珠三角种植大户与普通农户主要作物施肥情况对比分析——以惠州市
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:1.04 MB
- 文档页数:7
收稿日期:2019-04-22基金项目:广东省耕地质量等级调查和肥料使用情况调查工作资金(粤农耕肥[2018]36号)作者简介:李静娟(1987—),女,硕士,农艺师,研究方向为土壤肥力与耕地保护,E-mail:lijingjuan.hd2008@163.com广东农业科学 2019,46(7):53-59
Guangdong Agricultural Sciences doi:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2019.07.008
李静娟,康轩,代金君,周波,温武东.珠三角种植大户与普通农户主要作物施肥情况对比分析——以惠州市惠城区为
例[J].广东农业科学,2019,46(7):53-59.
珠三角种植大户与普通农户主要
作物施肥情况对比分析
——以惠州市惠城区为例
李静娟1,康 轩1,代金君2,周 波3,温武东1
(1.惠州市惠城区农业技术推广中心,广东 惠州 516008;2. 惠州市农业农村综合服务中心,广东 惠州 516001;3. 广东省农业科学院茶业研究所/广东省茶树资源创新利用重点实验室,广东 广州 510640)
摘 要:【目的】对比分析惠城区种植大户与普通农户主要作物施肥情况和存在问题,为判断区域农田施肥的合理性及调整肥料结构提供依据,探讨规模经营在化肥减量增效方面的积极作用。【方法】对惠城区91户农户肥料使用情况进行问卷调查和分析。【结果】调查区化肥使用量在合理范围内、有机肥施用量偏低。水稻平均产量不高,种植大户和普通农户水稻有机肥施用比例均较低,普通农户水稻化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)施用量为366.6 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.3∶0.7,趋于合理;种植大户化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)施用量为421.1 kg/hm2,种植大户水稻化肥N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.5∶0.7,存在高氮高磷问题。甜玉米平均产量较高,种植大户有机肥施用量高于普通农户,普通农户甜玉米化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)施用量为627.6 kg/hm2,N:P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.6∶0.8,存在高磷问题;种植大户化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)施用量为508.1 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.5∶0.5,存在高磷低钾问题。蔬菜有机肥施用量种植大户高于普通农户,但仍低于推荐施用量,普通农户蔬菜化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)施用量为685.4 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.7∶0.7,存在高磷问题;种植大户化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)施用量为285.9 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.3∶0.5,存在低钾问题。种植大户在甜玉米和蔬菜两种作物上化肥施用量分别比普通农户低19.0%和58.3%。【结论】种植大户等新型经营主体在增施有机肥、化肥减量等方面具有较大潜力,建议可以有针对性地提出化肥减量增效调控对策。 关键词:珠三角;种植大户;规模经营;施肥;化肥减量中图分类号:S147.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1004-874X(2019)07-0053-07
Comparative Analysis on Fertilization of Main Crops
Between Large Planting Households and Ordinary
Farmers in Pearl River Delta
—A Case Study of Huicheng District, Huizhou Ctiy
LI Jingjuan1,KANG Xuan1,DAI Jinjun2,ZHOU Bo3,WEN Wudong1 (1.Huicheng District Agriculture Technology Extension Center, Huizhou 516008, China; 2.Huizhou Agricultural Rural Comprehensive Service Center, Huizhou 516001, China;3. Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China)
54
【研究意义】农业部发布的《关于印发〈到
2020年化肥使用量零增长行动方案〉》提出到
2020年实现化肥使用量零增长目标,广东省自
2017年开始实施肥料使用情况调查项目,目的是
了解农田施肥现状为判断区域农田施肥的合理性
及调整肥料结构提供依据。2017年中央一号文
件专门提出大力培育新型农业经营主体和服务主
体,加快发展土地流转。惠城区作为惠州市主城
区、珠江三角洲腹地,城镇化工业化进程不断加
快,城郊结合型农业产业结构发生了重大变化,
由原先以水稻种植为主逐渐演变为粮、果、蔬综
合发展的多种经营模式,土地流转、规模化种植
面积越来越大,经营主体也由普通农户为主向越
来越多的种植大户转变。随着土地流转不断推进,
小规模农户的比例在逐年下降,以种植大户为代
表的新型农业经营主体成为未来一段时间内我国
农业发展的重要力量[1]。种植大户作为具有规模
效应的农地经营主体是实施和引领农业技术示范
的主体,多数研究也证实农业规模经营对减少化
肥投入有积极作用[2-4]。因此,新形势下掌握种植大户的施肥情况,充分挖掘种植大户等新型经
营主体在化肥减量、减少面源污染等方面的潜力,
因地制宜提出化肥减量增效调控措施具有重大现
实意义。
【前人研究进展】目前,针对农作物施肥情
况研究较多,于元赫等[5]从省域、地理区域和县
域3个尺度探讨1995—2015年山东省农业化肥施
用强度的区域差异、时空格局演变及主要驱动力,
提出向适度规模经营的农户推广节肥增效技术,
从而提高农业施肥技术效率、减少农业面源污染。
付浩然等[6]分析鲁西北地区冬小麦春季追肥情况
调查;张怀志等[7]对津冀设施蔬菜施肥进行调查
分析;官利兰等[8]对广东省菜园土壤施肥状况进
行了调查与分析;陈德松[9]对闽北种植大户施肥
结构现状调查;王小英等[10]和沈娟等[11]对水稻
施肥现状进行调查分析。石子建等[12]研究种植
大户水稻施肥现状及减量施氮可行性分析。李文
西等[13]研究种田大户主要粮食作物施肥现状。
近年来,珠三角地区也进行了较多的化肥施用情
况调查,但深入统计、分析的研究却较少。尚未Abstract:【Objective】The objective was to compare and analyze the fertilization status of major crops and existing
problems between large planting households and ordinary farmers in Huicheng District, to provide a basis for judging the rationality of fertilization in regional farmland and adjusting fertilizer structure, and to explore the positive effects of scale management on fertilizer reduction.【Methods】The fertilization status of 91 households were investigated and analyzed in Huicheng District by questionnaire survey.【Results】The use of chemical fertilizer in the survey area was within a reasonable range and the application rate of organic manure was relatively low. The average yield of rice was not high. The application of organic manure in rice was low among large planting households and ordinary farmers. The average application rate of rice fertilizer (N+P2O5+K2O) by ordinary farmers was 366.6 kg/hm2, with N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.3∶0.7, which tended to be reasonable. The application rate of chemical fertilizer (N+P2O5+K2O) by large planting households was 421.1 kg/hm2, with N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.5∶0.7, which reflected a problem of high nitrogen and high phosphorus. The average yield of sweet corn was higher. The application rate of organic manure of large planting households was higher than that of ordinary farmers. The application rate of sweet corn fertilizer (N+P2O5+K2O) by ordinary farmers was 627.6 kg/hm2, with N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.6∶0.8, which caused a problem of high phosphorus. The application rate of chemical fertilizer (N+P2O5+K2O) by large planting households was 508.1 kg/hm2, with N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.5∶0.5, which reflected problems of high phosphorus and low potassium. The application rate of vegetable organic manure of large planting households was higher than that of ordinary farmers, but it was still lower than the recommended application rate. The application rate of vegetable fertilizer (N+P2O5+K2O) of ordinary farmers was 685.4 kg/hm2, with N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.7∶0.7, which existed a problem of high phosphorus. The fertilizer application rate of large planting households (N+P2O5+K2O) was 285.9 kg/hm2, with N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.3∶0.5, which contained a problem of low potassium. The amounts of chemical fertilizer applied by the large planting households on sweet corn and vegetable crops were 19.0% and 58.3% lower than those of ordinary farmers, respectively.【Conclusion】New-type management entities such as large planting households have great potential in increasing the application of organic manure and reducing the application of chemical fertilizer. It is suggested that the countermeasures for fertilizer reduction and efficiency improvement can be proposed in a targeted manner.Key words: Pearl River Delta; large planting households; scale operation; fertilization; fertilizer reduction