Hydrogen adsorption on metal-organic framework (MOF-5)
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Hydrogenadsorptiononmetal-organicframework(MOF-5)
synthesizedbyDMFapproach
DipenduSahaÆShuguangDengÆZhiguanYang
Received:28August2007/Accepted:4December2007/Publishedonline:5January2008ÓSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2007
AbstractMetal-organicframeworks(MOFs),especially
MOF-5,arebelievedtobepromisingnewporousmaterials
forhydrogenadsorption.Acomparativestudyofmaterial
synthesis,characterizationandhydrogenadsorptionwas
performedtoexaminetheeffectsofdifferentsynthesis
conditionsoncrystalstructure,poretexturalpropertyand
hydrogenadsorptionperformanceofMOF-5materials.
ThreeMOF-5samplessynthesizedwithdimethylform-
amide(DFM)assolventandslightlydifferentprocedures
haveshownsimilarphasestructureandchemicalcompo-
sition,diversecrystalstructures,varyingporetextural
propertiesanddifferenthydrogenadsorptionperformance.
Itwasestablishedfromtheexperimentalresultsthathigher
orderofcrystallinityintheMOF-5materialsgenerates
betteradsorbentswithlargercrystalsize,higherspecific
surfacearea,uniformporesizedistribution(PSD),larger
hydrogenadsorptioncapacityandfasterhydrogendiffusion
rateinMOF-5adsorbents.ThebestMOF-5samplesyn-
thesizedinthiswork(MOF-5(c))hasaLangmuirspecific
surfaceareaof1157m2/g;itcanadsorb0.5wt.%of
hydrogenat77Kand800mmHg;andresultsinhydrogen
diffusivityinsideMOF-5crystalof2.3910-9cm2/s.The
densityfunctionaltheoryreasonablypredictsthepresence
ofmesoporesandmacroporesinallthreeMOF-5samples
synthesizedinthiswork.
KeywordsMOF-5ÁSynthesisandcharacterizationÁ
HydrogenadsorptionÁEquilibriumandkineticsÁ
PoresizedistributionNomenclatures
amLangmuirequationconstant(wt.%)
bLangmuirequationconstant(mmHg-1)
dcDiameterofsinglecrystalofMOF-5(cm)
DcIntracrystallinediffusivity(cm2/s)
kFreundlichequationconstant
mtAdsorbedamountperunitmassofadsorbent
attimet(wt.%)
m?,mmaxMaximumadsorbedamountperunitmassof
adsorbentatt=?(wt.%)
nFreundlichequationconstant
p,PPressure(mmHg)
P0GassaturationpressureattemperatureT(mmHg)
qAdsorbateconcentrationintheadsorbent(wt.%)
qAverageadsorbateconcentrationinthe
adsorbentparticle(wt.%)
q00Initialadsorbateconcentrationinthe
adsorbentparticle(wt.%)
rRadiusofparticle
rcRadiusofsinglecrystalofMOF-5(cm)
tTime(s)
TAbsolutetemperature(K)
VVolume
FHelmholtzfreeenergy
NNumberofmolecules
WPorewidth
Greekletters
q(r)Localdensityofadsorbateatporeradiusrof
adsorbent
X[q(r)]Grandpotentialorgrandfreeenergy
lChemicalpotential
VextðrÞExternalpotentialimposedbyadsorbentpore
wallataradius
rD.SahaÁS.Deng(&)ÁZ.YangDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NewMexicoStateUniversity,MSC3805,P.O.Box30001,LasCruces,NM88003,USAe-mail:sdeng@nmsu.edu
123JPorousMater(2009)16:141–149DOI10.1007/s10934-007-9178-31Introduction
On-boardhydrogenstorageisoneofthemajorchallenges
forhydrogenfuelcellpoweredmobileapplications.The
successfuldevelopmentofnewmaterialsforhydrogen
storageisthekeytothesuccessofhydrogenfuelcell
technologybecausetheconventionalhydrogenstorage
methodsincludingcompressedorcryogenichydrogen
storagesystemcannotmeetthecurrentandfutureneeds.
Severalnewlydiscoveredmaterialshavecomeintopicture
forhydrogenstoragelikecomplexmetalhydrides[1],
nanoscalematerialslikecarbonnanotubes[2],chemical
nitrides[3],somecommonporousmaterialslikezeolites
[4]orclathrates[5]andetc.Untilrecentlyanewkindof
material,knownasmetal-organicframeworks(MOFs)
havegainedlotsofinterestsforhydrogenadsorption
andothergasseparation/purificationsapplications[6–9].
Severalexcellentreviewshaveextensivediscussion
onsynthesis,characterizationandapplicationsofMOFs
[8,10–13].
Althoughmanymetalorganicframeworkstructures
havebeenreportedintheliterature,onlyfewofthemcan
beusedforsorptionofhydrogen.Metalorganicframe-
work-5(MOF-5),alsoknownasisoreticularmetalorganic
framework-1(IRMOF-1),hascomeupwithfairlygood
sorptioncapacityforgaseoushydrogen.Accordingtolit-
erature,twodifferentapproachesofMOF-5areavailable
usingtwodifferentsolvents,dimethylformamide(DMF)
anddiethylformamide(DEF)withsomedifferencesin
eachprocess[14–16].ThreedistinctprocessesofMOF-5
synthesisbasedonDMFhavebeenrevealedinthelitera-
ture[14–16].Theseprocessesdifferentiatewitheachother
byincorporationofvarietyofchemicalsthatultimately
controlthecrystallinityaswellasporetextureproperties
givingrisetodifferentadsorptionproperties.TheMOF-5
materialssynthesizedwithDMFapproachtendtovary
significantlywithdifferentsynthesisprocedures,theeffect
ofdifferentsynthesisconditionsandproceduresonthe
crystalstructure,poretexturalpropertiesandhydrogen
adsorptionontheMOF-5synthesizedbyDMFisbasically
unknown.Itisworthwhiletoelucidatetheeffectsofcrystal
structureonporetexturalpropertyandhydrogenadsorption
onMOF-5.
InthepresentstudythreekindsofMOF-5,namedas
MOF-5(a),MOF-5(b)andMOF-5(c)weresynthesized
withtheDMFapproach.Theinitialresearchershad
reportedcertainmaterialsaswellasadsorptionproperties