Hybrid Neural Systems
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HybridNeuralSystems
StefanWermter
RonSun
Springer,Heidelberg,NewYork
January2000Preface
Theaimofthisbookistopresentabroadspectrumofcurrentresearchin
hybridneuralsystems,andadvancethestateoftheartinneuralnetworksand
artificialintelligence.Hybridneuralsystemsarecomputationalsystemswhich
arebasedmainlyonartificialneuralnetworksbutwhichalsoallowasymbolic
interpretationorinteractionwithsymboliccomponents.
Thisbookfocusesonthefollowingissuesrelatedtodifferenttypesofrep-
resentation:Howdoesneuralrepresentationcontributetothesuccessofhybrid
systems?Howdoessymbolicrepresentationsupplementneuralrepresentation?
Howcanthesetypesofrepresentationbecombined?Howcanweutilizetheir
interactionandsynergy?Howcanwedevelopneuralandhybridsystemsfornew
domains?Whatarethestrengthsandweaknessesofhybridneuraltechniques?
Arecurrentprinciplesandmethodologiesinhybridneuralsystemsuseful?How
cantheybeextended?Whatwillbetheimpactofhybridandneuraltechniques
inthefuture?
Inordertobringtogethernewanddifferentapproaches,weorganizedan
internationalworkshop.Thisworkshoponhybridneuralsystems,organizedby
StefanWermterandRonSun,washeldduringDecember4–5,1998inDenver.
Inthiswell-attendedworkshop,27paperswerepresented.Overall,thework-
shopwaswide-ranginginscope,coveringtheessentialaspectsandstrandsof
hybridneuralsystemsresearch,andsuccessfullyaddressedmanyimportantis-
suesofhybridneuralsystemsresearch.Thebestandmostappropriatepaper
contributionswereselectedandrevisedtwice.Thisbookcontainsthebestre-
visedpapers,someofwhicharepresentedasstate-of-the-artsurveys,tocover
thevariousresearchareasofthecollection.
Thisselectionofcontributionsisarepresentativesnapshotofthestateofthe
artincurrentapproachestohybridneuralsystems.Thisisanextremelyactive
areaofresearchthatisgrowingininterestandpopularity.Wehopethatthis
collectionwillbestimulatingandusefulforallthoseinterestedintheareaof
hybridneuralsystems.
WewouldliketothankGarenArevian,MarkElshaw,SteveWombleand
inparticularChristoPanchev,fromtheHybridIntelligentSystemsGroupof
theUniversityofSunderlandfortheirimportanthelpandassistanceduringthe
preparationsofthebook.WewouldliketothankAlfredHofmannfromSpringer
forhiscooperation.Finally,andmostimportantly,wethankthecontributorsto
thisbook.
January2000
StefanWermter
RonSunTableofContents
Anoverviewofhybridneuralsystems.....................1
S.WermterandR.Sun
StructuredConnectionismandRuleRepresentation
Layeredhybridconnectionistmodelsforcognitivescience14
JeromeFeldmanandDavidBailey
TypesandquantifiersinSHRUTI:Aconnectionistmodel
ofrapidreasoningandrelationalprocessing...........28
LokendraShastri
Arecursiveneuralnetworkforreflexivereasoning......46
SteffenH¨olldobler,YvonneKalinkeandJ¨orgWunderlich
Anovelmodularneuralarchitectureforrule-basedand
similarity-basedreasoning...............................63
RafalBogaczandChristopheGiraud-Carrier
Addressingknowledge-representationissuesinconnec-
tionistsymbolicruleencodingforgeneralinference.78
NamSeogPark
Towardsahybridmodeloffirst-ordertheoryrefinement92
NelsonA.Hallack,GersonZaveruchaandValmirC.Barbosa
DistributedNeuralArchitecturesandLanguageProcessing
Dynamicalrecurrentnetworksforsequentialdatapro-
cessing.....................................................108
StefanC.KremerandJohnKolen
Fuzzyknowledgeandrecurrentneuralnetworks:Ady-
namicalsystemsperspective............................124
ChristianW.Omlin,LeeGilesandKarvelK.ThornberCombiningmapsanddistributedrepresentationsfor
shift-reduceparsing......................................146
MarshallR.MayberryandRistoMiikkulainen
Towardshybridneurallearninginternetagents..........160
StefanWermter,GarenArevianandChristoPanchev
Aconnectionistsimulationoftheempiricalacquisitionof
grammaticalrelations.....................................177
WilliamC.Morris,GarrisonW.CottrellandJeffreyL.Elman
Largepatternsmakegreatsymbols:Anexampleoflearn-
ingfromexample..........................................194
PenttiKanerva
Contextvectors:Asteptowardagrandunifiedrepresen-
tation.......................................................204
StephenI.Gallant
Integrationofgraphicalruleswithadaptivelearningof
structuredinformation...................................212
PaoloFrasconi,MarcoGoriandAlessandroSperduti
TransformationandExplanation
Lessonsfrompast,currentissuesandfutureresearchdi-
rectionsinextractingtheknowledgeembeddedinar-
tificialneuralnetworks...................................227
AlanB.Tickle,FredericMaire,GuidoBologna,RobertAndrewsand
JoachimDiederich
SymbolicruleextractionfromtheDIMLPneuralnet-
work.........................................................241
GuidoBologna
Understandingstatespaceorganizationinrecurrentneu-
ralnetworkswithiterativefunctionsystemsdynamics256
PeterTino,GeorgDorffnerandChristianSchittenkopf