Review Exercises (2013 spring )
Understanding the United States
Chapter 1 A General Survey
I. Gap-filling
Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1)___1492____
The United States covers the central part of 2）___america____.
The United States today is the 3）__4th___ largest country in size in the world with a total area of about
4）____9.3 million__ square kilometers.
5）___Washington D.C___ is the capital and economic center of the United States.
6）__New Y ork_____is the largest and the most populous city of the United States.
7）____Oak___ is the national tree of the US ; 8）___Rose____ is the national flower .
The United States is a 9）__federal_____republic consisting of 10）___50____states.
In the year 11）__1776_____, the United States declared its independence from 12）__Britain _____. Spanish speaking Americans are called 13）__ Hispanics_____.
14）
15）___ is the residence of the President of the United States, and the Capitol Hill is home to the
16）___Congress____.
About 17）___1/3_____ of the America’s territory is covered with forests.
18）__The Mississippi river______ is known as the Father of Waters in the U.S
19）___Spanish_____ is the second most common language in the country, and is spoken by over 12% of the population.
Three branches of American government were established by the 20）_____ Constitution. ___.
II. Answer the Following Questions
21. What is the name of the national anthem of the United States? The Star-Spangled Banner
22.Why did Americans choose bald eagle as their national bird? The bald eagle was chosen in 1782 as the emblem of the US, because of its long life, great strength and majestic looks, and also because it was then believed to exist only on this continent.
Chapter 2 Geography and History
A．Geography
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided.
___1. The United States is the world’s second most populous count ry.F
___2. Hawaii is an island state of the United States.T
Ⅱ. Multiple Choices
3. Which is the tallest mountain in the United States?
A. Mount Whitney.
B. Mount McKinley.
C. Rocky Mountains.
D. The Sawatch Mountains.
4. Which city is the most populous city in the United States?
A. Washington D.C.
B. Los Angeles.
C. New Y ork City.
D. Philadelphia.
III. Short Answer Questions
5. Into which large body of water does the Mississippi River flow? It flows into the Gulf of Mexico.
6. Does the Mississippi River flow: north to south, south to north, east to west, or west to east?North to south
7. Which river forms a long border between the United States and Mexico?The Rio Grande River.
8. Which river forms part of the boundary between Canada and the United States?The St. Laurence
9. What are the names of the five Great Lakes?Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
10. Which one of the five lake s is entirely in the United States? Lake Michigan.
B．History
Section 1 The First Inhabitant
I. Gap Filling
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the information you have learnt
1. Early American history began in the collision and cultural interaction of three peoples in North
America. They are 1)___European___, 2)_West African____and 3)__Native American___ peoples
2. The earliest Americans came from 4)___Asia____and entered the New World during the last 5)
___Ice___ Age.
3.6) ________ , including the land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska that stretched for several
hundred miles into the continents on either side.
4.The social status for Northwest Indians depended on 7)____property_____.
5. Californian Indians
were good at 8)_________.
6. Plains Indians’ movable cone-shaped dwellings, made of buffalo hide fastened around very long
wooden poles are called 9)__________.
7. 10)_________was the most important natural resource which provided the Plains Indians with all
of their basic needs: food, clothing, and shelter.
8. 11)__________ was Native American confederacy inhabiting New York State.It was the most
sophisticated and powerful political organizations of the time.
9. The arrival of Europeans in the New World led to a clash of cultures that resulted in tragedy for the
Indians. Finally, most of the remaining Indians were moved onto 12)___reservations_____.
10. The Three Sisters refer to 13)__________, 14)__________ and 15)__________.
32_____the
eastern
indians______
Chapter 2 Colonial Period
I. Understanding
1. ______The American first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated on the last Thursday in November of 1620. F 1621
2. ______The middle colonies had more diverse lifestyles than New England or the Southern colonies because they had a greater variety of cultural groups. T
3.New York used to be known as _____?
A. New Hampshire
B. New Jersey
C. New Netherlands
D. New England
4. Who was America named after?
A. Giovanni Americus
B. Amerigo Vespucci
C. Bob America
D. Giorgio Americo
5. The Duke of York took over New Amsterdam from the ________?
A. French
B. Native Americans
C. Swedish
D. Dutch
6.What was Sir Walter Raleigh's short-lived English colony in the New World?
A. Roanoke
B. Jamestown
C. Raleigh
D. Plymouth
7. What was the first permanent English settlement in the New World?
A. Jamestown
B. Plymouth
C. Roanoke
D. Philadelphia
8. Who founded the colony of Pennsylvania? and what religious group did he belong to?
A. Charles Penn, Quake
B. William Penn, Puritan
C. William Penn, Quaker
D. Charles Penn, Puritan
9.Cash crop of the Southern Colonies included rice, indigo and _________. Tobacco
10.What were the three types of colonies founded by the English? How did they differ?
Key
10.They were Charter Colonies, Proprietary Colonies and Royal Colonies.
A. Charter Colony was established by an individual trading company which had a Royal Charter with the British crown. Charter colonies had more control over their own affairs than did the other types of colonies, which were ruled more directly by the British.
B. Proprietary Colony was the predominating form to colonization during the period 1660–90. The British crown awarded huge tracts of land in the New World to a person or a group called proprietor. The land was titled in the proprietors' name, not the king's.
C. Royal Colony was the standard form of colonial government by the 18th century. It is under direct control of the king of the sovereign nation. The Crown controlled all unsold public lands, and the royal governor retained the power to disperse those lands.
Chapter 3 Struggle for Independence
I. Multiple Choices
1.When did the colonies declare independence?
A. July 4, 1776
B. June 30, 1776
C. July 2, 1776
D. June 4, 1776
2. ____ finished most of the writing of the Declaration of Independence.
A. Benjamin Franklin
B. John Adams
C. Thomas Jefferson 4. James Madison
3. American victory at ____ was a turning point of American Independent War because it brought France into the war on the American side.
A. Concord
B. Yorktown
C. Saratoga
D. Trenton
4. In March 1765, the ________was passed by the English Parliament imposing the first direct tax on the American colonies, to offset the high costs of the British military organization in America. Thus for the first time in the 150 year old history of the British colonies in America, the Americans will pay tax not to their own local legislatures in America, but directly to England.
A.Sugar Act
B.Stamp Act
C. Tea Act
D. Declaratory Act
5.The primary purpose of the Sugar, Stamp, and Tea Acts was to help Parliaments to________.
A. control smuggling in the West Indies by the colonists
B. hinder colonial self-government in Massachusetts and Virginia
C. pay for the French and Indian War debts as well as British troops sent to protect the colonists
D. work with the colonial legislatures in governing the thirteen American colonies
6. Most colonists felt that British tax laws were unfair because
A. the Indians did not have to pay taxes
B. the colonists were paying higher taxes than people in Great Britain
C. the colonists had not representation of their own in Parliament
D. The French and Indian war was over
7. Examples of American protest against British policies included all of the following EXCEPT
A. the staging of the Boston Tea Party
B. the tarring and feathering of British custom officials
C. the formation of the First Continental Congress
D. the deaths of several British officers during the Boston Massacre
8.On the night of March 5, 1770, _________happened, in which five people were killed.
A. Boston Tea Party
B. Boston Massacre
C. Battles at Lexington and Concord
D. Battle of Bunker Hill
9 All of the following are parts of the Declaration of Independence EXCEPT
A. a definition of peoples' natural rights
B. a description of the purpose of government
C. the establishment of an alliance with France
D. a list of grievances against the King of England
10. All of the following are true of George Washington during the American Revolution EXCEPT
A. he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army by the Second Continental Congress
B. he avoided any situation that threatened the destruction of the Continental Army
C. He led the Continental Army at the Battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill
D. He managed to keep the Continental Army intact (未受损害的) even when defeat of the American cause seemed inevitable
11. Which battle was a key turning-point of American Independent War after which France went into the war on the American side?
A. Battle of Princeton
B. Battle of Yorktown
C. Battle of Saratoga
D. Battle of Quebec
II．Thinking and Judging
___12. The war (1756-1763) between England and France was known in Europe as the French and Indian War. F.（in Europe as Seven Years War ；in North America was called the French and Indian War;）
___ 13. The “Boston Tea Party” on the night of December 16, 1773 made the British government pass a series of acts known as the "Coercive Acts"; or the "Intolerable Acts". T
___ 14. It was in the Second Continental Congress that George Washington was appointed commander in chief of the Continental Army. T
___ 15. In March 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but on the same day the Quartering Act was
passed. F The Declaratory Act
Gap Filling
In 1763, the 12__________ War, known in Europe as the Seven Year's War, ends with the Treaty of Paris. Under the treaty, France gave England all French territory east of the 13__________, except New Orleans. The Spanish gave up east and west 14 __________ to the English in return for 15__________.
12-15French and Indian, Mississippi River, Florida, Cuba
On the night of December 16, 1773, the 16__________occurs as colonial activists disguise themselves as Mohawk Indians then board the ships and dump all 342 containers of tea into the harbor. In the spring of 1774, British Parliament passed a series of acts that became known in the colonies as the 17__________, in which four punitive measures were enacted against the American colonies and which led to a convening of the 18__________.16-18 Boston Tea Party, "Intolerable Acts”, Continental Congress
The American Revolutionary War lasted from 19__________ to 20__________. The Treaty of 21__________ ended the war and recognized the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded by what is now 22__________to the north, 23__________to the south, and the 24__________River to the west.19-24 1775, 1783 , Paris , Canada , Florida , Mississippi
25.What did the phrase “no taxation without representation”mean?
The Parliament had no right to tax the colonies because the colonies were not represented in the House of Commons.
Ⅲ. Match each of the events in the left column with the time in the right column.
26.. 1-b 2- a 3-c
Chapter 4 Forging a Nation
Multiple Choices
1.______ is known as the "Father of the Constitution"
A. Thomas Jefferson
B. George Washington
C. James Madison
D. Benjamin Franklin
2. What is the Bill of Rights?
A. First Ten Amendments to the Constitution
B. Last Ten Amendments to the Constitution
C. The first paragraph of the Constitution
D.The main ideas in the Declaration of Independence
3. The Constitution divides the government into three branches. Which one of these is not a branch?
A. Legislative
B. Executive
C. Judicial
D. Commercial
II. Gap Filling
Within the national government, power is divided among three branches: 4)_____the legislative________branch , 5)_____the executive________branch , and 6)______the judicial_______branch.
Two overall ideas shape the Constitution: First, 7)_____________.Second 8)________________.
7) America is a democracy. 8)no government official is above the law.
There are mainly four parts of the constitution spirit: 9)_______, 10)_______, 11)______, and 12)___________.
9) the authority power of the law ;10) the separation of the power; 11) the check and balance of each branch and 12) the right of the people.
III. Matching
What are the overall ideas that shape the Constitution? What are the spirits consisted in the Constitution?
Two overall ideas shape the Constitution. First, America is a democracy. In a democracy, the people have the ultimate power over government because they elect the leaders. Second, no government official is above the law. There are mainly four parts of the constitution spirit. They are ①the authority power of the law ;②the separation of the power; ③the check and balance of each branch and ④the right of the people.
Chapter 5 Westward Movement
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided
___1. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States and opened the door for America’s westward expansion. T
__2. In 1804, United States president Thomas Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the American West. The Expedition reached the Pacific Ocean and paved the way for the settlement of the West. T
__3. The fortune seekers who rushed to California to look for gold in 1849 were known as Forty-Niners. T
__4.During 1838-39, the Cherokees were forced to move to the Indian Territory that is today known Louisiana. Many died during this forced migration. F（that is today known Oklahoma）
__5.The War of 1812 was fought between The United States and Mexico. F (and Great Britain)
II. Multiple Choices
6. What president was in office during the Era of Good Feelings?
A. James Monroe
B. John Quincy Adams
C. James Madison
D. Andrew Jackson
7. Which of the following contributed to an upsurge in westward movement?
A. Cheap land
B. Better land routes
C. A pacified frontier
D. All of these answers are correct
8. What newly acquired piece of land were Lewis and Clark sent to explore?
A. Louisiana Purchase
B. Oregon Country
C. Indiana Territory
D. New England Colonies
9. In 1849, people were excited about the Gold Rush. In what state was gold found?
A. California
B. Alabama
C. Alaska
D. New Y ork
10. What state above the 36 parallel could allow slavery after the Missouri Compromise?
A. Arkansas
B. Missouri
C. New York
D. Texas
11. Who came up with the Missouri Compromise in 1820?
A. Henry Clay
B. William Lloyd Garrison
C. Abraham Lincoln
D. Stephen Douglas
12. The U.S. government took over Texas in 1845 through________.
A. invasion
B. negotiation
C. war
D. annexation
13. Which of the following statement related to Westward Movement is NOT true?
A. It added more than three million square miles to the nation’s territory.
B. It helped turn the United States into a large, powerful and wealthy nation.
C. Lewis and Clark Expedition laid a part of the groundwork for the westward movement.
D. The American character was not changed during the process of conquering the frontier.
14. The Oregon Trail went westward from Independence, Missouri to________.
A. Santa Fe, New Mexico.
B. Oregon City, Oregon
C. Sacramento, California
D. Promontory, Utah
15. Where did the majority of early settlers in California live?
A. San Francisco
B. San Diego
C. Los Angeles
D. Sacramento
Ⅲ. Gap Filling
American settlers moved west across 16）the frontier over 200 years ago.
17) Spoils System was referred to by Jackson’s detractors as the system that gave government jobs to political supporters.
Expansion of suffrage and more 18）democracy i n government marked the Jackson presidency.
19）The Trail of Tears is a name given to the forced relocation and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
20）Monroe Doctrine reinforced the American policy of neutrality and independence and became a corner-stone of United States foreign policy
The US acquired lands in three great chunks(大块), through annexation , diplomacy and 21) war
Ⅳ.
22-c
V. Thinking and Analyzing
25. The Significance of the W estern Movement
The westward movement is of great significance in the American history.
①It added more than three million square miles to the nation’s territory.
For many Americans, the West represented freedom, hope, and a fresh start.
②It has produced great wealth and has supplied enormous resources to others in the nation
and the world.
③The westward movement helped turn the United States into a large, powerful and wealthy
nation.
26). What is Manifest Destiny?
Americans thought that it was the destiny of the United States to control all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific which was reflected by the term Manifest Destiny coined by John L.
O'Sullivan. Americans argued that America had been uniquely chosen for the task of expanding westward, driving out the wilderness and establishing civilization.
27) Comment on the achievements of Lewis and Clark Expedition.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition was the first expedition of an overland nature that was taken in the United States to the Pacific Coast and then back and the third recorded transcontinental crossing of the land of North America. It made the first scientific study of a vast territory and strengthened U.S. claims to western lands.
a. They were able to provide a better perception of the geography of the Northwest and
produced the first accurate maps of the area. They learned that an easy water route that went across the continent did not exist.
b. The got a better understanding of the natural resources of the Northwest.
c. It noted at least 72 different Indian tribes and was able to establish relations of a friendly
nature with many of the Native Americans.
d. It was "An extension of American power” and laid a part of the groundwork for the
westward movement.
Chapter 6 American Civil War
I. Multiple Choices
(A) Directions：In the years prior to the Civil War, many sectional conflicts arose. Can you identify them?"：
1）Who was the Republican president whose election sparked the Civil War?
A. John C. Frémont
B. James Buchanan
C. Andrew Johnson
D. Abraham Lincoln
2）The status of territory acquired from one of these countries was a major issue between the North and South. Which?
A. Mexico
B. Canada
C. Spain
D. Russia
3）What document revoked (废止)the Missouri Compromise, opening western territories above the Missouri Compromise line to the possibility of slavery?
A. Freeport Doctrine
B. Compromise of 1850
C. Kansas-Nebraska Act
D. Wilmot Proviso
4）Which of the following was NOT part of the Compromise of 1850?
A. Making Texas a slave State
B. Texas's debt is paid off by the government
C. Admission of Maine as a free state
D. Admission of California as a free state
(The admission of Maine as a free state came with the Missouri Compromise. The Compromise of 1850, however, also included a "tougher" fugitive slave law.)
1.Who was the Republican president whose election sparked the Civil War?
A. John C. Frémont
B. James Buchanan
C. Andrew Johnson
D. Abraham Lincoln
2. The status of territory acquired from one of these countries was a major issue between the North and South. Which?
A. Mexico
B. Canada
C. Spain
D. Russia
3. On April 12, 1861, this battle in South Carolina marked the beginning of the Civil War. Located in Charleston Harbor, it was here that the Confederates opened fire and the Union army could not effectively reply. On April 13, the Union surrendered the site and evacuated. Name the battle.
A. Fort Sumter
B. Harpers Ferry
C. Antietam
D. Gettysburg
4. The Battle of _____ was the turning point of the American Civil War.
A. Bull Run
B. Gettysburg
C. Richmond
D. Appomattox
5. Which battle ha d the highest single-day total number of casualties in the Civil War?
A. The battle of Fort Sumter
B. The First Battle of Bull Run
C. The Antietam Battle
D. The Battle of Gettysburg
（注Antietam. (Or Sharpsburg, as the Southerners call it.) Sept. 1862.
Gettysburg, lasting three days, had the highest total number of casualties. Antietam, lasting one day, had the highest single-day total number）
6. In January 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the ________________ which officially freed all
slaves in th e “rebellious states” of the Confederacy.
A. Homestead Bill
B. Emancipation Proclamation
C.Gettysburg Address
D. Both A and B
7. The first American President from the Republic Party is _____.
A. Abraham Lincoln
B. Andrew Johnson
C. Thomas Jefferson
D. George Washington
8. What document revoked (废止)the Missouri Compromise, opening western territories above the Missouri Compromise line to the possibility of slavery?
A. Freeport Doctrine
B. Compromise of 1850
C. Kansas-Nebraska Act
D. Wilmot Proviso
9. Who was the President of the provisional government of the Confederate States of America during the US Civil War?
A. Abraham Lincoln
B. Jefferson Davis
C. Brig. Gen. Beauregard
D. Robert
E. Lee
10.The constitutional amendments that were ratified after the Civil War were designed to
A. limit the powers of the federal government that had expanded during the war.
B. grant the basic rights for citizenship to black Americans.
C. punish the confederates for their treason to their country.
D. restore the country to exactly where it had been before the war.
II. Questions and Answers
11. What were the major war aims of the North and the South?
12. What advantages did each side have at the start of the war?
The war aims of both sides were simple. The goal of the South was to defend independence. The goal of the North was to restore the Union by force. Although neither side was prepared for war, each was confident of its military superiority.
◆Advantages of the North
The confidence of the North lied in the knowledge of its advantages in human and material resources. One advantage of the North was its much larger population, fed throughout the war by immigration. The North had twenty million people, whereas the South had only nine million. Out of the nine million that the South had, four million were black slaves, which would not be enrolled into the war effort other than the usual tending of agricultural enterprises. The larger population meant that the North could more easily raise armies, which made replacing combat casualties easier. At first, this advantage was minor, but it became significant by the end of the war.
A most important advantage for the North was its economy. About 80 percent of the nation’s factories were located in the North and Northern industrial production was valued at $1.5 billion compared to $155 million for the South. Additionally, the ratio of textiles between the North and the South was 17 to 1 and the ratio of firearms was an amazing 32 to 1. Moreover, although the South was agricultural, its main crop was cotton. Most of the nation’s food crops were produced in Union states. Southerners managed with difficulty to produce enough food. By the end of the war, they were suffering from hunger due to their inability to move supplies where they were needed and the North contributed to this by building a blockade, via naval ships, that prevented trade with Europe. The North had more than 33,600 kilometers of railroads, while the southern states had only 15,300 kilometers. The North also had better roads and better water transportation. Since the North was not fighting on their own soil, this meant that they could protect their own industrial and transportation resources.
Another of the North’s great assets was t hat it had a determined and skillful leader in Abraham Lincoln. The confederacy was a new, unorganized government. Furthermore, it was a government founded on the philosophy of states’ rights. The leadership of Confederacy President Jefferson Davis was handicapped by this philosophy.
◆The Advantages of the South
However，the South did have some advantages. It had a stronger military tradition, and many of the nation’s outstanding military leaders were southerners. In addition, the South had the popular supp ort of the southern people in their quest for independence. More importantly, they had the advantage of being able to fight a defensive war on familiar home ground, therefore, even a stalemate(僵持) would be victory for the South, and their lines of communication and supply would be shorter; meanwhile the North had to occupy the areas and hold it, which also gave many Confederates a guerrilla advantage.
Anther advantage of the South was that it had the sympathy of many Europeans. A number of British people saw no difference between the South’s struggle for independence and that of the original 13 colonies. Many upper-class British and French felt closer to the aristocratic society of the south and wanted to see the republican government of the United States discredited. Furthermost, British and French leaders saw the United States as a growing threat to their interests. This threat would be easier to contain if
at the start of the war. The advantages widened rapidly during the war, as the Northern economy grew, and Confederate territory shrank and its economy weakened. The Union population was 22 million and the South 9 million in 1861.
Chapter 7 Education
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided.
___1. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of _______ in 1636. T
___2. The Federal government has power to make laws in the field of education; it can give both financial help and order .F
___3. Many of the top universities in the U.S. are private universities. However, Harvard Uni versity and Y a le University, are public ones. F
___4. Y ale University began to admit women students ever since it set up in 1701.
F The University began admitting women students at the graduate level in 1869, and as undergraduates in 1969.
___5.American colleges and universities offer three main categories of degrees: ______, master, and doctorate or Ph.D.
II. Multiple Choices
6. Elementary and secondary education covers ______years.
A. 8
B. 9
C.10
D. 12
7. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in the _____century.
A. 16th
B.17th
C.18th
D.19th
8. Which of the following American presidents was not the graduate from Harvard University?
A. John F. Kennedy
B. George W. Bush
C. Franklin
D. Roosevelt D. Bill Clinton
Chapter 8Holidays and Special Days
III. Match the following items. There are extra items in the right column
It is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States and on the second Monday of
9-e 10- a 11-b 12-g 13.f 14-h 15-i
Understanding UK
Chapter 9 A General Survey of UK
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided.
___1. The official name of UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
___2. The longest river in Britain is River Thames.
___3. On the island of Great Britain, there are three political divisions—England, Scotland, Wales.
___4. The United Kingdom consist of two main islands—Great Britain and Ireland.
II. Multiple Choices
5. The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of _____ crosses.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
6. Which flower is symbol of England?
A. Thistle
B. Shamrock
C. Daffodil
D. Rose
7. About two thirds of ____is covered by the Highlands.
A. England
B. Scotland
C. Wales
D. Northern Ireland
8. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The _____ has very little power.
A. queen
B. monarch
C. prime minister
D. king
9. ________is the source of real political power in the United Kingdom. Its members are democratically elected by citizens over the age of 18.T
A the House of Lords B. the House of Commons
C. the Privy Council
D. the Shadow Cabinet
10. In England, Wales, parts of Canada, and in some other countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, ____ is a popular term applied to December 26, the day following Christmas Day.
A. Easter
B. Lent
C. Boxing Day
D. Remembrance Day
11. The British Isles are made up of______.
A. two large islands and hundreds of small ones
B. two large islands and Northern Ireland
C. three large islands and hundreds of small ones
D. three large islands and Northern Ireland
III. Match each of the following capitals with its region
Section 3 Education
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided.
_____16. Education in Britain is compulsory for children aged from 5 to 16. T
_____17. Public schools are mainly financed by fees paid by parents. T
_____18. Boarding private schools, such as Eton College, Harrow School are open to all in Britain and a large percentage of population can attend the schools. F
III. Match the following items
北京邮电大学世纪学院 学期论文 题目美国总统选举制度分析论文学号 13010401 学生姓名刘昊 专业名称通信工程 所在系通信与信息工程 2016年 6月 1 日
题目:美国总统选举制度分析论文 摘要： 随着我国民主法治建设的不断推进，以及我国社会主义法律体系的不断完善，目前我国在推动民主化进程中取得了举世瞩目的成就，这是结合中国特色的社会主义道路所取得的民主化进程，同时也符合党的十八大报告中所提出的“走中国特色的民主化道路”的基本要求。但对于西方国家在选举过程中的有益经验，我们也同样要加以借鉴和吸取，美国作为世界上最大的民主化国家，其选举制度拥有二百多年的历史，其取得了成就同样值得我们借鉴，我们在民主化进程中要吸引和借鉴世界所有其他国家的先进经验和有益做法。 本文通过运用文献资料法、历史研究法以及对比分析等研究方法，对美国的总统选举制度的发展史进行了探讨和分析，尤其是对其变迁进行了深入和细致的探讨，希望从中能够找到为中国特色社会主义民主化道路所借鉴的有益做法。 关键词：总统选举；制度，发展史；弊端 Abstract： With the advancement of democratic rule of law construction in China, as well as the continuous improvement of the socialist legal system in our country, at present our country in the process of promoting democratization has made remarkable achievements, which is the combination of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics of the democratization process, but also in line with the party's eighteen big report proposed "democratization road with Chinese characteristics" of the basic requirements. But for the western countries the beneficial experience in the process of the election, we also want to draw lessons from and absorbing, the United States as the world's largest democracy,
《美国历史与文化》 结课论文 专业：化学工程与工艺 学号：041114116 姓名：杨乐
Columbo's influence on the American continent Columbo is a famous Spanish navigator, is a pioneer of the great geographical discovery. Columbus young is garden said believers, he so haunting had in Genoa made prison of Marco Polo, determined to be a navigator.1502 he crossed the Atlantic four times in 1492, discovered the American continent, he also became a famous navigator. On August 3, 1492, Columbus by the king of Spain dispatch, with credentials of Indian monarchs and emperors of China, led the three tons of Baishi of sailing, from Spain Palos Yang Fan of the Atlantic, straight towards to the West. After seventy days and nights of hard sailing, in the early morning of October 12, 1492 finally found the land. Columbo thought he had arrived in India. Later know that Columbus landed on a piece of land belonging to the now Balak America than the sea in the Bahamas, he was it named San Salvador. Columbo's discovery has changed the course of world history. It opens up a new era of development and colonization in the new world. At that time, the European population was expanding, with this discovery, the Europeans have settled in two new continents, there will be able to make a difference in the European economy and the resources of the mineral resources and raw materials. This discovery led to the destruction of the American Indian civilization. From a long-term point of view, there have been a number of new countries in the Western
浅谈美国历史 ——见证从蚂蚁到大象历程 引导语：中华文化源远流长，五千年的华夏文明留给我们太多的回忆。分久必合、合久必分；从繁荣昌盛到民族衰落；从压迫受辱到当家作主、从璀璨奇葩到复兴中华……可是，跨过大洋的彼岸，初出茅庐的美国却在近两百多年的历史跨度下完成了从蚂蚁到大象的历程，创造出美国独特的发展文化。今天的世界，“汤姆大叔”在全球“维护着世界和平”；好莱坞大片充斥着各大荧屏；NBA回荡在茶前饭后的娱乐中……两百多年来，美国历史一直都是民主制度的试验。早年被提出的问题如今持续被提出并获得解决；强大政府对抗弱小政府、个人权利对抗群体权利、自有资本主义对抗受到管理的商业与劳工以及参与世界对抗孤独主义。美国对于民主制度有很高的期待，而现实又是不如人意。然而国家经过妥协，已见成长与繁荣。在今天的发展过程中笔者认为有必要借鉴美国蚂蚁变大象的历程。 自从哥伦布发现新大陆之后，这片土地上开始了她不平凡的发展。十七世纪初，英国开始向北美殖民。最初的北美移民主要是一些失去土地的农民，生活艰难的工人以及受宗教迫害的清教徒。在殖民地时代，伴随着与北美洲原住民印第安人的长期战争，对当地印第安人的肆意屠杀，严重的劳力缺乏产生了像奴隶和契约奴隶这类的非自由劳力。万恶的黑奴贸易盛行起来。从1607年到1733年，英国殖民者先后在北美洲东岸建立了十三个殖民地。由于英国移民北美是为了追求自由和财富，如被迫害的清教徒和贫农。地方政府享受自治权。殖民地居民有比英人更广泛参与政治的机会和权利，培养了自治的意识和能力，所以他们相信社会契约中，政府是人民需要保护而得人民支持才组成的。在十八世纪中期,殖民地的经济，文化，政治相对成熟，殖民地议会仍信奉英王乔治三世，不过他们追求与英国国会同等的地位，并不想成为英国的次等公民，但是此时英法的七年战争结束，急于巩固领土，使向北美殖民地人民征租重税及英王乔治三世一改放任政策，主张高压手段。因此引发殖民地人民反抗，如“没有代表就不纳税”宣言、“波士顿惨案”、“不可容忍的法案”等。1775年4月在来克星顿和康科特打响“来克星顿的枪声”揭开美国独立战争的前奏。后来，这些殖民地便成为美国北美独立十三州最初的十三个州。 1774年, 来自12州的代表，聚集在费城, 召开所谓第一次大陆会议，希望能寻出一条合理的途径, 与英国和平解决问题，然而英王却坚持殖民地必须无条件臣服于英国国王, 并接受处分。 1775年，在麻州点燃战火, 5月，召开第二次大陆会议, 坚定了战争与独立的决心，并起草有名的独立宣言, 提出充分的理由来打这场仗，这也是最后致胜的要素. 1776年7月4日，宣告了美国的独立，1776年7月4日大陆会议在费城乔治·华盛顿发表了《独立宣言》。《独立宣言》开宗明义地阐明，一切人生而平等，具有追求幸福与自由的天赋权利；淋漓尽致地历数了英国殖民主义者在美洲大陆犯下的罪行；最后庄严宣告美利坚合众国脱离英国而独立。《独立宣言》是具有世界历史意义的伟大文献。完全脱离英国，目的是为‘图生存、求自由、谋幸福’，实现启蒙运动的理想。 1781年, 美军赢得了决定性的胜利， 1783年, 美英签订巴黎条约，结束了独立战争。这也充分展现出
美国文学史复习1（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reason and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质： The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790 1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集
课时检测（十四）美国1787年宪法 一、选择题(每小题2分，共14分) 1．(2018·浙江五校联考)1787年，美国费城制宪会议上，代表们唇枪舌剑，争论得异常激烈，但在重大原则问题上意见几乎完全一致。代表们争议最少的问题可能是() A．美国实行君主制还是共和制 B．国会实行一院制还是两院制 C．行政官由人民还是议会选举 D．黑人奴隶是否纳入征税范围 解析：选A美国独立战争是反抗英国的殖民统治的战争，独立后建立的是民主制国家，而不是封建君主专制国家，也不存在君主的问题，所以在美国制宪会议上，大家几乎不讨论实行君主制还是共和制，故选A项。 2．美国政治的伟大之处在于作为一个“制衡机器”，它具有相当的自我纠错能力……一个充分制衡的政治制度，等于无形中增加这个制度里的“协商点”，从而尽量消减公共政策中的专断性。材料说明() A．三权分立和制衡利于促进资本主义发展 B．维护民主利于提高政治决策的理性成分 C．联邦制度有利于避免中央权力过于集中 D．分权与制衡利于人民充分实行民主精神 解析：选B减少公共政策中的专断性，能够维护民主，提高决策的合理性，故B项正确；A、C、D三项不符合材料主旨，排除。 3．袁明在《美国文化与社会十五讲》中说：“美国1787年宪法中政府的体制包括‘水平方向上的分权制衡’和‘垂直方向上的分权制衡’两个方面。”下列不属于水平方向上的分权制衡的是() A．最高行政权属于总统 B．各州在行政上有一定的独立性 C．最高法院拥有最高司法权 D．中央的权力构建体现三权分立 解析：选B“垂直方向上的分权制衡”主要指的是中央政府与各州政府的权力分配，如联邦政府是各州的中央政府，各州在行政上保持一定的独立性等，故B项符合题意。 4．某学者认为：“1787年的制宪会议所制定的这部崇高的根本法仍然是美国的宪法，但它有名无实。宪法的形式是一个经过精心调整的、理想的平衡体，但现今美国政府的实
美国历史与文化 美利坚合众国（英语：The United States of America，简称：The United States、America、The States，缩写：USA、The US），简称美国，是由50个州和华盛顿哥伦比亚特区组成的联邦共和立宪制国家。美国本土位于北美洲中部，东临大西洋，西临太平洋，北面是加拿大，南部和墨西哥及墨西哥湾接壤。除阿拉斯加州和夏威夷州之外，48个州都位于美国本土。阿拉斯加州位于北美大陆西北方，东部为加拿大，西面和俄罗斯隔着白令海峡。夏威夷州则是太平洋中部的群岛。美国在加勒比海和太平洋还拥有多处境外领土和岛屿地区。此外，美国在全球140多个国家和地区拥有374个海外军事基地。 美国目前有50个州、一个联邦直辖特区及若干境外领土，面积约962.9万平方公里（其中陆地面积915.8960万平方公里，内陆水域面积约20万平方公里，五大湖中美国主权部分约17万平方公里，河口、港湾、内海等沿海水域面积约10万平方公里），位居世界第二或第三名（依水域面积定义而有差异）。美国人口约为3.15亿人，其数量为世界第三。是个多元文化和多元民族的国家，以白人为主，但有大量来自世界各地的移民。[3] 在13个殖民地的公民自1776年脱离大不列颠王国管辖，建立国家，殖民地代表一同发表《美国独立宣言》。在经历美国独立战争后，于1783年与大不列颠王国签订《巴黎条约》，从此受到世界各国承认。美国宪法于1787年通过。1791年，美国权利法案获得批准之后，又经内战、第二次世界大战和民权人士努力引发检讨和改正，而后逐步扩展到美国白人以外全体美国人。 美国曾经历过1812年战争、南北战争(1861年－1865年）和经济大萧条（1930年代）[4]。在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战中，美国和其他盟国共同击败纳粹德国和大日本帝国而获得胜利。经历数十年冷战，在苏联解体后，成为目前唯一的超级强国。其在经济、工业、军事及科研等领域都处于全世界领先地位。 1.名称 1.1英文名称 “The United States”最初是复数，例如“the United States are”，包括美国宪法第十三条修正案，1865年批准使用。美国内战结束后使用单数，如“the United States is”。现在单数形式是标准。[17][18] 1507年，由德国制图员马丁·瓦尔德泽米勒制作的《世界地理概论》中，美洲首次在世界地图上被标注为“America”。[19]因为意大利探险家亚美利哥·韦斯普奇指出这块大陆是新大陆而非当时包括哥伦布等人所认为的亚洲东部。美国因美洲而得名。在英语中，亚美利加和美利坚为同一词“America”，只是中译不同，前者指美洲，后者指美国。[20][21] “哥伦比亚”是美国一度流行的名称，来自哥伦布，一些美国事物至今仍沿用“哥伦比亚”的名称，如华盛顿哥伦比亚特区、哥伦比亚广播公司等。 1.2中文名称 在清朝，美国又被称为米国（日本翻译为“アメリカ合衆国”，简称“米国”），比如曾国藩就说过：“米夷质性淳厚，于中国时思效顺”。中国开始接触美国时，称为“亚美理驾洲大合众国”，简称“美国”或“合众国”，参见1844年《中美望厦条约》：“兹中华大清国、亚美理驾大合众国欲坚定两国诚实永远友谊之条约及太平和好贸易之章程……”，因美国国旗的花样，别称“花旗国”，一些美国事物的中文译名至今仍沿用“花旗”的名称，如美国特产花旗参以及美国最大银行之一花旗银行（Citibank）。 美国的谚文名称“??”所对应的朝鲜汉字，在韩国（标准韩国语）为“美國”，在朝
A:一、单项选择题 1、在英属北美，“新英格兰”地区的经济形态属于( )。 A混合形经济 2、美国所独有的节日是（）。B感恩节 3、最先贩卖黑人到北美的是（）。A荷兰人 4、起草《独立宣言》的美国总统是（）。C杰斐逊 5、美国著名作家马克土温把美国19世纪的最后40年称为（）。A镀金时代 6、19世纪末，民主党总统候选人布赖恩的著名演说是（）。A金十字架演说 7、华人在美国定居人口最多的州是（）。美国人口最多的州加利福利亚 8、对美国家庭饮食影响最大的是（）。C 意大利饮食 9、美国现行宪法是（）。B1787年美国宪法 10、中美正式建立外交关系是在（）。 D1979年 11民国时期，燕京大学的创立者是 B司徒雷登 12、在美国硬币上都刻有同样一句话是（）。 C合众为一 13、美国人最热爱的三大体育运动不包扩（）。D足球 14、美国宪法规定，众议员的任期为（）。A2年 15、越南战争不断升级的美国总统是（）。C约翰逊 二、填空题（每空2分，共20分） 1、美国位于北美洲，东临(大西) 洋，西临(太平)洋。 2、印地安人对美国饮食的贡献是(玉米)，白人在种植(烟草) 以后才有了经济的发展。 3、英属北美时期，英国对北美殖民地的三种管理模式是(王室)殖民地，（业主）殖民地和（自治）殖民地。 4、第一位访问中国的美国总统是（尼克松），（排华）法案是美国历史上第一个排斥移民的法案。 5、中国人可以申请美国国籍是在（罗斯福）总统时期。 三、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分） 1、南北战争：1861年，南方种植园主在林肯当选总统后发动了叛乱，联邦政府通过4年的战争平息了叛乱，并且废除了黑人奴隶制度。历史上称为南北战争。美国南北战争是由于北方的工商业资产阶级与南方黑人的种植园经济发生了尖锐的矛盾，已经阻碍了美国经济的进一步发展，战争结束后为美国经济的发展铺平了道路。 2、水门事件：1972年6月17日，当时的尼克松为赢得连任，派出特工人员在华盛顿水门饭店民主党全国委员会总部办公楼被捕。他们被控潜入民主党办公大楼安装窃听器和偷拍民主党文件。这一轰动一时的事件是《华盛顿邮报》记者卡尔-伯恩斯坦和鲍勃-伍德华德所进行的一场坚持不懈的斗争结果之一。尼克松被迫辞职。水门事件是美国政治竞选中不光彩的一幕。 3、进步主义运动：1900年～1917年间美国所发生的政治、经济和社会改革运动统称为进步主义运动。在性质上，进步运动是以中产阶级为主体、有社会各阶层参与的资产阶级改革运动，目的在于消除美国从“自由”资本主义过渡到垄断资本主义所引起的种种社会弊端，重建社会价值体系和经济秩序。在内容上，进步运动同时在联邦、州和市三级展开，从政治上的争取妇女选举权、市政改革到经济领域的反托拉斯运动，从救济穷人和改善工人待遇的社会正义运动到自然资源保护，囊括社会生活的各个方面，影响深远。 4、飞虎队：飞虎队”全称为“中国空军美国志愿援华航空队”，1941年7月来中国参与抗日，他们在美国飞行教官陈纳德的带领下作战勇敢。援华航空队以”插翅飞虎队徽和鲨鱼头形战机机首名闻天下，其“飞虎队”的绰号也家喻户晓。对于援助中国抗战给予了很大帮助。 四、简答题（回答要点，并简明扼要作解释。每小题5分，共10分）
上海师范大学标准试卷 2010 ~ 2011 学年第一学期考试日期2010 年12 月27 日 科目：美国史话（小论文）（A卷） 英语专业本科08 年级班姓名学号 试题内容：写一篇关于美国历史事件或人物的论文。选题自由，可以写关于美国历史中的各个方面，如文化、语言、社会、政治、经济等。 字数：1000字左右 字号：小4号 APA格式，单倍行距；大小标题与正文之间空格，A4纸打印，详细信息见试卷后面介绍与说明。 我承诺：以下内容是完全由我自己独立完成的。签名：__________ Martin Luther King?s Nonviolence Movements Martin Luther King, Jr. was well known as an inspired black leader, a great speaker and a Nobel Peace Prize winner. Almost every young people has heard his famous speech “I Have a Dream”, which ignited the world and a generation in the course for American civil rights. Although his life was extinguished more than 30 years, but his spirit of pursuing equal rights through nonviolence movements and his contribution to American civil development are still here. I. A brief introduction of Martin Luther King?s life Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, the middle child of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King.
比较中国文化和美国文化的差异 一、中国文化的古老性与美国文化的现代化 中国的先哲们给后人留下了丰美的历史宝藏，也留下了沉重的历史包袱。中国博大精深的传统文化是深深植根在中国这片土地之上的，她已不可能被移植，中国的一切现代文明都只能在这棵大树上进行嫁接而成；考虑中国的任何事情，都离不开历史这个无形的手对现实的影响。中国传统文化是中国人的思维模式和行为方式形成的理论基础，对中国的社会关系具有不可抗拒的影响。美国只有两百年的历史，美国的文化，是一群现代人，按照现代人的意志和思维模式构建起来的一座现代文明的宫殿。美国人完全在按现代人的需要去创造科学，创造财富，创造民主的社会制度。美国的人际关系也是按现代人的标准建立起来的。美国发达的商业文化、科学技术是其现代文化的突出标志。 二、中国文化的民族性与美国文化的多元化 中国汉族占总人口的90％以上，其他56个少数民族在肤色、人种上也与汉族基本相似，因此中国可以说是一个单一人种和单一文化的国家。儒家、佛家、道家文化形成了中国文化的主体，尤其是儒家文化，对中国人的思想和行为的影响占有统治地位。中国文化具有强烈的民族性。 而美国是一个移民国家，人口构成极为复杂，世界各国的人才在这里群英聚会，各种文化交相辉映，形成了各种民族、各种文化的大熔炉。因此美国的文化具有多元化的特点，并且带有强烈的时代气息，随着时代的变化而变化 三、中国文化的政治性与美国文化的经济性 中国作为一个统一的大国，已有两千多年的历史。两千多年来，要统治这样一个地域如此辽阔，人口如此众多的大国，的确不是一件容易的事情。如果统治失调，就意味着国家分裂、诸侯纷争、战乱不休。因此，自古以来，稳定和统一，一直是中国历史上的两件大事，政治是统帅，集中统一是灵魂。儒家文化作为中国古代社会上层建筑中的一系统，与上层建筑中的政权统治形成相辅相成之势，儒家文化中含有大量的关于教育统治者施仁政，教育百姓遵守伦理教化等方面的人文科学，中国古代社会一直重农轻商，重文轻商，科举制度使文化与政治密切相连，文化中带有很强的政治性。贯穿在社会关系中，人与人之间的关系，也有很强的政治色彩。 而美国是一商品经济极为发达的国家，文化具有浓厚的经济性，与经济建设相适应的科学、技术、经济管理等文化占有很高的地位。而好莱坞电影、迪斯尼乐园、麦当劳快餐等等发达的商业文化更是受世人瞩目。美国的人与人之间关系，也带有浓厚的经济色彩，亲兄弟明算账。 四、中、美两国主文化与亚文化之间存在的差异 很多探讨中美文化差异的文章都指出中国文化注重集体主义，美国文化注重个人主义。但是，在现实生活中却使我们产生困惑。生活在中国社会中，我们会发现，许多人个人主义思想也很严重，缺乏团结的现象时有发生；而当我们来到美国，却发现很多的美国人很关心社会和集体。有人做过这种观察，一群美国人开大会，会前不同观点会展开很激烈的争论，但一旦会议主题决定了，大家就会安安静静地一起开大会；但一群中国人在一起，却往往是上面开大会，下面开小会，各自为政。关于这个文化与现实的差异问题，我们从社会学中找到了答案。一个社会中，不仅有统治阶层所推行的正统的主文化，也有在民间流行的亚文化。亚文化往往是对于主文化的一种逆反，一种对立和统一。由于中国文化过分宣扬国家和集体，轻视个人，所以民间社会的亚文化又使个人利益得到补充，得到平衡。美国过分地宣扬个人主义，人们不满足于彼此隔阂，彼此冷漠的现象，又重新回到互相关心，热心公益事业的和谐的社会关系上来。由此我们知道，要想真正地了解一个国家，不仅要从书本上了解他的主文化，还要到那个民族中去生活一段时间，从民间去了解那个民族的亚文化。另一方面，在人的本性上，有些东西是人类共有的，如个人主义思想，在美国是得到公开承认，而在中国却被加以批判，但不管你怎么否定，它却是
美国饮食文化的历史 美国人吃汉堡包、热狗和其他简单、标志性的美食，典型的美国菜“粗犷实在”，食用新鲜的原材料，保持事物的原汁原味；但他们同时也喜爱许多其他国家的菜肴，拥有众多移民带来的各式菜品。于是，美国饮食恍如一个“大熔炉”，汇聚了世界多国的佳肴，并将之持续交融、美国化，形成当今的让人眼花缭乱、活力四射的美国饮食。以下，我们简要溯源一下它的历史。 16世纪以前，美洲印第安人作为美国的原住民并主要居民，他们的饮食就是美国饮食的代表。在这一阶段，他们奠定了美国主食的基础——玉米。但由于生活水平较低、疆域广袤、人口文化分散等原因的限制，美国饮食尚且处于讲究温饱的状态，未能形成全国性饮食和完善的美食体系。 而且，美国一直以来没有王室一说，王室烹饪有助于国家烹饪艺术的统一和进益，以至于美国缺少王室的这一对生活品质，这里强调饮食的驱动力，美食发展在历史进程中相较缓慢。 16世纪，墨西哥的西班牙人来到美国，他们并没有只把玉米当作一种好原料而用它做成什么别的东西；他们真正地做到了将他们的想法和印地安人的想法交融一起。如玉米卷烤肉，西班牙人带来猪肉；印地安人提供玉米卷。 后来，清教徒大批移民美国，带来了“为活而吃”的精神特质，追求实用简朴，不讲究食物口味。他们认为人吃东西并消化掉以便再活一天，除了虚荣心，没有哪个思维健全的人会讨论某种食品的味道。他们的对饮食的价值观严重阻碍了烹饪艺术的发展。 17到18世纪，欧洲移民大量涌入美国，奠定了传统美国菜的基础——英国菜。美国烹饪始自英国，因为大部分美国人是英国移民的后裔。当然，美国菜有自己的特色，因为美国国土大，气候好，食物种类繁多，交通运输方便，冷藏设备优良，厨师、家庭主妇可随意选择食物，同时他们在烹饪仪器时很讲究营养。美国人的习惯是早餐喜食各种水果和略有咸味的甜点心，对沙拉很感兴趣。美国人做菜喜欢用水果作辅料，如菠萝鸡腿、苹果烤鸭等，对铁扒一类的菜肴也很喜欢。炸制类的菜品也是常吃。 而后，其他移民开始到来。非洲人被贩卖至美国，对美国烹饪产生了重大影响，他们把一些新奇的食物原料和调味品带到了美国菜桌上——羊角豆、山药、
美国文化期中作业 浅谈美国文化中的个人主义 摘要： 美国文化的特点很多，集中体现在文学、绘画、建筑、电影等方面，其核心的便是个人主义，个人主义体现在人们的日常行为、文化语言、教育婚姻、竞技电影等方面。美国文化有精华，亦存在糟粕，那么我们在面对美国文化的时候应该批判的吸收，从而使我们国家的传统文化得以继承与发展。 关键词：美国文化、个人主义、批判的吸收 美国文化的特点体现在各个方面，如：文学、绘画、建筑、雕塑、舞蹈、电影……我在这里就美国文化中的个人主义进行浅析。 所谓个人主义，一般来说有广义和狭义之分。广义的个人主义，是泛指西方从文艺复兴以来，随着资本主义生产关系的发展，随着反封建压迫和神权统治的斗争而形成的以个人为中心的思想。狭义的个人主义，主要是指个人主义这一概念出现以后的个人主义思想体系及其理论，它是一种典型的西方资本主义政治和社会哲学，其主要内容是相信每个人都具有价值，高度重视个人自由，强调个人的自我支配、自我控制、自我发展，是以个人为本位的人生哲学 美国文化的主要内容是强调个人价值，追求民主自由，崇尚开拓和竞争，讲求理性和实用，其核心是个人中心主义。美国公众注重成就，仰慕英雄，有深厚的成就崇拜和英雄崇拜的心理积淀。个人成就是所有美国人价值观中评价最高的价值之一。美国人有很强的成就(或成功)意识。成功是所有美国人的追求，是诱人的前景，前进的动力。他们坚信，一个人的价值就等于他在事业上的成就。一些事业有成的企业家、科学家、艺术家和各类明星，成了新时代的英雄。他们个人奋斗的过程和结果，成了社会文化价值取向的参照系，父母教育子女的活教材。 个人主义体现在美国人的日常行为中。强调每个人作为个体，每个人都有他的自然权利，平等和自由。在美国，个人的隐私权是受到尊重和保护的。而那些对年龄、婚恋、宗教信仰、经济状况等有关方面的问题，美国人认为是隐私性问题，通常采取回避的态度。个人主义强调对个人私生活的保护和尊重，不允许对之进行刺探、干涉和侵扰。若一个人出于获利、好奇或恶意的动机而侵犯别人的隐私权，要受到惩罚。美国人如果对别人的私事爱讲闲话，不仅没有好处，有时还会卷入民事诉讼中去。崇尚自由、张扬个性的观念对美国人的生活态度影响颇深，从其着装便能得知一二：美国人的服装观念是自由的、个性化的，衣服不是显示生活地位的标尺，而是展现个性的方式。每个人都可根据自己的喜好选择服装的颜色和样式，穿衣打扮自行其事，随心所欲。 个人主义体现在美国人的文化语言中。语言与文化的关系是相互关联、相互依存的。首先，语言反映了文化。其次，文化支配着语言，即不同民族的文化结构会导致各民族语言之间的差异。谚语是与文化关系最为密切的语言形式之一，最能反映—个民族的价值观，是一
《美国社会与文化》期末考试 姓名：专业：学号： I．翻译（20%） 1.The process of learning the rules about how to behave is called socialization and it lasts for all of our lives. 2. Federalism(联邦制) is a system in which the power to govern is shared between federal government and provincial/state governments. 3. According to his principle of the social contract, Locke argued that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience. 4. The American Dream is a national ethos of the United States in which freedom includes a promise of the possibility of prosperity and success. II. 简答题（45%）（每道题250字以上） 1.简述美国高等教育的特点。 2.作为移民社会，美国有时被称为“大熔炉（Melting Pot）”，有时又被称为“沙拉碗（Salad Bowl）”。请谈谈你的看法。 3.简述美国政教分离原则。 III．论述题（35%）（二选一；800字以上） 4.比较美国梦与中国梦的异同 Or 5.美国的行政权、立法权、司法权之间如何相互制衡。
什么使美国成为了超级大国？ 美国——一个无论是在经济还是在军事或者是在政治甚至是在文化上，对当今世界有绝对影响力的国家。一个冷战后当之无愧的唯一超级大国，一个人们梦想中充满无限自由和可能的国度。然而，它的历史却只有短短200来年，那么，它是怎么在这么短的时间内发展成为这样的一个大国，乃至它的成绩使得发展历史远比它悠久的大国望尘莫及，甚至对它俯首帖耳，马首是瞻？让我们穿越历史隧道，通过对历史中的各种因素的分析，来还原美国成为超级大国的原因。 首先，我们从美国成立时的国际地理位置看，不难看出，这是上帝对它的无限眷顾。它东西临两洋，南北无强敌——大西洋、太平洋环绕着它，这是发展的天然屏障。这使它的独立和本土在165年的发展中无外来战火的侵扰成为可能。而它的南北邻国——加拿大和墨西哥，他们当时还分别是英法和西班牙的殖民地，19世纪才独立；且工业化水平远远不如美国，所以谈不上是美国发展的障碍，更不用说是劲敌了。所以这样的位置可谓是得天独厚。 其次，美国地域辽阔，地广人稀，物产丰富。东西部的山脉——阿巴拉契亚山和落基山，为其工业发展提供丰富的矿产资源，如煤炭铁矿和有色金属。以及各种动植物构成的生物资源；在墨西哥湾，蕴藏着丰富的石油资源；中央大平原的宽广而肥沃的土地是美国取之不尽的粮仓；一湾、两洋、五大湖是其渔场和水上交通枢纽；广袤的土地为其城市发展提供了足够的扩展空间。这一切与生俱来的优势使美国的发展如虎添翼。 第三，移民带来的知识和技术是美国工业科技发展的基因基础。美国是一个移民国家，这些移民都是来自全世界的或是能工巧匠或有一技之长者，他们怀着技术知识和信仰，充满对未来无限的向往和挑战，来到了这里。这些移民来到美国之时，几乎是白手起家的。非常恶劣的条件以及奴役和殖民压迫，使得这些移民不得不为他们是生存而奋斗、抗争。最后到美国独立时，留下来的都是精英。这些精英就成了美国人优秀的基因。 第四，奴隶贸易客观上给美国的工业发展提供了廉价的劳动力，而南北战争则使这些廉价劳动真正注入到了美国工业化过程中，使得美国迅速实现了工业化。而工业化的实现则是它超过其它资本主义强国成为世界超级大国的必经之路。 第五，政治制度。美国政治制度的思想基础是天赋人权，这是与封建君权神授相对立的思想，主张主权在民，人人生而平等，人们拥有许多的自由权利。在这样的基础上诞生了三权分立——行政、司法、立法相互独立相互制衡，这使得民主得以实现，并不断延续和发展。这样的民主制度既能够使美国人民热情的生活和自由的发展，而且使得整个美利坚民族的心凝聚得坚不可摧。这种对民主自由的信仰和追求的制度所散发出的魔力，在其建立两百年间，从不间断的吸引着来自全世界的社会精英涌入美国，这些社会精英为美国的科学发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。 第六，美国完备的教育体制。当今的国际竞争，就是综合国力的竞争，而综合国力竞争的核心就是经济和科技的竞争，而经济和科技的竞争归根结底是人才的竞争，而人才竞争的关键在于教育。所以当今世界各国无不制定了相应的教育兴国的战略方针。而这种战略思想早在一两百年的资本主义国家早已有之，并且建立和不断完善了它们的教育制度。尤为美国的教育发展特别迅速，并于十九世纪末到整个二十世纪取代欧洲成为世界科学发展的圣地。这种教育制度下的学校为美国的发展储备了大量的人才并吸引来自全世界的人才。这些人才就成了美国的强大的造血细胞，使美国迅速成长为世界性大国和超级大国。 第七，正因为美国是一个新兴国家，才使得美国没有许多的历史负担。不可否认，具有悠久历史的国家，其文化底蕴会使得其国家发展更加稳重和充满经验、智慧。但每件事都有其两面性，悠久的历史也使得其受制于历史，我形象地称它为文化的惰性，亦即一旦一个民族国家的文化形成，并随着历史的延长而固化，那么它的可塑性就变得越来越小。如中国长
部编版九年级历史期末复习世界近代史知识点整理 17文艺复兴兴起的时间` 地点指导思想实质 兴起的时间和地点：14世纪的意大利原因:出现了资本主义的萌芽 指导思想：人文主义：以人为中心而不是:以神为中心，发扬人的个性，追求享受现世生活。 形式：弘扬古代希腊，罗马的文化 实质：(资产阶级的思想文化运动)蕴反对教会“神权至上”和提倡人文主义的新文化运动。 18文艺复兴代表人物及其成就：意义 人物及代表作：但丁：文艺复兴的先驱，《神曲》，分为“炼狱”“地狱”“天堂”三部分， 达·芬奇：《蒙娜丽莎》、《最后的晚餐》。“文艺复兴美术三杰”：达·芬奇、米开朗基罗和拉斐尔 莎士比亚：英国，《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《哈姆雷特》文艺复兴意义：推动了欧洲文化思想领域的繁荣，为欧洲资本主义社会的产生奠定了思想文化基础。 19探索新航路的原因, 目的,动力,条件,经过,影响 原因：商品经济的发展；目的:追求东方财富；动力:《马可·波
罗行纪》的影响。 条件：指南针、造船和航海技术、地圆学说 新航路开辟的经过：1487年，迪亚士到达非洲的好望角；1497年，达?伽马到达印度（最早到达东方）；1492年，哥伦布达到美洲的古巴、海地等地（发现美洲新大陆）；1519年—1522年，麦哲伦的船队完成了环球航行（环球航行第一人） 新航路开辟的影响：A新航路开辟以后，欧洲大西洋沿岸工商业繁荣起来B促进了资本主义的产生和发展 C 欧洲和亚洲、非洲、美洲之间建立起了直接的商业联系，往来日益密切。D世界开始连为一个整体，世界的观念也从此逐步确立起来。人类社会从此进入了一个新的时代。 20殖民扩张的影响：积极：促进欧洲与殖民地的经济文化交流，客观上有助于殖民国家的原始积累，有助于世界市场的形成，消极：但给殖民地人民带来了深重的灾难。 21三角贸易出现的时间,国家,路线,影响 时间:新航路开辟之后 国家:葡萄牙（最先），英国（后来居上,主要经营），法国 路线:欧洲→非洲→美洲→欧洲（主要的是奴隶贸易） 影响:“三角贸易”为西方国家资本主义的发展提供了充足的资金，推动了西方资本主义经济的快速发展。同时也给非洲人民带来了灾难