2001 Synthesis and Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Resins cm01006
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SynthesisandPhotoinitiatedCationicPolymerizationofOrganic-InorganicHybridResins
JamesV.Crivello,*,†KiYongSong,†andRamakrishnaGhoshal‡DepartmentofChemistry,NewYorkStateCenterforPolymerSynthesis,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute,Troy,NewYork12180,andPolysetCompany,PostOfficeBox111,Mechanicville,NewYork12118
ReceivedJanuary25,2001.RevisedManuscriptReceivedMarch28,2001
Astreamlinedsyntheticschemewasdevelopedforthepreparationofanovelseriesofcationicallypolymerizableepoxy-functionalorganic-inorganichybridresins.Thereactionsequenceconsists,first,oftheregioselectiverhodium-catalyzedmonoadditionofanR,ω-Si-Hdifunctionalsiloxanetoavinylepoxide.ThesecondstepinvolvestheadditionoftheremainingSi-Hbondofthelatteradducttovinyltrimethoxysilane.Finally,anion-exchange-catalyzedsol-gelhydrolysisoftheresultingtrialkoxysilane-functionalepoxideyieldsthedesiredsilicone-epoxyresinsbearingpendantepoxygroups.TheseresinsundergofacileUVandthermallyinducedcationicphotopolymerizationinthepresenceofoniumsaltphotoinitiatorstogivecross-linkedorganic-inorganichybridglassymatrixes.Themechanicalandthermalpropertiesofthepolymerizedresinsweredeterminedandwerecorrelatedwiththestructuresoftheresins.
IntroductionInrecentyears,organic-inorganichybridresinshavereceivedmuchattentionintheliteraturebecauseoftheiruniqueelectrical,optoelectronic,andmechanicalproperties.1Muchworkiscurrentlyfocusedonthe
synthesisofcross-linkedglasslikematrixescomposedofSi-O-Silinkagesemployingsol-geltechniquesthatinvolvethehydrolysisandsubsequentcondensationoftri-ortetraalkoxysilanes.2-4Oncehydrolysishastakenplacetoformacross-linkednetwork,thegelcanbefurtherprocessed,forexample,byvariouscombinationsofdryingandsinteringtechniques,toformporousornonporousproducts.5Analternativeapproachistoemploythesol-gelprocesstoproducerelativelylow-molecular-weightliquidsiloxaneoligomershavingor-ganicgroupsthatbearpolymerizablefunctionalgroups.Thepolymerizationofthesefunctionalgroupsleadstotheformationofthesolidcross-linkedorganic-inor-ganichybridresin.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenconsiderableinterestinepoxy-functionalresinsbasedonthesol-gelhydrolysiscondensationof3-glycidoxy-propyltrimethoxysilane(GPTMS).6-12Intheabsenceof
acatalyst,thehydrolysisofGPTMSisveryslow.However,ithasbeenfoundthatawidevarietyofamines,protonicandLewisacids,andtransitionmetalcomplexescatalyzethehydrolysisofGPTMS.Matejkaetal.13haveshownthatcyclizationofGPTMStoform
ahighcontentofpolyhedralsiloxanecagespreventsgelation,sothatlow-molecular-weightoligomersareformed.However,whenaGPTMSsamplestandsatroomtemperatureinthepresenceoftheabovehydroly-siscatalysts,epoxidering-openinghasatendencytotakeplaceandcausethegelationoftheseoligomers.
Wewereinterestedinthepossibilityofusingsol-gelchemistrytoproduceepoxy-functionaloligomersthatcouldbeveryrapidlycationicallyphotopolymerizedtoproduceorganic-inorganichybridresins.Suchresinsareofparticularinterestasabrasion-resistantcoatingsandopticaladhesives.Thepreviouslydescribedoligo-mersbasedonGPTMSwerenotofinterestbecausetheglycidylethergroupsofthesematerialsundergoverysluggishcationicphotopolymerizations.Instead,wewishedtoapplysol-gelmethodologytotherelatedcompound,2(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane(I)becausetheresultingresinswouldbearveryhighlyreactiveepoxycyclohexylgroups.Itwasobservedthat,whentheabove-mentionedcatalystsemployedforthehydrolysisofGPTMSwereappliedtoI,gelationoftheproductsalwaysoccurredeitherduringthesol-gelreactionorafterthesamplewasallowedtostandforashorttime.Thisproblemwassolvedbyemployingthetwo-stepmethodologydepictedinScheme1,whichaffordedthedesiredresinsinhighyields.14
*Towhomallcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.†RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute.
‡PolysetCompany.
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