ford of Europe is responsible for producing, selling and servicing Ford brand vehicles in 50 individual markets and employs approximately 53,000 employees at its wholly owned facilities and approximately 68,000 people when joint ventures and unconsolidated businesses are included. In addition to Ford Motor Credit Company, Ford Europe operations include Ford Customer Service Division and 24 manufacturing facilities (16 wholly owned or consolidated joint venture facilities and 8 unconsolidated joint venture facilities). The first Ford cars were shipped to Europe in 1903 – the same year Ford Motor Company was founded. European production started in 1911.Contacts: Finn ThomasenFord of Europe+44 1268 401908*****************。

Eaton 198791Eaton Moeller® series Rapid Link - Speed controllers, 4.3 A, 1.5 kW, Sensor input 4, 400/480 V AC, AS-Interface®, S-7.4 for 31 modules, HAN Q4/2, with manual override switch, STO (Safe Torque Off)General specificationsEaton Moeller® series Rapid Link Speed controller1987914015081968497157 mm 270 mm 220 mm 3.59 kg UL approval UL 61800-5-1 CEIEC/EN 61800-5-1 RoHSProduct NameCatalog NumberEANProduct Length/Depth Product Height Product Width Product Weight Certifications Catalog Notes 3 fixed speeds and 1 potentiometer speedcan be switched over from U/f to (vector) speed control Connection of supply voltage via adapter cable on round or flexibleRASP5-4404A31-412R010S1Parameterization: drivesConnectParameterization: KeypadDiagnostics and reset on device and via AS-Interface Parameterization: drivesConnect mobile (App) Parameterization: FieldbusManual override switchSelector switch (Positions: REV - OFF - FWD)Thermo-click with safe isolationPC connectionIGBT inverterKey switch position OFF/RESETKey switch position HANDTwo sensor inputs through M12 sockets (max. 150 mA) for quick stop and interlocked manual operationPTC thermistor monitoringControl unitInternal DC linkKey switch position AUTOSTO (Safe Torque Off)For actuation of motors with mechanical brake1 potentiometer speed3 fixed speeds IP65NEMA 121st and 2nd environments (according to EN 61800-3)IIISpeed controllerAS-Interface profile cable: S-7.4 for 31 modulesASIC2, C3: depending on the motor cable length, the connected load, and ambient conditions. External radio interference suppression filters (optional) may be necessary.C1: for conducted emissions only2000 VAC voltageCenter-point earthed star network (TN-S network)Phase-earthed AC supply systems are not permitted.Vertical15 g, Mechanical, According to IEC/EN 60068-2-27, 11 ms, Half-sinusoidal shock 11 ms, 1000 shocks per shaftResistance: 57 Hz, Amplitude transition frequency on accelerationResistance: 6 Hz, Amplitude 0.15 mmResistance: 10 - 150 Hz, Oscillation frequencyResistance: According to IEC/EN 60068-2-6Above 1000 m with 1 % performance reduction per 100 m Max. 2000 m-10 °C40 °C-40 °CModel CodeFeatures Fitted with:Functions Degree of protectionElectromagnetic compatibility Overvoltage categoryProduct categoryProtocolRadio interference classRated impulse withstand voltage (Uimp) System configuration typeMounting position Shock resistance VibrationAltitudeAmbient operating temperature - minAmbient operating temperature - maxAmbient storage temperature - minAmbient storage temperature - max busbar junctionDiagnostics andreset on deviceand via AS-Interfaceintegrated PTCthermistormonitoring andThermoclick withsafe isolationoptional: 4sensor inputswith M12-Yadapter forswitchover tocreep speedoptional: Fasterstop if external24 V failsTwo sensorinputs throughM12 sockets(max. 150 mA)for quick stopand interlockedmanualoperationwith AUTO -OFF/RESET -HAND keyswitcheswith selectorswitch REV -OFF - FWD70 °CIn accordance with IEC/EN 50178 < 95 %, no condensationAdjustable, motor, main circuit 0.4 - 4.3 A, motor, main circuit < 10 ms, Off-delay < 10 ms, On-delay 98 % (η)4.1 A3.5 mA120 %Maximum of one time every 60 seconds 380 V480 V380 - 480 V (-10 %/+10 %, at 50/60 Hz)U/f controlSynchronous reluctance motors Sensorless vector control (SLV) BLDC motors PM and LSPM motors 0 Hz500 HzAt 40 °CFor 60 s every 600 s6.5 AClimatic proofingCurrent limitationDelay timeEfficiency Input current ILN at 150% overload Leakage current at ground IPE - max Mains current distortion Mains switch-on frequencyMains voltage - min Mains voltage - max Mains voltage toleranceOperating mode Output frequency - min Output frequency - max Overload current Overload current IL at 150% overload45 Hz66 Hz4.3 A at 150% overload (at an operating frequency of 8 kHz and an ambient air temperature of +40 °C)1.5 kW400 V AC, 3-phase480 V AC, 3-phase0.1 Hz (Frequency resolution, setpoint value)200 %, IH, max. starting current (High Overload), For 2 seconds every 20 seconds, Power section50/60 Hz8 kHz, 4 - 32 kHz adjustable, fPWM, Power section, Main circuitAC voltageCenter-point earthed star network (TN-S network)Phase-earthed AC supply systems are not permitted.2 HP≤ 0.6 A (max. 6 A for 120 ms), Actuator for external motor brake≤ 30 % (I/Ie)Adjustable to 100 % (I/Ie), DC - Main circuit400/480 V AC -15 % / +10 %, Actuator for external motor brake10 kAType 1 coordination via the power bus' feeder unit, Main circuit400/480 V AC (external brake 50/60 Hz)24 V DC (-15 %/+20 %, external via AS-Interface® plug)AS-InterfacePlug type: HAN Q4/2Specification: S-7.4 (AS-Interface®)Number of slave addresses: 31 (AS-Interface®)Max. total power consumption from AS-Interface® power supply unit (30 V): 190 mA C3 ≤ 25 m, maximum motor cable length C2 ≤ 5 m, maximum motor cable length C1 ≤ 1 m, maximum motor cable lengthMeets the product standard's requirements.Rated frequency - minRated frequency - maxRated operational current (Ie)Rated operational power at 380/400 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase Rated operational voltageResolutionStarting current - maxSupply frequencySwitching frequencySystem configuration type Assigned motor power at 460/480 V, 60 Hz, 3-phase Braking currentBraking torqueBraking voltageRated conditional short-circuit current (Iq)Short-circuit protection (external output circuits) Rated control voltage (Uc)Communication interfaceConnectionInterfacesCable length10.2.2 Corrosion resistanceMeets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Configuration to Rockwell PLC for Rapid LinkGeneration change from RA-SP to RASP 4.0Generation Change RASP4 to RASP5Generation change RAMO4 to RAMO5Connecting drives to generator suppliesGeneration change from RA-MO to RAMO 4.0Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)Generation Change RA-SP to RASP5Rapid Link 5 - brochureDA-SW-drivesConnect - InstallationshilfeDA-SW-USB Driver PC Cable DX-CBL-PC-1M5DA-SW-drivesConnect - installation helpDA-SW-USB Driver DX-COM-STICK3-KITDA-SW-drivesConnectDA-SW-Driver DX-CBL-PC-3M0DA-SW-drivesConnect USB Driver DX-COM-PCKITMaterial handling applications - airports, warehouses and intra-logisticsProduct Range Catalog Drives Engineering-ENProduct Range Catalog Drives EngineeringDA-DC-00004613.pdfDA-DC-00004184.pdfDA-DC-00004612.pdfDA-DC-00003964.pdfeaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions-003.eps eaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions-002.eps eaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions-005.eps eaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions-004.epsETN.RASP5-4404A31-412R010S1.edzIL034085ZU10.2.3.1 Verification of thermal stability of enclosures10.2.3.2 Verification of resistance of insulating materials to normal heat10.2.3.3 Resist. of insul. mat. to abnormal heat/fire by internal elect. effects10.2.4 Resistance to ultra-violet (UV) radiation10.2.5 Lifting10.2.6 Mechanical impact10.2.7 Inscriptions10.3 Degree of protection of assemblies10.4 Clearances and creepage distances10.5 Protection against electric shock10.6 Incorporation of switching devices and components10.7 Internal electrical circuits and connections10.8 Connections for external conductors10.9.2 Power-frequency electric strength10.9.3 Impulse withstand voltage10.9.4 Testing of enclosures made of insulating material Application notes BrochuresCatalogues Certification reports DrawingseCAD model Installation instructionsEaton Corporation plc Eaton House30 Pembroke Road Dublin 4, Ireland © 2023 Eaton. All rights reserved. Eaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks areproperty of their respectiveowners./socialmediaThe panel builder is responsible for the temperature rise calculation. Eaton will provide heat dissipation data for the devices.Is the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.Is the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.The device meets the requirements, provided the information in the instruction leaflet (IL) is observed.Rapid Link 5MN034004EN MZ040046_EN MN040003_ENramo5_v26.dwg rasp5_v26.stp10.10 Temperature rise10.11 Short-circuit rating10.12 Electromagnetic compatibility 10.13 Mechanical function Installation videos Manuals and user guidesmCAD model。

关于停电的英语作文Essay 1: Power OutageA power outage, also known as a blackout, occurs when there is a loss of electricity supply to a particular area. This situation can happen due to various reasons, such as severe weather conditions, equipment failure, or maintenance work. Regardless of the cause, a power outage can have significant impacts on individuals, communities, and even the economy.Firstly, a power outage disrupts our daily lives. Without electricity, we lose access to essential services and appliances such as lighting, heating or cooling systems, refrigeration, and electronic devices. This can lead to inconvenience and discomfort, especially during extreme weather conditions. In addition, without electricity, communication can become difficult as telephones and internet services depend on power supply. Moreover, power outages can disrupt transportation systems, leading to traffic congestions and delays.Secondly, power outages can pose risks to public health and safety. For instance, hospitals and healthcare facilities heavily rely on electricity to operate medical equipment, maintain temperature-controlled environments for medications, and power emergency services. Without power, patients' lives can be at risk, and medical professionals may struggle to provide adequate care. Additionally, power outages can compromise the safety of individuals, as street lights and traffic signals may stop working, increasing the likelihood of accidents and crime.Lastly, power outages can have severe economic consequences. Industries, factories, and businesses rely on electricity to operate machinery, power computers, and maintain production processes. When power supply is disrupted, operations come to a halt, resulting in financial losses, reduced productivity, and even layoffs. Furthermore, power outages can result in the loss of perishable goods, such as food supplies, which can have a significant impact on the economy and the availability of essential products.In conclusion, power outages have far-reaching consequences in both our personal and public lives. These disruptions can cause inconvenience, affect public health, and have adverse economic effects. It is important for local governments, utility companies, and individuals to take necessary measures to prevent and manage power outages effectively.Essay 2: Coping with Power OutagesPower outages are unexpected events that can occur due to various reasons such as bad weather, equipment failures, or other unforeseen circumstances. While we cannot always prevent power outages from happening, there are several ways to cope with them and ensure our safety and comfort during these times.Firstly, it is essential to be prepared for power outages by creating an emergency supply kit. This kit should include items such as flashlights, batteries, a battery-powered radio, extra blankets or warm clothing, non-perishable food items, and a manual can opener. Having these supplies readily available will help you navigate through the power outage more comfortably.Secondly, it is crucial to practice electrical safety during power outages. Turn off and unplug any electrical appliances or devices to prevent damage from power surges or potential fires when the power is restored. It is also advisable to leave one light switched on so that you will be alerted when the power comes back. Additionally, if you plan to use a generator during the power outage, ensure that it is safely installed and never operate it indoors or in an enclosed area to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.Furthermore, staying connected and informed is essential during power outages. Keep your mobile phones and other electronic devices charged. If possible, have a backup power source, such as a portable charger or a car charger. Stay updated with the progress of the power outage by listening to local news on battery-operated radios. It is also advisable to inform your loved ones about the power outage so that they can check on your well-being and offer assistance if required.Lastly, take necessary precautions to protect your food and prevent spoilage. Keep refrigerator and freezer doors closed as much as possible to maintain the cold temperatures and preserve perishable items for a longer time. If the power outage is expected to last more than a few hours, consider transferring food to a cooler with ice packs to prevent spoilage.In conclusion, power outages can disrupt our daily lives, but by being prepared, practicing electrical safety, staying connected, and taking precautions to protect our food, we can effectively cope with the difficulties caused by power outages. Remember toprioritize your safety and the well-being of those around you during these times.Essay 3: The Importance of Maintaining Power GridsPower grids are intricate networks that enable the distribution of electricity from power generation sources to consumers. These grids involve power plants, transmission lines, distribution networks, and substations. Maintaining power grids is of utmost importance to ensure a reliable and uninterrupted supply of electricity to homes, businesses, and public facilities.Firstly, regular maintenance of power grids helps to identify and prevent potential issues and reduce the occurrence of power outages. Power lines can suffer from wear and tear due to weather events like storms, high winds, or extreme temperatures. Equipment failure can also occur, which can disrupt the electricity supply. By conducting routine inspections and replacing or repairing damaged components, potential faults can be identified and resolved before they escalate into major problems. This preventive maintenance helps to keep power outages to a minimum. Secondly, maintaining power grids is crucial for public safety. Faulty electrical infrastructure can lead to power surges, which can damage appliances or cause fires. Additionally, power line failures can lead to electrical shock hazards or pose risks to the general public. Regular inspections and maintenance work help to identify dangerous situations and promptly address them, ensuring the safety of both utility workers and the general public.Furthermore, maintaining power grids is essential for energy efficiency and sustainability. Aging infrastructure can lead to energy losses during transmission and distribution. By upgrading and replacing outdated equipment, power companies can increase the efficiency of the grid, reducing energy wastage and carbon emissions. Additionally, the integration of smart grid technologies can enable better load management, allowing for the optimization of energy distribution and consumption.Lastly, maintaining power grids is crucial for economic stability and growth. Industries, businesses, and even households heavily rely on a stable supply of electricity for their operations and daily activities. Any disruption in the electricity supply can lead to financial losses, reduced productivity, and inconvenience. By investing in the maintenance and upkeep of power grids, governments and utility companies can ensure uninterrupted power supply, attracting business investments and facilitating economic growth.In conclusion, maintaining power grids is essential for a reliable and uninterrupted supply of electricity. Regular maintenance helps to prevent power outages, ensures public safety, promotes energy efficiency, and supports economic stability and growth. It is imperative for governments and utility companies to prioritize the maintenance of power grids to meet the energy demands of modern societies.。