经济学的思维方式英文课件(4)

10
Profit: Income that can be Positive or Negative
n Profit = 4th form of income in a market economy (after wage, rent and interest)
n Profit = total revenue – total cost n Profit is also termed Net Revenue n Negative Profit = Loss
Profit and Loss （利润和损失）
1
Chapter Outline
n Wage, Rent and Interest: Incomes Established in Advance by Contract
n Profit: Income That can be Positive or Negative
17
Comparing Economic Profit and Accounting Profit
n Example. Consider Ann, who earns $30,000 as a secretary. Suppose she also owns a building that she rents for $6,000 per year, and she has $23,000 in a certificate of deposit that earns 10% ($2,300) per year. These payments represent contracts that Ann has entered. They represent flows of income which reduce uncertainty in her life.

US's education pays attention to raise student's self-confidence independent spirit of supporting oneself,
China's education emphases on training the student to be strict strict …
Absorb? Reject?? China's education emphases on training the student to be strict strict …
The prime minister
we can absorb something selectively The prime minister
Each have their own advantages and family.
The differences in the way of thinking between China and America
US's education pays attention to raise student's self-confidence independent spirit of supporting oneself,
Conclude…
Cultural differences in personal savings between China and the US
The difference between China and Most Americans seem to live for the present, spending far more than they actually earn.

经济学的思维方式 pdf
经济学的思维方式是一种探索经济学问题、提出问题和解决问题的途径。

它更注重以更加数学化和科学化的方式，去分析经济学的问题、找出经济学问题的根源，从而达到解决这些问题的目的。

它的思维方式主要体现在四个方面：
一、从系统的角度对问题进行考察，将问题纳入系统考察，考虑整体而不是局部；
二、以概率来思考和决策；理解准确性和概率，看问题其结果将可以如何取舍；
三、以机会成本的角度思考问题，深刻理解投资的期望收益和成本支出有关；
四、用逆向思维分析问题，将问题反过来考虑，考虑易于达到的目标和达到期实的有效途径。

经济学的思维方式要求我们把经济学问题看作一种大系统，着眼于分析整体择优来解决问题，强调解决问题时所有可能性，着重培养我们精准度及合理性。

Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.)描述性的（报告事实）
Analytical (abstract reasoning)分析的（抽象推理）
The Scientific Method 科学的方法
• Observation （观察） • Theory （理论） • And More Observation （更多的观察）
– 使用科学的方法
• Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.
– 使用抽象的模型来帮助解释一个复杂的真实世界是如何 运行的。
• Develops theories, collects and analyzes data to evaluate the theories.
About the Individual Behavior（关于个人行为）
– Scarcity （稀缺性） – Opportunity Cost （机会成本） – Tradeoff （权衡）
The Economic Perspective 经济学的视角
About Multi-Person Decisionmaking关于多 人决策： • Equilibrium （均衡） • Efficiency （效率） • Win-Win （是否双赢）
– 提出理论，收集并分析数据以检验理论
The Economic Way of Thinking 经济学的思考方式
钱颖一 (2002) • Perspective （视角） • Reference or Benchmark（参照系或基准点） • Analytic Tools （分析工具）