Feynman was one of the greatest physicists of the

00:00:13,544 --> 00:00:16,006I never think of the future.200:00:19,615 --> 00:00:22,013I find that it comes soon enough.300:00:32,443 --> 00:00:36,816In Spring 1951 the mostfamous scientist in the world400:00:37,216 --> 00:00:41,136celebrated his 72nd birthday.500:00:41,404 --> 00:00:44,850A horde of photographers were waiting to take his picture. 600:00:45,343 --> 00:00:48,095Hey Professor, hey Professor.700:00:50,298 --> 00:00:56,431And when he appeared that day he created one of themost endearing images of the twentieth century.800:01:03,153 --> 00:01:07,106Playful, irreverent, enigmatic and brilliant:900:01:08,816 --> 00:01:13,772Albert Einstein was the physicist withthe fame of an 'A' list movie star.1000:01:16,126 --> 00:01:21,182When I was young all I wanted and expected from life1100:01:21,724 --> 00:01:27,599was to sit in some corner doing my workwithout the public paying attention to me.1200:01:28,658 --> 00:01:32,641And now see what has become of me.1300:01:36,857 --> 00:01:43,564But behind that public image the greatest scientiston earth was facing professional ridicule.00:01:51,184 --> 00:01:56,808This is the extraordinary story of howAlbert Einstein spent the last years of his life1500:01:57,577 --> 00:02:01,896battling to destroy the consequences of his own work.1600:02:02,795 --> 00:02:07,735It was a quest that would end in his failure and isolation.1700:03:15,581 --> 00:03:18,419Professor Einstein?1800:03:21,588 --> 00:03:23,556Professor Einstein?1900:03:29,686 --> 00:03:32,080Hello Professor Einstein.2000:03:40,629 --> 00:03:44,427Miss... My notes?2100:03:45,671 --> 00:03:51,006Professor, I... OK, but just for a while.2200:03:55,394 --> 00:03:56,723Thank you.2300:04:03,793 --> 00:04:10,286Albert Einstein, the greatest scientist of ourage, was nearly at the end of his life.2400:04:17,394 --> 00:04:19,724Great theories were behind him,2500:04:20,926 --> 00:04:25,536but as he lay on his deathbed he continuedworking on what he hoped would be2600:04:26,096 --> 00:04:28,187his greatest theory of all.2700:04:29,144 --> 00:04:31,935It would have been the holy grail of science.2800:04:32,381 --> 00:04:33,920It would have been the philosopher's stone,2900:04:34,280 --> 00:04:37,718it would have been the crowningachievement of all scientific endeavours3000:04:38,104 --> 00:04:40,755ever since humans walked the face of the earth.3100:04:46,089 --> 00:04:50,283He had been working on this last greattheory for more than thirty years,3200:04:50,986 --> 00:04:56,373but throughout this period many scientiststhought that he was wasting his time.3300:04:56,750 --> 00:04:59,346In his later years the rest of the physics community3400:04:59,944 --> 00:05:05,850looked upon Einstein as somebody who hadcompletely lost touch with modern research3500:05:06,582 --> 00:05:09,273and almost you know like an old fuddy-duddy like a relic.3600:05:27,189 --> 00:05:31,176The tragedy was that to many,Einstein's last great theory3700:05:31,879 --> 00:05:38,488was doomed before it even began, and it wasall because of his personal prejudices.3800:05:42,219 --> 00:05:46,902He could not accept that the consequencesof his own work clashed with his belief3900:05:47,801 --> 00:05:51,167of how God had built our universe.00:05:56,638 --> 00:06:00,180Einstein's odyssey began here in Berne in 1905,4100:06:00,836 --> 00:06:04,688when he was on the verge of his greatest scientific triumphs.4200:06:05,835 --> 00:06:08,328Because it was in this small Swiss City4300:06:08,776 --> 00:06:12,239that he began to make the most extraordinary discoveries.4400:06:16,469 --> 00:06:19,574Well every day he would leave this,this flat in order to go to his work,4500:06:20,306 --> 00:06:23,017he would go underneath the famous clock tower in Berne,4600:06:23,824 --> 00:06:27,250and it's interesting to wonder whetheror not this extraordinary clock-tower4700:06:28,193 --> 00:06:30,596with its depictions of the moon and the sun on it,4800:06:31,002 --> 00:06:33,267whether or not this actually inspired him in some way,4900:06:33,810 --> 00:06:39,948or subliminally perhaps to explore andrevolutionise concepts of space and time.5000:06:51,939 --> 00:06:56,042And what was truely extraordinary aboutthis amazing period in Einstein's life5100:06:56,521 --> 00:06:59,333was that he had dropped outof academic life completely.5200:07:00,177 --> 00:07:02,463No university would give him a job.00:07:03,151 --> 00:07:07,301Instead during this time he was workingas a patents clerk, third class,5400:07:08,039 --> 00:07:11,857evaluating the latest inventions in this office.5500:07:14,707 --> 00:07:17,950So it's amazing when you think thatEinstein was working at the patent office5600:07:18,558 --> 00:07:23,678on applications as diverse as a mechanical vegetable peeler, or, or dynamos.5700:07:24,411 --> 00:07:30,058And yet in his spare time he's working on theories which will change the way we look at the universe.5800:07:34,665 --> 00:07:37,315Conferring with only a handful of friends,5900:07:39,705 --> 00:07:42,550he began writing scientific papers.6000:07:47,585 --> 00:07:51,749He searched for answers to questionsthat most would never even have asked;6100:07:52,457 --> 00:07:54,933he called them his thought experiments.6200:07:55,503 --> 00:07:57,308One of Einstein's thought experiments was6300:07:57,840 --> 00:08:01,820'What would I see if I movedalong beside a beam of light?'6400:08:03,495 --> 00:08:07,366Einstein once said that he's not interestedin this phenomenon or that phenomenon,65he wants to know, If I were Godhow would I create a universe?6600:08:17,188 --> 00:08:20,176In a few short months beginning in the Spring of 1905 6700:08:20,897 --> 00:08:27,251he started penning the most extraordinary scientific ideas, about the nature of the universe.6800:08:29,259 --> 00:08:34,042And it would culminate in one of the mostfamous papers in scientific history.6900:08:37,097 --> 00:08:41,748And this is it, it's called'On the electrodynamics of moving bodies'.7000:08:45,470 --> 00:08:49,757It quoted no references andread like a stream of consciousness.7100:08:50,571 --> 00:08:53,457It was the start of his special theory of relativity 7200:08:54,250 --> 00:08:59,860and it would overturn nothing less thaneveryone's understanding of time.7300:09:12,648 --> 00:09:14,569Am I keeping good time?7400:09:17,644 --> 00:09:19,495Good time professor.7500:09:28,283 --> 00:09:32,217Before Einstein, it was thought thatthe passage of time was unchanging.7600:09:37,674 --> 00:09:41,149It ran at the same pace, no matterwhere you were in the universe.77Or how fast you were travelling.7800:09:52,241 --> 00:09:54,683Time and space were incredibly simple concepts.7900:09:55,362 --> 00:09:57,463The, the concepts you'd recognisefrom everyday experience.8000:09:58,505 --> 00:10:03,205Space was just the arena in which things happened, and time just ticked along.8100:10:04,050 --> 00:10:06,729So wherever you were in the universe,whatever speed you were moving,8200:10:07,428 --> 00:10:09,742your watch ticked along at the same rate.8300:10:12,304 --> 00:10:15,891But Einstein discovered time was not unchanging,8400:10:16,925 --> 00:10:21,395the rate at which time passed depended onthe speed at which you were travelling.8500:10:21,622 --> 00:10:24,653Einstein thought that time was more like a river, 8600:10:25,241 --> 00:10:29,702that speeds up, slows down, meandersits way across the cosmos.8700:10:30,333 --> 00:10:35,357In other words twelve o'clock on earth is not necessarily twelve o'clock throughout the universe.8800:10:43,778 --> 00:10:49,044So while everyone else thought that the passage of time was the one unvarying thing in our universe, 8900:10:51,231 --> 00:10:53,165Einstein argued otherwise.9000:10:57,889 --> 00:11:01,221He believed it was the speedof light that was always constant.9100:11:04,703 --> 00:11:08,303But if that was the case it meant something bizarre.9200:11:13,592 --> 00:11:17,972The only way in the laws of physics for thespeed of light always to appear to be the same9300:11:18,807 --> 00:11:24,064is if everything else changed relativeto speed, including time.9400:11:27,112 --> 00:11:33,179In other words the passage of time, the onething everyone thought was constant, was relative. 9500:11:34,084 --> 00:11:39,380It meant for instance that the faster youtravelled, the slower time would run.9600:11:48,005 --> 00:11:51,989This was Einstein's special theory of relativity.9700:11:55,780 --> 00:11:57,677But he didn't stop there.9800:11:59,933 --> 00:12:04,606Two months later he published a threepage supplement to his theory.9900:12:05,599 --> 00:12:08,553In those pages Einstein linked energy and matter10000:12:09,532 --> 00:12:14,927and in doing so derived the most famous mathematical equation of all time.10100:12:15,621 --> 00:12:21,598What Einstein showed with E = MC squared is thatthere's a symmetry between energy and matter.10200:12:22,076 --> 00:12:26,103And think about it matter is something we can touch,our bodies are made out of matter,10300:12:26,658 --> 00:12:32,331we can taste it, we can smell it but energy, energyis much more nebulous, much more defused10400:12:32,830 --> 00:12:38,924and the genius of Einstein was that he was able toshow that they really are two aspects of the same thing. 10500:12:55,296 --> 00:12:59,542This tiny equation would one day explainhow at the very beginning of time,10600:13:00,362 --> 00:13:04,832just after the big bang energy was turned into matter. 10700:13:05,612 --> 00:13:09,659It explained how the sun could create vast power10800:13:10,409 --> 00:13:12,273from a tiny amount of fuel.10900:13:18,262 --> 00:13:20,824And it opened scientists' eyes11000:13:21,354 --> 00:13:25,641to the lethal power locked up inside every atom.11100:13:34,750 --> 00:13:41,619From this tiny formula would comeboth creation and destruction.11200:13:43,384 --> 00:13:45,385When these papers were published in 190511300:13:46,380 --> 00:13:49,536they must've come like a bolt out ofthe blue for the scientific community11400:13:50,077 --> 00:13:52,639because Einstein was a complete unknown at this point. 11500:13:53,033 --> 00:13:56,379And yet immediately they realisedthat they were revolutionary.11600:13:56,998 --> 00:13:59,536And effectively at this point Einstein had arrived. 11700:14:05,125 --> 00:14:08,665For anyone else these achievementswould have been enough,11800:14:09,710 --> 00:14:12,731but Einstein had even bigger ambitions.11900:14:17,459 --> 00:14:19,754Every break he's practicing with that thing.12000:14:24,350 --> 00:14:26,416A hundred times against a wall.12100:14:28,001 --> 00:14:30,223If he drops one, he starts all over.12200:14:30,596 --> 00:14:32,866I admire his persistence.12300:14:33,581 --> 00:14:36,312You don't sometimes feel like giving up?12400:14:36,790 --> 00:14:38,917Only when I have the answer.12500:14:39,149 --> 00:14:40,593And does everything have an answer?12600:14:41,523 --> 00:14:42,703I don't know.12700:14:43,174 --> 00:14:47,727But I think that there maybe an answer to everything.12800:14:53,194 --> 00:14:56,520While the world was coming toterms with special relativity,12900:14:57,362 --> 00:15:00,345Einstein had already moved on by himself,13000:15:00,939 --> 00:15:05,662to tackle the work of the great seventeenthcentury scientist Isaac Newton.13100:15:06,410 --> 00:15:09,005In particular his laws of gravity.13200:15:16,331 --> 00:15:21,132Legend has it that Newton was inspired towards hislaw of gravity by seeing an apple fall in an orchard.13300:15:21,675 --> 00:15:24,170Now Einstein was inspired By a similar thought.13400:15:27,457 --> 00:15:31,408He thought what happens if I drop an apple,but when I drop it I'm in a falling lift13500:15:31,865 --> 00:15:37,421then surely the apple will float in front of my face, it will look as though gravity has been cancelled out.13600:15:44,956 --> 00:15:47,611Gravity is the force that dominates our universe,13700:15:48,486 --> 00:15:51,446it holds huge planets and moons in their orbits.13800:15:54,681 --> 00:15:57,765And it keeps our feet firmly planted on the ground.13900:16:00,772 --> 00:16:04,883But though Newton's laws described theeffects of gravity with great accuracy,14000:16:09,551 --> 00:16:13,233no one could actually work out what caused it.14100:16:21,642 --> 00:16:25,919Einstein's great insight was that allmassive bodies like planets and stars14200:16:26,465 --> 00:16:28,156bent space and time,14300:16:28,768 --> 00:16:34,610and it is this curvature of space and time thatcauses what we experience as gravity.14400:16:35,698 --> 00:16:39,830It has become known as his general theory of relativity. 14500:16:41,334 --> 00:16:45,346Einstein's real breakthrough with generalrelativity was to give a reason for gravity.14600:16:45,910 --> 00:16:52,059Einstein's picture of gravity was that massive objects like stars and galaxies curved space and time,14700:16:52,781 --> 00:16:56,741and then other objects moving throughthat curvature feel gravity.14800:16:57,193 --> 00:17:00,410Gravity in a sense is the curvature of space and time. 14900:17:10,372 --> 00:17:14,237General relativity was Einstein's greatest triumph,15000:17:14,604 --> 00:17:21,744it brought him fame that no scientistexperienced before or has seen since.15100:17:23,783 --> 00:17:26,904In my view general relativityreally was Einstein's master piece.15200:17:27,230 --> 00:17:30,006Well the word genius is bandedaround in physics a lot but15300:17:30,306 --> 00:17:34,793in Einstein's case, it really appliesto general relativity I think.15400:17:35,280 --> 00:17:37,423That's where his reputation comes from.15500:17:48,165 --> 00:17:52,026Though Einstein's theories of timeand gravity may seem strange,15600:17:53,220 --> 00:17:59,238his work remains fundamental to the understanding of our universe today.15700:18:05,914 --> 00:18:08,243Planes, relying on the global positioning system, 15800:18:08,874 --> 00:18:14,002take Einstein's calculations of timeinto account to navigate accurately.15900:18:16,078 --> 00:18:20,665Deep space satellites have to compensatefor Einstein's reading of gravity.16000:18:28,219 --> 00:18:34,458The work springing from this period in Einstein's life has helped us build the modern world.16100:18:42,643 --> 00:18:48,113But despite this, another piece ofwork, also completed back in 1905,16200:18:48,927 --> 00:18:53,600had already sown the seeds of whatwould become his doomed obsession,16300:18:54,814 --> 00:18:58,723an obsession that would last untilthe very final day of his life164and would result in both his failure and isolation. 16500:19:16,913 --> 00:19:20,467The roots of Einstein's troubles camefrom one of his other great passions.16600:19:21,484 --> 00:19:24,580He saw a connection between thefundamental physics of our universe16700:19:25,243 --> 00:19:30,024and a sense of elegance, beauty even spirituality. 16800:19:30,750 --> 00:19:35,044For him these laws of the universewere an expression of the divine.16900:19:37,649 --> 00:19:39,863It is a belief shared by many scientists,17000:19:40,449 --> 00:19:46,091including distinguished particle physicist and Anglican Priest Professor John Polkinghorne.17100:19:46,423 --> 00:19:50,154Einstein was an amateur violinist, went,once went to a concert in Berlin17200:19:50,801 --> 00:19:53,698and heard the young Yehudi Menhuin play,and he was bowled over by his performance.17300:19:54,300 --> 00:19:57,232And there's a story that he went up andbear hugged the young boy afterwards17400:19:57,800 --> 00:20:00,210and said hearing you I knowthere is a god in heaven.17500:20:05,352 --> 00:20:07,751I think that when we encounter very deep beauty176whether it's beauty in music or something like that 17700:20:10,820 --> 00:20:14,577or whether it's beauty in the scientific accountof the order and fruitfulness of the world17800:20:15,299 --> 00:20:18,929then it's difficult for us not to think thatthere is some mind and purpose behind it.17900:20:25,937 --> 00:20:30,099Einstein was very deeply impressed by thefact that as we study the physical world,18000:20:30,839 --> 00:20:34,187get beneath its surface and find outwhat it's like underneath so to speak,18100:20:34,824 --> 00:20:37,130we find a wonderful and remarkable order,18200:20:37,902 --> 00:20:42,497a beautiful pattern that is expressed actuallyalso in beautiful mathematics as it turns out,18300:20:42,819 --> 00:20:45,569that's the natural language to use.18400:20:50,838 --> 00:20:53,070Einstein believed that the rules of the universe 18500:20:53,694 --> 00:20:57,079could always be explained throughelegant mathematics.18600:21:00,389 --> 00:21:06,334In effect he thought that science could lead to an understanding of God's design for the universe.18700:21:12,905 --> 00:21:16,622You believe? In God?18800:21:17,015 --> 00:21:20,746Yes. Yes I do.18900:21:24,988 --> 00:21:28,904Do you? Believe?19000:21:29,530 --> 00:21:33,844Do I believe there is someone whoplans the daily life of Albert Einstein?19100:21:34,812 --> 00:21:40,643No. Although sometimes I think he may havebeen leading me up the garden path.19200:21:42,760 --> 00:21:44,237But didn't he make the garden?19300:21:44,897 --> 00:21:47,900I think he is the garden.19400:21:48,970 --> 00:21:50,117And isn't he the gardener too?19500:21:50,479 --> 00:21:56,274Yes, and all my life I have beentrying to catch him at his work.19600:22:10,806 --> 00:22:17,249Einstein believed that the rules used to create the universe would not only be beautiful and precise, 19700:22:17,892 --> 00:22:23,081he also thought they would always allowscientists to make exact predictions.19800:22:26,077 --> 00:22:30,859So if you knew the position and speed ofthe planets at a particular moment in time,19900:22:31,552 --> 00:22:36,636you could use the laws of physics to predicttheir exact movements for eternity.20000:22:40,344 --> 00:22:45,328And Einstein believed that what wastrue for planets was true for all objects.20100:22:45,934 --> 00:22:50,462Everything could be predicted withcertainty, no matter what it was.20200:22:52,808 --> 00:22:57,942But his vision of the universe was about to be challenged by something growing from his own work...20300:22:58,504 --> 00:23:02,190something very, very, very small.20400:23:14,379 --> 00:23:20,846In 1921, while he was based here in Berlin,Einstein was nominated for the Nobel Prize,20500:23:21,613 --> 00:23:25,438not for his theories of relativity,but for another piece of work20600:23:25,809 --> 00:23:29,433also completed in his 1905 miracle year.20700:23:38,629 --> 00:23:40,795It was about the nature of light.20800:23:45,874 --> 00:23:50,279It had been believed that light wasmade up of smooth, continuous waves.20900:23:54,478 --> 00:23:57,293But Einstein saw things very differently,21000:23:57,885 --> 00:24:01,939he said light could also be thoughtof as tiny, individual particles.21100:24:02,437 --> 00:24:07,106Einstein upset the apple cart byintroducing an entirely new radical concept21200:24:07,637 --> 00:24:09,621called a quantum particle of light.00:24:10,289 --> 00:24:12,059Light is not just smooth and continuous21400:24:12,517 --> 00:24:17,009it occurs in small little packets orbullets that today we call the photon.21500:24:26,728 --> 00:24:31,662His discovery that light was not only awave but also tiny, individual particles21600:24:32,374 --> 00:24:35,301revolutionised the whole of physics.21700:24:37,140 --> 00:24:40,307And it would give birth to Einstein's demon.21800:24:54,709 --> 00:25:01,147This breakthrough would become a cornerstone ofa new field of science known as quantum mechanics. 21900:25:05,780 --> 00:25:10,755Quantum mechanics describes the behaviourof the fundamental particles of our universe.22000:25:12,228 --> 00:25:15,340The sub-atomic particles that make up every atom. 22100:25:20,018 --> 00:25:24,408As it developed, people started noticinghow, at this fundamental scale,22200:25:25,245 --> 00:25:30,365everything behaved in a very differentway to Einstein's elegant universe.22300:25:30,667 --> 00:25:34,065People had been working for about twenty-five years trying to understand the puzzles of quantum theory, 22400:25:34,683 --> 00:25:38,397when out of the blue a young GraduateStudent from Germany, Heisenberg,00:25:39,181 --> 00:25:42,027came along and produced essentially a complete theory,22600:25:42,670 --> 00:25:46,167but based on ideas which are so radically differentfrom what people had been thinking about22700:25:46,796 --> 00:25:48,359that it was entirely shocking.22800:25:50,479 --> 00:25:53,712Werner Heisenberg proposeda whole new law of physics.22900:25:54,470 --> 00:25:58,987He said that it was impossible to measureboth the speed and the position of a particle23000:25:59,769 --> 00:26:05,990because strangely, the mere act of observingthese tiny objects radically affected their behaviour.23100:26:08,381 --> 00:26:11,369But if that was true, it had profound implications.23200:26:13,089 --> 00:26:16,060If you couldn't be precise about a particle's speed and position, 23300:26:16,681 --> 00:26:20,381then it would be impossible to makeaccurate predictions about its movements.23400:26:21,242 --> 00:26:24,026And Einstein believed that everything should be predictable.23500:26:25,320 --> 00:26:28,456The forecast said it would be cool. So much for prediction.23600:26:29,094 --> 00:26:31,105Maybe God changed his mind.23700:26:33,612 --> 00:26:36,871Maybe you're right, maybe hehates to be second-guessed.23800:26:37,746 --> 00:26:41,343I sometimes feel he dislikes being observed.23900:26:42,370 --> 00:26:47,463Colleagues of mine would have it that weinfluence God's world merely by observing it.24000:26:48,044 --> 00:26:48,948How can that be?24100:26:49,385 --> 00:26:55,603How can it be? How can you observe something andat the same time change its nature just by observing it? 24200:26:57,019 --> 00:27:01,452Sometimes I don't think we needGod to make us look foolish,24300:27:02,145 --> 00:27:05,359we do that very well for ourselves.24400:27:05,689 --> 00:27:07,834Maybe just God doesn'twant us to know everything.24500:27:08,395 --> 00:27:14,675Raffiniert ist der Herrgott, aber boshaft ist er nicht. 24600:27:14,957 --> 00:27:16,125I'm sorry?24700:27:16,365 --> 00:27:19,319God is subtle, but he is not malicious.24800:27:20,526 --> 00:27:24,088I don't believe he would putanything beyond our reach.24900:27:25,336 --> 00:27:28,930I do not think God is hiding anything from us.25000:27:30,644 --> 00:27:36,435He is just asking us to search a little harder.25100:27:42,858 --> 00:27:44,247If Heisenberg was right25200:27:44,885 --> 00:27:50,090and it was impossible to measure precisely thespeed and position of a particle at the same time,25300:27:50,999 --> 00:27:54,173it meant that some things would always be uncertain. 25400:27:57,349 --> 00:28:03,084For the quantum theorists the best you couldhope for was a science based on probabilities.25500:28:05,626 --> 00:28:10,172For Einstein, though he could see greatvalue in some aspects of quantum theory,25600:28:11,205 --> 00:28:14,501this just wasn't how God would have built his universe. 25700:28:15,258 --> 00:28:18,160I think Einstein's major objection to quantum mechanics 25800:28:19,230 --> 00:28:21,795is something that didn't fit into his world.25900:28:22,999 --> 00:28:29,641He could not accept the fact that if you do an experiment twice in exactly the same way,26000:28:30,041 --> 00:28:34,036that in one, one time you may get result 'A'26100:28:34,964 --> 00:28:36,399and the other time you may get result 'B'.26200:28:37,447 --> 00:28:42,491He really hated the idea that you weresurrendering to the world of probabilities.26300:28:51,257 --> 00:28:52,827。

Poets say science takes away from the beauty of the stars—mere globes of gas atoms. Nothing is “mere” —I too can see the stars on a desert night, and feel them. But do I see less or more? The vastness of the heavens stretches my imagination—stuck on this carrousel, my little eye can catch one-million-year-old light...For far more marvelous is the truth than any artists of the past imagined! Why do the poets of the present not speak of it? What men are poets who can speak of Jupiter if he were like a man; but if he is an immense spinning sphere of methane and ammonia must be silent?This poetic paragraph appears as a footnote in, of all places, a physics textbook: The Feynman Lectures on Physics by Nobel laureate Richard Feynman. Like so many others of his kind, Feynman scorns the suggestion that science strips nature of her beauty, leaving only a naked set of equations. Knowledge of nature, he thinks, deepens the awe, enhances the appreciation. But Feynman has also been known to remark that the only quality art and theoretical physics have in common is the joyful anticipation that artists and physicists alike feel when they contemplate a blank piece of paper.What is the kinship between these seemingly dissimilar species, science and art? Obviously there is some—if only because so often the same people are attracted to both. The image of Einstein playing his violin is only too familiar, or Leonardo with his inventions. It is a standing joke in some circles that all it takes to make a string quartet is four mathematicians sitting in the same room. Even Feynman plays the bongo drums. (He finds it curious that while he is almost always identified as the physicist who plays the bongo-drums, the few times that he has been asked to play the drums, “the introducer never seems to find it necessary to mention that I also do theoretical physics.”)One commonality is that art and science often cover the same territory. A tree is fertile ground for both the poet and the botanist. The relationship between mother and child, the symmetry of snowflakes, the effects of light and color, and the structure of the human form are studied equally by painters and psychologists, sculptors and physicians. The origins of the universe, the nature of life, and the meaning of death are the subjects of physicists, philosophers, and composers.Yet when it comes to approach, the affinity breaks down completely. Artists approach nature with feeling; scientists rely on logic. Art elicits emotion; science makes sense. Artists are supposed to care; scientists are supposed to think.At least one physicist I know rejects this distinction out of hand: “What a strange misconception has been taught to people,” he says. “They have been taught that one cannot be disciplined enough to discover the truth unless one is indifferent to it. Actually, there is no point in looking for the truth unless what it is makes a difference.”The history of science bears him out. Darwin, while sorting out the clues he had gathered in the Ga lapagos Islands that eventually led to his theory of evolution, was hardly detached. “I am like a gambler and love a wild experiment,” he wrote: “I am horribly afraid.” “ I trust to a sort of instinct and what God knows can seldom give any reason for my re marks.” “ All nature is perverse and will not do as I wish it. I wish I had my old barnacles to work at, and nothing new.”The scientists who took various sides in the early days of the quantum debate were scarcely less passionate. Einstein said that if classical notions of cause and effect had to be renounced, he would rather be a cobbler or even work in a gambling casino than be a physicist. Niels Bohr called Einstein’s attitude appalling, and accused him of high treason. Another major physicist, Erw in Schroedinger, said, “ If one has to stick to this damned quantum jumping, then I regret having ever been involved in this thing.” On a more positive note, Einstein spoke about the universe as a “great, eternal riddle” that “beckoned like a liberation.” As the late Harvard professor George Sarton wrote in the preface to his History of Science, “there are blood and tears in geometry as well as in art.”Instinctively, however, most people do not like the idea that scientists can be passionate about their work, any more than they like the idea that poets can be calculating. But it would be a sloppy artist indeed who worked without tight creative control, and no scientist ever got very far by sticking exclusively to the scientific method. Deduction only takes you to the next step in a straight line of thought, which in science is often a dead end. “ Each time we get into this logjam,”says Feynman, “it is because the methods we are using are just like the ones we have used before...A new idea is extremely difficult to think of. It takes fantastic imagination.”The direction of the next great leap is as often as not guided by the scientist’s vision of beauty. Einstein’s highest praise for a theory was not that it was good but that it was beautiful. His strongest criticism was “Oh, how ugly!” He often spoke about the aesthetic appeal of ideas. “Pure logic could never lead us to anything but tautologies,” wrote the French physicist Henri Poincare. “It could create nothing new; not from it alone can any science issue.”Poincare also described the role that aesthetics plays in science as “a delicate sieve,” an arbiter between the telling and the misleading, the signals and the distractions. Science is not a book of lists. The facts need to be woven into theories like tapestries out of so many tenuous threads. Who knows when (and how) the right connections have been made? Sometimes, the most useful standard is aesthetic: Erwin Schroedinger refrained from publishing the first version of his now famous wave equations because they did not fit the then-known facts. “I think there is a moral to this story,” Paul Dirac commented later. Namely, that it is more important to have beauty in one’s equations than to have them fit experiment...“It seems that if one is w orking from the point of view of getting beauty in one’s equations, and if one has really a sound insight, one is on a sure line of progress.”Sometimes the connection between art and science can be even more direct. Danish physicist Niels Bohr was known for his fascination with cubism—especially that “an object could be several things, could change, could be seen as a face, a limb, and a fruit bowl.” He went on to develop his philosophy of complementarity, which showed how an electron could change, could be seen either as a particle or a wave. Like cubism, complementarity allowed contradictory views to coexist in the same natural frame.Some people wonder how art and science ever got so far separated in the first place. The definitions of both disciplines have narrowed considerably since the days when science was natural philosophy, and art included the work of artisans of the kind who build today’s fantastic particle accelerators. “Science acquired its present limited meaning barely before the nin eteenthcentury,” writes Sir Geoffrey Vickers in Judith Wechsler’s collection of essays On Aesthetics in Science, “It came to apply to a method of testing hypotheses about the natural world by observations or experiments...” Surely, this has little to do w ith art. But Vickers suspects the difference is deeper. People want to believe that science is a rational process, and that it is describable. Intuition is not describable, and should therefore be relegated to a place outside the realm of science. Because our culture has somehow generated the unsupported and improbable belief that everything real must be fully describable, it is unwilling to acknowledge the existenceof intuition.There are, of course, substantial differences between art and science. Science is written in the universal language of mathematics; it is, far more than art, a shared perception of the world. Scientific insights can be tested by the good old scientific method. And scientists have to try to be dispassionate about the conduct of their work—at least enough so that their passions do notdisrupt the outcome of experiments. Of course, sometimes they do: “Great thinkers are never passive before the facts,” says Stephen Jay Gould, “They have hopes and hunches, and they tryhard to cons truct the world in their light. Hence, great thinkers also make great errors.”But in the end, the connections between art and science may be closer than we think, and they may be rooted most of all in a person’s motivations to do art, or science, in the first place. MIT metallurgist Cyril Stanley Smith became interested in the history of his field and was surprised to find that the earliest knowledge about metals and their properties was provided by objects in art museums. “Slowly, I came to see that this was not a coincidence but a consequence of the very nature of discovery, for discovery derives from aesthetically motivated curiosity and is rarely a result of practical purposefulness.”科学美学来源:K.C.Cole诗人说：科学损坏了星星的美丽——那仅仅是气体原子组成的球体。

Period Four Using Language & Other PartsⅠ. Judge whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F)．1．Einstein’s contributions are the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E＝mc2. (T) 2．Einstein entered university in Switzerland when he was 16. (F)3．Einstein earned a doctorate in physics and published four extraordinary physics papers in 1905. (T)4．Einstein took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton，USA in 1922. (F)Ⅱ. Choose the best answer.1．Which aspect does Albert Einstein make great achievements?A．Maths. B．Medicine.C．Physics. D．Chemistry.答案C2．Which of the following is NOT Einstein’s contributions according to the text?A．The general theory of relativity.B．The famous formula E＝mc2.C．The explanation of the photoelectric effect.D．The law of gravitation.答案D3．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?A．To introduce Einstein’s contributions to the world.B．To introduce Einstein’s winding life in Germany.C．To show that Einstein is a genius in physics and maths.D．To let the world know all about Einstein by his life and achievements.答案DⅠ. 重点单词1．mostly ad v. 主要地；一般地2．flee v i. &v t. 迅速离开；逃跑3．circumstance n．[usually pl. ]条件；环境；状况4．flow n．流；流动；流畅；供应v i. 流；流动5．chart n．图表v t. 记录；制定计划6．found v t. 创建；建立；把……建立在7．infer v t. 推断；推定8．theory n．理论；学说9．genius n．天才；天资；天赋10．patent n．专利；专利证书；获得专利adj. 有专利的；受专利保护的11．passion n．酷爱；激情12．extraordinary adj. 不一般的；非凡的；意想不到的13．institute n．(教育、专业等)机构；机构建筑14．moustache n．上唇的胡子；髭15．peculiarity n．个性；特点；怪异的性质16．encounter v t. 偶然碰到；遇到n．邂逅；遭遇17．professor n．教授18．device n．方法；技巧；装置；仪器19．sum v i. 总结；概括n．金额；款项；总数；总和20．draft n．草稿；草案v t. 起草；草拟21．conclusion n．结论；推论→conclude v t. 推断出；得出结论；使结束v i. 结束；终止22．politician n．从政者；政治家；政客→politics n．政治→political adj. 政治的；党派的23．relativity n．相对论；相对性→relative adj. 相对的→relatively ad v. 相对地→relatives n．亲属①24．gentle adj. 温柔的；文静的→gently ad v. 轻轻地；温和地→gentleness n．温顺；亲切25．gradually ad v. 逐渐地；逐步地→gradual adj. 逐渐的；平缓的26．consequence n．结果；后果→consequent adj. 随之发生的；作为结果的→consequently ad v. 因此；结果27．remarkable adj. 非凡的；显著的→remark n．言论；评论→remarkably ad v. 显著地；非常地②Ⅱ. 核心短语1．due to由于2．be able to 能够3．in fact 实际上，事实上4．risk one’s life 冒生命危险5．take up拿起；接受；开始从事6．come to power(开始)掌权；上台7．as a consequence 结果8．take up a position 担任；任职9．sum up 总结；概括Ⅲ. 经典句式1．who引导定语从句Albert Einstein，who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics，is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived.阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，也许是现代物理学中最伟大的科学家，通常被认为是有史以来最聪明的人之一。

2023-2024学年山东省济宁市兖州区高二上学期期中考试英语试题1. Why does the man want to leave?A．The service is too slow. B．The music is too loud. C．The food is bad.2. What does the woman do?A．A nurse. B．A teacher. C．A shop assistant.3. What has the man decided to do?A．Check the schedule.B．Go to see an engineer.C．Continue his talk with Mr. Black.4. Where does the conversation most probably take place?A．On a bus. B．In a library. C．In a shop.5. How did the man feel about his jump in the end?A．Terrified. B．Excited. C．Disappointed.听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。

6. What are the speakers talking about?A．An accident. B．A restaurant. C．A magazine. 7. Why is The Sunflower closed now?A．It is under repair.B．The workers are on holiday.C．It will move to another town.听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。

8. What do we know about Mr. Bannister?A．He is a new member of the company.B．He worked on a trade deal last year.C．He lacks experience.9. Who do the speakers think is suitable for the position in the end?A．Amelia. B．Mr. Duncan. C．Mrs. Templeton. 听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。