论文 姚美红
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沈阳农业大学学士学位论文 1 摘要 鲢鱼Hypophthalnichthys molitrix 是我国重要经济鱼类,鲢鱼是世界上为数不多的能够直接利用水域初级生产力的鱼类之一,因此,它既是天然水域鱼类资源增殖的重要对象,也是池塘养鱼的主要对象。由于,在长期的养殖过程中难免存在种质资源的退化和品种混杂等问题,使其鱼类在分类低位的研究受到限制,传统的分类学方法有时并不足以解决分类和系统进化中的一些疑点。线粒体基因组(Mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)与核DNA相比,具有无组织特异性、严格的母系遗传、基因组拷贝数多,进化速率快等独特的遗传特征,是研究鱼类进化生物学和群体遗传学研究的重要分子标记。本研究利用PCR及DNA测序技术获得鲢鱼mtDNA控制区全序列,长度为1016bp,。所分析序列T、C、A和G的含量分别为29.0%、25.4%、29.9%和15.8%,转换/颠换值为1.2,其中A+T含量(58.9%)高于C+G含量(41.2%)。并与从NCBI网站中查询得到的8种鲤科鱼,包括的鲤、青鱼、鲫鱼、鳙鱼、草鱼、红鳍鲌、团头鲂、鲮鱼mtDNA中的D-Loop区的序列,利用MEGA软件比较以上8种鲤科鱼的D-Loop区序列,结果显示,保守位点数为1007个,变异位点数为9个,简约信息位点数为7个,计算得到的几种鲤科鱼的遗传距离是从0.095-0.424,数值变动较大,明显是经过了的基因变异、漂变和遗传进化。然后通过软件MEGA4.0分析作图得到相应的鲤科鱼的NJ、ME和MP三个进化图谱即进化树,得出鲢鱼在鲤科鱼中的遗传进化及其分类地位,结果显示鲢鱼与青鱼的关系最近,由于鲢鱼在形态学上的分类均隶属鱼鲤形目、鲤科、鲢属,青鱼隶属于鲤形目,鲤科,青鱼属。两种分类方法得到的结论不同。本研究为水产养殖鱼类的遗传育种、起源进化研究和遗传资源保护提供了一定的研究数据。 关键词:线粒体DNA;D-Loop;鲢鱼;分类地位 鲢鱼线粒体控制区的测定及其在鲤科鱼中分类地位的研究
2 Abstract Silver carp Hypophthalnichthys molitrix is an important economic fish. Its natural distribution is very broad, north of Heilongjiang, south to the Pearl River and even the Red River . The silver carp is one of the few able to directly use the primary productivity of the waters of fish, therefore, both important object of the proliferation of fish resources in natural waters, the main object of the fish pond. Exists in the germplasm resources degradation and varieties mixed in the long-term breeding process, so that the fish in the classification of low restricted, traditional taxonomic methods are sometimes not enough to solve some of the classification and phylogenetic doubt. Mitochondrial genome (Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA) and nuclear DNA, with tissue-specific, strict maternal inheritance, and genomic copy number, evolutionary rate and the unique genetic characteristics of the fish evolutionary biology and population genetics the study of molecular markers. In this study, PCR and DNA sequencing technology to obtain part of the gene of Heilongjiang waters silver carp wild populations of mtDNA control region, a length of 1016bp conservative loci of 1007, variable sites for the nine parsimony-informative loci for seven. Analyzed the sequence T, C, A and G content of 29.0%, 25.4%, 29.9% and 15.8%, transition / transversion of 1.2, the A + T content (58.9%) higher than the C + G content ( 41.2%). The LOOP part of the D-and query common carp from the NCBI website, including carp, black carp, crucian carp, bighead carp, grass carp, red fins Culter, bream, dace mtDNA genes compared with the other fish of the same family as the transition / transversion of 1.1. The genetic distance of several cyprinid fish calculated from 0.095-0.424, numerical changes in large, obviously after the gene mutation, drift and genetic evolution. Then through software MEGA4.0 analysis mapping cyprinid fish, NP, ME and MP three evolutionary map of the phylogenetic tree obtained genetic evolution and its taxonomic status of wild populations of the Heilongjiang River silver carp in the carp, The results showed that the relationship of wild populations of herring in the Heilongjiang silver carp, silver carp in the morphological classification attached to the fish, carp-shaped head, carp, silver carp and the case of herring belonging to Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, herring is. Two classification methods are fundamentally different conclusions. This study provides new evidence for the classification of the relationship of the fish, as well as the genetic breeding of aquaculture fish, the origin of evolutionary studies and conservation of genetic resources to provide a certain amount of research data. Key words: mitochondrial DNA; D-LOOP gene; silver carp; classification of low 沈阳农业大学学士学位论文
3 前言 鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)又叫白鲢、水鲢、跳鲢、鲢子,属于鲤形目,鲤科,是著名的四大家鱼之一。鲢鱼属于中上层鱼,典型的滤食性鱼类,春夏秋三季,绝大数时间在水域的中上层游动觅食,冬季则潜至深水越冬。鲢广泛分布于亚洲东部,在我国各大水系,均有分布;其生长速度快、产量高。同时,鲢的食物为浮游植物,因而成为饲养鱼类的上等鱼品,历来被列入我国淡水养殖的“四大家鱼”之一。 线粒体作为半自主性细胞器,其生长和增殖受核基因和线粒体基因组两套遗传体系的协同控制。早在1949年Ephrussi在啤酒酵母中发现线粒体中含有DNA ,1963年M.nuss和S.nass用电镜证实了线粒体中含有DNA,Barsta等1996年首先由鸡肝中利用氯化钙密度梯度离心分离得到线粒体的DNA,以后由不同的高等动物组织细胞中分离处理线粒体DNA并对其结构、性质及功能进行了深入的研究。线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA),作为一种结构相对简单的基因组一起了人们广泛的研究兴趣[1]。 动物线粒体基因组的长度大多在15-20kb左右,环状双链,根据碱性氯化铯密度梯度离心中双链密度不同分为重链(H链)和轻链(L链),由2个rRNA基(16S rRNA、12S rRNA)、22 个tRNA基因、控制区(D-Loop环区)和轻链复制起始区和13个疏水蛋白质基因。13个蛋白质因是细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因,2个ATP酶的亚基,3个细胞色素c(Cyt c)氧化酶的亚基(COI,COII,COIII),7个NADP还原酶的亚单位(ND1、ND2、ND3、ND4、ND4L、ND5、ND6),除一个蛋白质基因(ND6)和8个tRNA基因由L链编码外,其余的大部分基因都由H链编码[2]。各基因间排列紧密,非编码序列比例小,基因排列的顺序基本一致,只有鸟类(如鸡)稍有改变,基因内不含内含子,碱基的使用节约、高效[3]。