Hydrogen adsorption on metal-organic framework (MOF-5)

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Hydrogenadsorptiononmetal-organicframework(MOF-5)

synthesizedbyDMFapproach

DipenduSahaÆShuguangDengÆZhiguanYang

Received:28August2007/Accepted:4December2007/Publishedonline:5January2008ÓSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2007

AbstractMetal-organicframeworks(MOFs),especially

MOF-5,arebelievedtobepromisingnewporousmaterials

forhydrogenadsorption.Acomparativestudyofmaterial

synthesis,characterizationandhydrogenadsorptionwas

performedtoexaminetheeffectsofdifferentsynthesis

conditionsoncrystalstructure,poretexturalpropertyand

hydrogenadsorptionperformanceofMOF-5materials.

ThreeMOF-5samplessynthesizedwithdimethylform-

amide(DFM)assolventandslightlydifferentprocedures

haveshownsimilarphasestructureandchemicalcompo-

sition,diversecrystalstructures,varyingporetextural

propertiesanddifferenthydrogenadsorptionperformance.

Itwasestablishedfromtheexperimentalresultsthathigher

orderofcrystallinityintheMOF-5materialsgenerates

betteradsorbentswithlargercrystalsize,higherspecific

surfacearea,uniformporesizedistribution(PSD),larger

hydrogenadsorptioncapacityandfasterhydrogendiffusion

rateinMOF-5adsorbents.ThebestMOF-5samplesyn-

thesizedinthiswork(MOF-5(c))hasaLangmuirspecific

surfaceareaof1157m2/g;itcanadsorb0.5wt.%of

hydrogenat77Kand800mmHg;andresultsinhydrogen

diffusivityinsideMOF-5crystalof2.3910-9cm2/s.The

densityfunctionaltheoryreasonablypredictsthepresence

ofmesoporesandmacroporesinallthreeMOF-5samples

synthesizedinthiswork.

KeywordsMOF-5ÁSynthesisandcharacterizationÁ

HydrogenadsorptionÁEquilibriumandkineticsÁ

PoresizedistributionNomenclatures

amLangmuirequationconstant(wt.%)

bLangmuirequationconstant(mmHg-1)

dcDiameterofsinglecrystalofMOF-5(cm)

DcIntracrystallinediffusivity(cm2/s)

kFreundlichequationconstant

mtAdsorbedamountperunitmassofadsorbent

attimet(wt.%)

m?,mmaxMaximumadsorbedamountperunitmassof

adsorbentatt=?(wt.%)

nFreundlichequationconstant

p,PPressure(mmHg)

P0GassaturationpressureattemperatureT(mmHg)

qAdsorbateconcentrationintheadsorbent(wt.%)

qAverageadsorbateconcentrationinthe

adsorbentparticle(wt.%)

q00Initialadsorbateconcentrationinthe

adsorbentparticle(wt.%)

rRadiusofparticle

rcRadiusofsinglecrystalofMOF-5(cm)

tTime(s)

TAbsolutetemperature(K)

VVolume

FHelmholtzfreeenergy

NNumberofmolecules

WPorewidth

Greekletters

q(r)Localdensityofadsorbateatporeradiusrof

adsorbent

X[q(r)]Grandpotentialorgrandfreeenergy

lChemicalpotential

VextðrÞExternalpotentialimposedbyadsorbentpore

wallataradius

rD.SahaÁS.Deng(&)ÁZ.YangDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NewMexicoStateUniversity,MSC3805,P.O.Box30001,LasCruces,NM88003,USAe-mail:sdeng@nmsu.edu

123JPorousMater(2009)16:141–149DOI10.1007/s10934-007-9178-31Introduction

On-boardhydrogenstorageisoneofthemajorchallenges

forhydrogenfuelcellpoweredmobileapplications.The

successfuldevelopmentofnewmaterialsforhydrogen

storageisthekeytothesuccessofhydrogenfuelcell

technologybecausetheconventionalhydrogenstorage

methodsincludingcompressedorcryogenichydrogen

storagesystemcannotmeetthecurrentandfutureneeds.

Severalnewlydiscoveredmaterialshavecomeintopicture

forhydrogenstoragelikecomplexmetalhydrides[1],

nanoscalematerialslikecarbonnanotubes[2],chemical

nitrides[3],somecommonporousmaterialslikezeolites

[4]orclathrates[5]andetc.Untilrecentlyanewkindof

material,knownasmetal-organicframeworks(MOFs)

havegainedlotsofinterestsforhydrogenadsorption

andothergasseparation/purificationsapplications[6–9].

Severalexcellentreviewshaveextensivediscussion

onsynthesis,characterizationandapplicationsofMOFs

[8,10–13].

Althoughmanymetalorganicframeworkstructures

havebeenreportedintheliterature,onlyfewofthemcan

beusedforsorptionofhydrogen.Metalorganicframe-

work-5(MOF-5),alsoknownasisoreticularmetalorganic

framework-1(IRMOF-1),hascomeupwithfairlygood

sorptioncapacityforgaseoushydrogen.Accordingtolit-

erature,twodifferentapproachesofMOF-5areavailable

usingtwodifferentsolvents,dimethylformamide(DMF)

anddiethylformamide(DEF)withsomedifferencesin

eachprocess[14–16].ThreedistinctprocessesofMOF-5

synthesisbasedonDMFhavebeenrevealedinthelitera-

ture[14–16].Theseprocessesdifferentiatewitheachother

byincorporationofvarietyofchemicalsthatultimately

controlthecrystallinityaswellasporetextureproperties

givingrisetodifferentadsorptionproperties.TheMOF-5

materialssynthesizedwithDMFapproachtendtovary

significantlywithdifferentsynthesisprocedures,theeffect

ofdifferentsynthesisconditionsandproceduresonthe

crystalstructure,poretexturalpropertiesandhydrogen

adsorptionontheMOF-5synthesizedbyDMFisbasically

unknown.Itisworthwhiletoelucidatetheeffectsofcrystal

structureonporetexturalpropertyandhydrogenadsorption

onMOF-5.

InthepresentstudythreekindsofMOF-5,namedas

MOF-5(a),MOF-5(b)andMOF-5(c)weresynthesized

withtheDMFapproach.Theinitialresearchershad

reportedcertainmaterialsaswellasadsorptionproperties