Unit9-A Surgical Diseas
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Introduction to bone fracture 骨折的概述 A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a break in the continuity of the bone. 骨的连续性破坏称为骨折。 A bone fracture can be the result of high force impact or stress, or trivial injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones，such as osteoporosis，bone cancer，or osteo-genesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture. 骨折可由高冲击力或压力，或者是在骨骼疾病导致骨骼削弱的基础上轻微的损伤造成，比如骨质疏松、骨肿瘤、成骨不全常也被称为病理性骨折。 What causes a bone fracture? When outside forces such as a direct blows or falls are applied to bone it has the potential to fail. 当外部力量比如直接打击或跌倒时施加于骨头导致它有可能承受不了。 Fractures occur when bone cannot withstand those outside forces. 骨折发生在骨不能承受这些外部力量。 Fracture’ break，or crack all mean the same thing. 断裂或裂缝都意味着骨折。 One term does not imply a more or less severe injury. 这并不意味着损伤的轻重。 The integrity of the bone has been damaged，which causes the bone structure to fail, which results in a fracture or broken bone. 骨的完整性已被破坏，这会导致骨结构的破坏，从而导致骨折。 Often a fracture is easy to detect because there is obvious deformity. 通常骨折易于检测，因为有明显的畸形。 However, at times it is not easily diagnosed. It is important for the physician to take a history of the injury to decide what potential problems might exist. 然而，有时它是不容易诊断。医生采集受伤中的病史是非常重要的，这能够确定潜在可能存在的问题。Moreover，fractures don’t always occur in isolation，and there may be associated injuries that need to be addressed. 此外，骨折并不是常常完全离断，同时骨折常带来一些附带损伤需要解决。 Fractures can occur because of direct blows, twisting injuries, or falls. 直接打击，扭转受伤，或跌倒常导致骨折发生。 The type of forces or trauma applied to the bone may determine what type of injury that occurs. 施加于骨的作用力或损伤的类型，可以确定发生的损伤类型。 Some fractures occur without any obvious trauma due to osteoporosis，the loss of calcium in bone (for example a compression fracture of the vertebrae of the back) or a congenital bone cyst that has been present since birth, which causes a weak area in the bone. 有些骨折没有明显的外伤，因为骨质疏松，骨质钙流失（例如背部的脊椎骨压缩性骨折）或因为出生时先天性骨囊肿，它会导致骨中的薄弱区域。 Descriptions of fractures can be confusing. They are based on： 骨折的描述可能令人困惑。他们是基于:
Where in the bone the break has occurred 在骨折发生的地方 How the bone fragments are aligned 骨折的碎片怎样对齐 Whether any complications exist 是否存在任何并发症 Whether the skin is intact 皮肤是否完好 The first step in describing a fracture is to decide if it is open or closed. 首先第一步要确定骨折是开放性的还是闭合性的。 The skin protects the inside of the body，including bones, from the outside world. 皮肤可以保护身体内部，包括防止骨头暴露外界。 If the skin over the break is disrupted, then an open fracture exists. 如果皮肤被破坏，则为开放性骨折。 The skin can be cut, tom, or abraded (scraped)，but if the skin's integrity is damaged, the potential for an infection from the outside world to get into the bone exists. 皮肤会被切割或磨（刮），但是如果皮肤完整性受损，潜在的感染从外界获得。 Since the fracture site in the bone communicates with the outside world, these injuries often need to be cleaned out aggressively and many times require anesthesia in the operating room to do the job effectively. 当骨折端与外界相通，这些损伤需要积极的清创缝合，大部分时候需要麻醉下在手术室完成。 Compound fracture was the previous term used to describe an open fracture. 复合骨折是用来形容开放性骨折的前一个术语。 Next, there needs to be a description of the fracture line. 接下来，需要描述骨折线。 Does the fracture line go across the bone (transverse) ,at an angle (oblique) or does it spiral? 骨折线是否（横向）穿过骨，穿过的角度（斜），穿过是否有螺旋？ Is the fracture in two pieces or is it comminuted, in multiple pieces? 骨折是分为两块，粉碎状，亦或是多块？ A greenstick fracture describes the situation when the bone partially breaks. 青枝骨折介绍的情况是骨部分断裂。 This often oc¬curs in infants and children where the bone hasn’t completely calcified and has the potential to bend instead of breaking completely through. 这通常发生在婴儿和儿童，这些骨质没有完全钙化，弯曲的潜力完成传导而不是完全断裂。 It is similar to trying to break off a young branch or shoot from a tree (a green stick). 就像是试着折断新发的树枝或射击绿色的树。 Other fracture terms include torus or buckle fracture, again when only part of a bone breaks,but this may occur in adults as well. 其他骨折包括圆环或扣断裂，同样是骨头的部分断裂，但这同样发生在成年人。 Finally, the fracture’s alignment is described as to whether the fracture fragments are dis¬placed or in their normal anatomic position. 最后，骨折的排列是描述 骨折碎片是否移位或在正常解剖位置。 If the bones fragments aren’t in the right place, they need to be reduced or “set” and placed back into normal alignment. 如果骨头碎片不在正确的地方，他们需要更少或“设置”步骤来放回正常位置。
What are the signs and symptoms of a bone fracture ?
