Hybrid Neural Systems

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HybridNeuralSystems

StefanWermter

RonSun

Springer,Heidelberg,NewYork

January2000Preface

Theaimofthisbookistopresentabroadspectrumofcurrentresearchin

hybridneuralsystems,andadvancethestateoftheartinneuralnetworksand

artificialintelligence.Hybridneuralsystemsarecomputationalsystemswhich

arebasedmainlyonartificialneuralnetworksbutwhichalsoallowasymbolic

interpretationorinteractionwithsymboliccomponents.

Thisbookfocusesonthefollowingissuesrelatedtodifferenttypesofrep-

resentation:Howdoesneuralrepresentationcontributetothesuccessofhybrid

systems?Howdoessymbolicrepresentationsupplementneuralrepresentation?

Howcanthesetypesofrepresentationbecombined?Howcanweutilizetheir

interactionandsynergy?Howcanwedevelopneuralandhybridsystemsfornew

domains?Whatarethestrengthsandweaknessesofhybridneuraltechniques?

Arecurrentprinciplesandmethodologiesinhybridneuralsystemsuseful?How

cantheybeextended?Whatwillbetheimpactofhybridandneuraltechniques

inthefuture?

Inordertobringtogethernewanddifferentapproaches,weorganizedan

internationalworkshop.Thisworkshoponhybridneuralsystems,organizedby

StefanWermterandRonSun,washeldduringDecember4–5,1998inDenver.

Inthiswell-attendedworkshop,27paperswerepresented.Overall,thework-

shopwaswide-ranginginscope,coveringtheessentialaspectsandstrandsof

hybridneuralsystemsresearch,andsuccessfullyaddressedmanyimportantis-

suesofhybridneuralsystemsresearch.Thebestandmostappropriatepaper

contributionswereselectedandrevisedtwice.Thisbookcontainsthebestre-

visedpapers,someofwhicharepresentedasstate-of-the-artsurveys,tocover

thevariousresearchareasofthecollection.

Thisselectionofcontributionsisarepresentativesnapshotofthestateofthe

artincurrentapproachestohybridneuralsystems.Thisisanextremelyactive

areaofresearchthatisgrowingininterestandpopularity.Wehopethatthis

collectionwillbestimulatingandusefulforallthoseinterestedintheareaof

hybridneuralsystems.

WewouldliketothankGarenArevian,MarkElshaw,SteveWombleand

inparticularChristoPanchev,fromtheHybridIntelligentSystemsGroupof

theUniversityofSunderlandfortheirimportanthelpandassistanceduringthe

preparationsofthebook.WewouldliketothankAlfredHofmannfromSpringer

forhiscooperation.Finally,andmostimportantly,wethankthecontributorsto

thisbook.

January2000

StefanWermter

RonSunTableofContents

Anoverviewofhybridneuralsystems.....................1

S.WermterandR.Sun

StructuredConnectionismandRuleRepresentation

Layeredhybridconnectionistmodelsforcognitivescience14

JeromeFeldmanandDavidBailey

TypesandquantifiersinSHRUTI:Aconnectionistmodel

ofrapidreasoningandrelationalprocessing...........28

LokendraShastri

Arecursiveneuralnetworkforreflexivereasoning......46

SteffenH¨olldobler,YvonneKalinkeandJ¨orgWunderlich

Anovelmodularneuralarchitectureforrule-basedand

similarity-basedreasoning...............................63

RafalBogaczandChristopheGiraud-Carrier

Addressingknowledge-representationissuesinconnec-

tionistsymbolicruleencodingforgeneralinference.78

NamSeogPark

Towardsahybridmodeloffirst-ordertheoryrefinement92

NelsonA.Hallack,GersonZaveruchaandValmirC.Barbosa

DistributedNeuralArchitecturesandLanguageProcessing

Dynamicalrecurrentnetworksforsequentialdatapro-

cessing.....................................................108

StefanC.KremerandJohnKolen

Fuzzyknowledgeandrecurrentneuralnetworks:Ady-

namicalsystemsperspective............................124

ChristianW.Omlin,LeeGilesandKarvelK.ThornberCombiningmapsanddistributedrepresentationsfor

shift-reduceparsing......................................146

MarshallR.MayberryandRistoMiikkulainen

Towardshybridneurallearninginternetagents..........160

StefanWermter,GarenArevianandChristoPanchev

Aconnectionistsimulationoftheempiricalacquisitionof

grammaticalrelations.....................................177

WilliamC.Morris,GarrisonW.CottrellandJeffreyL.Elman

Largepatternsmakegreatsymbols:Anexampleoflearn-

ingfromexample..........................................194

PenttiKanerva

Contextvectors:Asteptowardagrandunifiedrepresen-

tation.......................................................204

StephenI.Gallant

Integrationofgraphicalruleswithadaptivelearningof

structuredinformation...................................212

PaoloFrasconi,MarcoGoriandAlessandroSperduti

TransformationandExplanation

Lessonsfrompast,currentissuesandfutureresearchdi-

rectionsinextractingtheknowledgeembeddedinar-

tificialneuralnetworks...................................227

AlanB.Tickle,FredericMaire,GuidoBologna,RobertAndrewsand

JoachimDiederich

SymbolicruleextractionfromtheDIMLPneuralnet-

work.........................................................241

GuidoBologna

Understandingstatespaceorganizationinrecurrentneu-

ralnetworkswithiterativefunctionsystemsdynamics256

PeterTino,GeorgDorffnerandChristianSchittenkopf