英语文学导论杨金才名词解释1. Literature（文学）：A form of art that uses language to express ideas, emotions, and experiences. It can be categorized into different genres such as poetry, fiction, drama, etc.2. Poetry（诗歌）：A type of literature that uses language to create an emotional and sensory experience through the use of rhythm, imagery, and sound.3. Fiction（小说）：A type of literature that is based on imagined or invented events and characters.4. Drama（戏剧）：A type of literature that is written to be performed on stage and portrays characters in conflict through dialogue and action.5. Prose（散文）：A type of writing that is not poetry or drama, and usually follows a standard grammatical structure.6. Narrative（叙事）：A type of writing that tells a story, often through a series of events and characters.7. Genre（类型）：A category or type of literature, such as poetry, fiction, or drama.8. Symbolism（象征主义）：A literary movement that uses symbols to represent abstract ideas or concepts.9. Realism（现实主义）：A literary movement that attempts to represent life as it really is, without idealization or exaggeration.10. Romanticism（浪漫主义）：A literary movement that emphasizes imagination, emotion, and individualism, and often deals with nature, love, and the supernatural.11. Modernism（现代主义）：A literary movement that rejected traditional forms and conventions, and emphasized experimentation and individualism.12. Postmodernism（后现代主义）：A literary movement that challenges the assumptions of modernism, and often incorporates elements of popular culture and intertextuality.13. Canon（经典）：A body of literature that is considered to be of greatimportance or significance, and is often studied or taught in schools and universities.14. Allegory（寓言）：A literary device that uses symbolic characters and events to convey a deeper meaning or message.15. Irony（讽刺）：A literary device that uses language to convey the opposite of what is expected or intended.16. Satire（讽刺文学）：A type of writing that uses humor, irony, and exaggeration to criticize societal issues and institutions.17. Allusion（暗示）：A literary device that refers to another work of literature or cultural reference in order to add meaning or depth to a text.18. Metaphor（隐喻）：A literary device that uses a comparison between two things to create a deeper meaning or image.19. Simile（明喻）：A literary device that uses a comparison between two things using “like”or “as.”20. Imagery（意象）：A literary device that uses descriptive language tocreate sensory images in the reader’s mind.。
文学导论知识点(总17页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除poetry（一）Elements of PoetryRhyme (Rime)Rhyme is the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds 1. Single or Masculine rhyme单（阳）韵----rhyming sounds involve only one syllable..cold, bold;thing, king;day, wayor Feminine rhyme双叠（阴）韵----rhyming sounds involve two or more syllables..begin, again；flatter, matter;3. Triple rhyme三叠韵----a kind of feminine rhyme in which identical stressed vowel sounds are followed by two identical unstressed syllables. . machinery, scenery;tenderly, slenderly;spitefully, delightfully;remember, September4. Internal rhyme（行内韵）----at least one of the rhyming words are within the line. . “Each narrow cell in which we dwell”; “the grains beyond age, the dark veins of her mother”5. End rhyme(or Terminal rhyme)（行尾韵）----the both rhyming words occur at the ends of lines. (The commonest and most consciously sought-after sound repetition in English poetry.) .Under my window, a clean rasping soundWhen the spade sinks into gravelly ground.Let us roll all our strength, and allOur Sweetness, up into one ball.6. Beginning Rhyme行首词韵----rhyme that occurs in the first syllable or syllables of successive lines. .Why should I have returnedMy knowledge would not fit into theirs.I found untouched the desert of the unknown.7. Interlaced or Crossed Rhyme交错韵----Words in the middle of each line rhyme. It occurs in long couplets, especially the hexameter. .Laurel is green for a season, and love is sweet for a day,But love grows bitter with treason, and laurel outlives not May.or Exact rhyme（全韵）----differing consonant sounds are followed by identical stressed vowel sounds, and the following sounds are identical..foe, toe; meet, fleet; buffer, rougher; fix, sticks;9 .Half rhyme or off rhyme, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, slant rhyme)（斜韵）----the feminine rhymes that do not rhyme completely. .frightful, slightly;yellow, pillow；mirth, forth；trolley, bullyrhyme（视觉韵）----formed by words that look alike a rhymed unit but do not have the same sounds. . cough, bough；home, some; hear, bear11. Approximate rhymesAlliteration头韵----repetition of initial sounds. .a ll the a wful a uguries..B ring me my b ow of b urning gold;more often defined as the repetition of consonants. .a f ter li f e’s f it f ul f ever（二）Rhyme scheme（押韵格式）----the pattern of alternating end rhymes in a stanza or poem. In analysis of a rhyme scheme, each rhyme is represented by a small letter. .Love is a sickness full of woes, (a)All remedies refusing; (b)A plant that with most cutting grows (a)Most barren with best using. (b)Why so (c)（三）Stanza----a group of lines of verse forming one of the units or divisions of a poem. （It is usually recurrent, characterized by a regular pattern, with respect to or under determination of, the number of lines, and arrangement of meter of rhyme.）Common stanza forms include the couplet, the triplet, and the quatrainCouplet----two successive rhyming lines:For thy sweet love rememb’red such wealth bringsThat then I scorn to change my state with kings.（The couplet is one of the main verse units in Western literature, and is a form of great antiquity. Chaucer was one of the first English po ets to use it and it’s generally thought that Chaucer developed the form.）Triplet----a stanza of three lines; an individual poem of three lines. E. g.When as in silks my Julia goesThen, then (methinks) how sweetly flowsThat liquefaction of her clothes.Next, when I cast mine eyes and seeThat brave vibration each way free;O how that glittering taketh me!Quatrain ----a stanza or an individual poem of four lines rhymed or unrhymed. It occurs as the commonest of all stanzaic forms in Eastern and Western poetries, and lends itself to wide variation in meter and rhyme. .I envy not in any moodsThe captive void of noble rage,The linnet born within the cageThat never knew the summer woods;I envy not the beast that takesHis license in the field of time,unfettered by the sense of crime,To whom a conscience never wakes.Other Stanzaic forms：Quintain----a stanza or an individual poem of 5 lines.Sexain, or sixain, sextain, hexastich/`heksəstik/ ----a stanza of 6 linesHeptastich/`heptəstik/ ----a stanza or an individual poem of 7 lines.Sonnet----a 14-line poem./（四）Metrical RhythmAccents and pausesIn poetry, the end of a line of verse is itself a mark of punctuation.If the last word of a line is followed by no punctuation and is part of a continuing grammatical unit like a prepositional phrase, we call the line run-on, or enjambed. （跨行连续）. so much dependsupona red wheelbarrowglazed with rainwaterbeside the whitechickens.(William Carlos Williams)Metrical RhythmMeter (韵律，格律)----derived from the Greek word “metron” meaning “measure”. Refers to the regular pattern of stressed (marked as O or /) and unstressed syllables (marked as o or ~; u; x etc.). E. g.morning O o (or: / ~)verbalize O o o (or: / ~ ~)tomorrow o O o (or: ~ / ~)again o O (or: ~ /)Metrical RhythmNames for Meters:1. Iamb /`aiæmb/(Iambic /ai`æmbik/ adj.): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. 抑扬格（英）；短长格（西、拉） o O (~ /) (da-dum)E. g. again o O (or: ~ /)Shall I compare thee to a summer’s dayThou art more lovely and more temperateo O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summer’s dayo O o O o O o O o OThou art more lovely and more temperate.2. Trochee /`trəuki:/(trochaic /trəu`keiik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable. 扬抑格（英）；长短格（西、拉）O o (/ ~ )(dum-da)E. g. morning O o (or: / ~)Tiger! Tiger! burning brightIn the forests of the night.O o O o O o OTiger! Tiger! burning brightO o O o O o OIn the forests of the night.OR:/ ~ / ~ / ~ /Tiger! Tiger! burning bright/ ~ / ~ / ~ /In the forests of the night.3. Anapest or Anapaest/`ænəpi:st/ (Anapestic or Anapaestic /ænə`pi:stik/ adj.): two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable抑抑扬格（英）；短短长格（西、拉）. o o O (~ ~ /) (da-da-dum)E. g. beneficial… the old inn and the lights, and the fireAnd the fiddler’s old tune and the shuffling of feeto o O o o O o o O… the old inn and the lights, and the fireo o O o o O o o O o o OAnd the fiddler’s old tune and the shuffling of feet4. Dactyl /`dæktil/(Dactylic /dæk`tilik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格O o o (/ ~ ~)E. g. verbalize O o o (/ ~ ~)O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us,O o o O o o O o o OJust for a riband to stick in his coat –5. syllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格O o o (/ ~ ~)E. g. verbalize O o o (/ ~ ~)O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us,O o o O o o O o o OJust for a riband to stick in his coat –6. Spondee /`spɔndi:/(Spondaic /spɔn`deiik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by another stressed syllable. 扬扬格O O (/ /) most often used as a substitute for an iamb or trocheeE. g.Smart lad, to slip betimes awayO O o O o O o O（五）Foot诗的音步----A unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllables is called a foot. Names for feet:Monometer/mɔ`nɔmitə(r)/ : one foot 单音步诗行Dimeter/`dimitə(r)/ : two feet 二音步诗行；二步格诗行Trimeter/`trimitə(r)/ : three feet 三音步诗行Tetrameter/te`træmitə(r)/ : four feetPentameter/pen`tæmitə(r)/ : five feetHexameter/hek`sæmitə(r)/ : six feetHeptameter/hep`tæmitə(r)/ : seven feetOctameter/ɔk`tæmitə(r)/ : eight feetNonameter/nɔ`næmitə(r) : nine feet( lines containing more than seven feet do not often occur in English verse) Illustrations of metrical rhythms: iambic pentametero O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summer’s dayo O o O o O o O o OThou art more lovely and more temperate.o O o O o O o O o ORough winds do shake the darling buds of May,o O o O o O o O o OAnd summer’s lease hath all too short a date:Two terms marking the metrical pattern and rhyme scheme of a poem: Scansion（音律分析：将诗行分成音步，标出重音位置，算出音节）----to mark the stressed and unstressed syllables and rhyme scheme is to scan.Caesura/si:`zjuərə/(诗行中根据意思而作的）主要停顿 ---- a pause in aline of verse dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than bymetrics is called caesura, which is often marked with “‖”Illustration of caesurae:Mean while, ‖declining from the noon of dayThe sun obliquely ‖shoots his burning ray;The hungry judges ‖ soon the sentence signAnd wretches hang ‖ that jurymen may dine …Kinds of Poetry1. Ballad2. LyricPoemVerse VerseNarrative Poem （叙事诗）:A. If a poem mainly tells a relatively complete story, it is called a narrative poem. B. widespread in many literatures and continue to be written and read.Epic （史诗）:a)one of the ancient types of poetry.b)plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilizationc)long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about heroes who areusually warriors or even demigodsd)deals with noble characters and heroic deedse)incorporates myth, legend and folk talef)reflects national history, thus more cultural than literarySonnet（十四行诗）:a)one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe----popular in Renaissance Italy, and thereafter in Spain, Portugal and otherEuropean countries.b)German and English Romantics revived the form, which remains popular.c) a lyric invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic /ai` æmbik/ pentameter /pen'tæmitə/ , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.Sonnet: there are three prominent types of sonnet, all named after their founders or perfecters1)Shakespearean Sonnet莎士比亚体十四行诗also called Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet.structured of three quatrains and a terminal coupletin iambic pentameterwith the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg.2) Petrarchan Sonnet彼特拉克体十四行诗also called Italian sonnet----originated in Italy in the 13th century.consummated by Francesco Petrarch, a crowned laureatecontains an octave/`ɔktiv/（意大利十四行诗的前八行）with the rhymepattern abbaabba and a sestet/ses`tet/（十四行诗的最后六行） of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd3) Spenserian Sonnet斯宾塞体十四行诗is considered by some a variation of Shakespearean sonnet.comprises three quatrains and a coupletin iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee.some poets write sonnets on a single subject or under one controlling idea and thus create a sonnet sequence or sonnet cycle(六)Elements of Poetry----Tone1)the poise, mood, voice, attitude and outlook of the poet2)the speaker or the poet’s attitude toward his subject, his audience or evenhimself.3)personality reflected4)discussed usually in ordinary vocabulary. . cold, eager, uncertain, boastful,protesting, indifferent, positive, optimisticJudged by synthetic analysis of all the elements involved in the poem(imagery, metaphor, understatement, etc), especially its diction andsentence patternsElements of Poetry----Image1) a word picture to evoke sense impressions in the reader’s mind2)representation of sense experience through language3)the soul of poetry as language is the body of poetry4)One image is frequently the result of the cooperation of the severalsenses and sometimes can be rather abstract. . fresh air----cooperation; death/coffin----abstract5)imagery6)All the images formed into a meaningful whole in a poem Functions of imagery:1.to create the atmosphere2.to provide an internal pattern3.focus the theme of the poemElements of Poetry----Themecontrolling idea or its central insightA novel: thought-provokingA poem: emotion-arousing.Elements of Poetry----Poetic Devices（1）Simile: a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually like, as, than or a verb such as resembles.Your fingers are like mine.Your fingers are like sausages..O my Love’s like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in JuneO my Love’s like the melodieThat’s sweetl y played in tune.（2）Metaphor: a statement that one thing is something else, which, in a literal sense, it is not.Your fingers are sausages.. Oh, my love is a red, red rose.Oh, my love has red petals and sharp thorns.Oh, I placed my love into a long-stem vaseAnd I bandaged my bleeding thumb.（3）Conceit: originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “a fanciful idea”. It is a metaphor or simile that is made elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant.. t wo lover’s souls are compared to the legs of the compasses.（4）Personification: a figure of speech in which a thing, an animal, or an abstract term . truth, nature) is made human.. The Wind by James StephensThe wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his hand.And said he’d kill and kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.（5）the pun: often subjected to abuse as a “low” form of wit, t he pun is essentially a kind of metaphor that can be used lightly and facetiously or for more serious purposes.. Customer: Do you serve crab hereWaiter: Yes Sir, we serve everyone!（6）apostrophe: a way of addressing someone or something invisible or not ordinarily spoken to. Such as an inanimate object (spade!), some dead orabsent person (Milton!), an abstract thing( Return, delights!) , or a spirit(soul). A poet uses apostrophe to announce a lofty and serious tone, giving life to the inanimate and giving life to the intangible (a way of speaking to it person to person).. Death, ain’t you got no shame（7）metonymy(换喻，转喻): the name of a thing is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.. the White House decided.（8）synecdoche(提喻): a kind of metonymy, is the use of a part of a thing to stand for the whole of it or vice versa.. the famous port used to be a harbor which was crowded with masts.All the plants in the cold country are turning green in this smiling year.（9）transferred epithet(转喻): another kind of metonymy, a device of emphasis in which the poet attributes some characteristic of a thing to another thing closely associated with it.. drinking night.（10）oxymoron: a device in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined.. deafening silence.dully brightlove-hate relationshipliving death,creative destruction,tearful joysour-sweet day（11）paradox: occurs in a statement that at first strikes us as self-contradictory but that on reflection makes some sense.. the faster he tried to finish, the longer it seemed to take him.In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorlylargely because they teach grammar so well.（12）hyperbole or overstatement: a statement of emphasis containing exaggeration. For she was beautiful----her beauty madeThe bright world dim, and everything besideSeemed like the fleeting image of a shade.（13）understatement: the opposite of overstatement, implying more than is said . she was not without ambition.（14）ambiguity: the state or situation in which more thatn one interpretation is possible.（15）onomatopoeia: the formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.. a donkey heehaws a cat mews bees buzz。
[转载]诗歌导读教案第三讲诗歌欣赏的任务和方法(2011-03-23 21:38:39)转载▼分类：诗歌理论标签：转载原文地址：诗歌导读教案第三讲诗歌欣赏的任务和方法作者：王珂诗歌导读教案第三讲诗歌欣赏的任务和方法课堂讨论与课堂作业：如何欣赏或解读一首诗（100字）在还原和创造诗美中获得欣赏诗的乐趣——论诗歌欣赏的任务和方法诗是可以解读的,正是因为诗可以解读，欣赏诗才有乐趣，诗才能够给读者美的享受。
但是诗歌欣赏活动是一种需要欣赏者的创造力的特殊的艺术鉴赏活动，它比欣赏小说、散文等其他文学文体更需要欣赏者参与发现和创造诗美的工作。
诗歌欣赏的主要任务是寻找诗美。
诗美包括诗的抒情的美和形式的美。
在欣赏诗时，不要把诗的内容与形式截然分开，特别要重视诗的形式的美。
诗的形式的美主要指诗的音乐形式的美和视觉形式的美。
诗的抒情美、音乐美和视觉美融为一体,才构成诗美。
诗的视觉美在现代诗歌中十分重要。
由于诗歌文体的特殊性，很多人都不知道如何欣赏诗，甚至古人也发出无奈的感叹：诗无达诂。
诗真的不可解读吗？既然不可解读，为什么诗又能够在人类文明史上存在数千年，直到今天，诗也有大量读者。
人们通常认为，因为诗是抒情的文学，人们读诗的目的是为了获得情感共鸣。
抒情美确实是诗最大的内容美之一。
但是，因为“诗无达诂”，要弄清一首诗的抒情主旨是很难的，如果只是为了获得诗的抒情美，这样的欣赏是单一的，甚至在解读一些写得很朦胧很晦涩的诗（这种诗古代现代都有）时，很难达到这种知道诗的“写什么”的目的。
在高度重视技巧的现代诗出现后，特别是宣扬为艺术而艺术（art for art’sake）的口号出现后，世界诗歌都出现了追求“纯诗”的潮流，诗人写诗的重在“怎么写”而非“写什么”，现代诗歌大师奥登甚至说：一个青年诗人的前途不在于他情绪的力量中，也不在于他的观念的独创性中，而在于他的语言技巧中。
面对这样的“纯诗”，欣赏者又应该怎么办呢？是否只重“怎么写”？可以做出这样的结论：诗歌欣赏活动是一种特殊的艺术鉴赏活动，它比欣赏小说、散文等其他文学文本更需要欣赏者的参与，是一种更富有创造性的欣赏活动，在欣赏活动中偏重“诗意”（写什么）和“诗艺”（怎么写）都是不对的，它需要两者的有机结合，欣赏者只有在还原和创造诗美中，才能获得欣赏诗的乐趣，创造性地获得诗美，是诗歌欣赏的主要任务。
敦煌诗歌导论古人在我们如今能感受到的文学艺术的领域中占有举足轻重的地位，也有着数不尽的艺术形式，但最为著名的莫过于诗歌了。
诗歌，是一种简洁凝练的语言艺术形式，他可以以声韵、字词、意象、结构、节奏等方面来加强表达效果。
初唐诗坛，武后开创时期。
上承“永徽之治”的盛世风气，下启“开元盛世”的大唐气象。
其诗作大多借鉴先秦两汉魏晋南北朝乐府民歌的现实主义传统，又融合了齐梁宫体和陈隋艳体的流丽词采与风格特征，呈现出清新明朗而又雄浑壮阔的基本风貌。
代表性诗人：王勃、杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王、陈子昂、宋之问等。
“海内存知己，天涯若比邻”——《送杜少府之任蜀州》李白“祖国西北万里疆”，“欲渡黄河冰塞川，将登太行雪满山”，这些描写边塞生活的句子，充分展示了盛唐诗歌的精神风貌；“桃花潭水深千尺，不及汪伦送我情”，更道出了朋友间真挚纯朴的情谊……此外还有像孟浩然的“春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟”，王昌龄的“青海长云暗雪山，孤城遥望玉门关”等佳句，都无不令人心驰神往！“空山新雨后，天气晚来秋”——《山居秋暝》王维山水田园诗派，指盛唐时期出现的一个具有悠闲适性特点的诗歌流派。
该派诗人继承陶渊明田园诗而有所发展，并进一步提高了对自然景物的审美趣味，把诗境扩大到了山水之外的广阔空间，使诗的画意和音乐性得到增强，因而被称为“山水田园诗派”或“王孟诗派”。
代表性诗人：王维、孟浩然、储光羲、常建等。
“独坐幽篁里，弹琴复长啸”——《竹里馆》王维山水田园诗派，指盛唐时期出现的一个具有悠闲适性特点的诗歌流派。
该派诗人继承陶渊明田园诗而有所发展，并进一步提高了对自然景物的审美趣味，把诗境扩大到了山水之外的广阔空间，使诗的画意和音乐性得到增强，因而被称为“山水田园诗派”或“王孟诗派”。
代表性诗人：王维、孟浩然、储光羲、常建等。
“忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开”——《白雪歌送武判官归京》岑参边塞诗派，指盛唐时期由于安史之乱而产生的一个以歌咏边塞风光和反映军旅生活为主要题材的诗歌流派。
