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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版ppt课件

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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件——25production-growth

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件——25production-growth

Production and Growth
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Why Productivity Is So Important • Productivity refers to the amount of goods and
services that a worker can produce from each hour of work.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined • The inputs used to produce goods and services
are called the factors of production. • The factors of production directly determine
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Production and Growth

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——26saving_investment

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——26saving_investment

Some Important Identities • Assume a closed economy – one that does not engage in international trade: Y=C+I+G
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Some Important Identities • Now, subtract C and G from both sides of the equation: Y – C – G =I • The left side of the equation is the total income in the economy after paying for consumption and government purchases and is called national saving, or just saving (S).
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Financial Intermediaries • Banks
• Banks help create a medium of exchange by allowing people to write checks against their deposits.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Financial Intermediaries • Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers.

曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap_34

曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap_34

HOW MONETARY POLICY INFLUENCES AGGREGATE DEMAND 货币政策如何影响总需求
• For the U.S. economy, the most important
reason for the downward slope of the
aggregate-demand curve is the interest-rate
determine the economy’s interest rate.
• According to the theory, the interest rate
adjusts to balance the supply and demand for
money.
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effect.
对美国经济来讲，总需求曲线向右下方倾
斜的最重要原因是利率效应。
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Theory of Liquidity Preference • Keynes developed the theory of liquidity
preference in order to explain what factors
• Open-market operations • Changing the reserve requirements • Changing the discount rate
• Because it is fixed by the Fed, the quantity of money supplied does not depend on the interest rate. • The fixed money supply is represented by a vertical supply curve.

最新曼昆经济学原理第三版宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap5课件PPT

最新曼昆经济学原理第三版宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap5课件PPT

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生产与增长
生产率 是指一个工人一小时生产 的物品与劳务量。 一国的生活水平决定于它的工人 的生产率。
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Copyright©2004 South-Western
Economic Growth Around the World 世界各国的经济增长
Living standards, as measured by real GDP per person, vary significantly among nations. 人均实际GDP数据表明各国生活水 平差别很大。
Table 1 The Variety of Growth Experiences
Copyright©2004 South-Western
表1. 不同的增长经历
国别
时期
期初人均GDP 期末人均GDP 增长率（每年）
日本
1890～2000
巴西
1900～2000
墨西哥 1900～2000
加拿大 1870～2000
长 的 时 间 隧 道，袅
理第三版宏观分册原版中英文双语P
Production and Growth 生产与增长
Chapter 25
Production and Growth 生产与增长
A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services. 一国的生活水平决定于它生产物品 与劳务的能力。

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).

曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语Chap25省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件

曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语Chap25省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件
70/ 7 = 10
15/76
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70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
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22/76
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生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
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Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——29monetary_system


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The Functions of Money • Unit of Account
• A unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.
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The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Reserve System is made up of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C., and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks.
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Reserve Banks
• The New York Fed implements some of the Fed’s most important policy decisions.
pyright © 2004 South-Western
• That is $2,734 in currency per adult.
• Who is holding all this currency?
• Currency held abroad • Currency held by illegal entities
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is made up of the following voting members:

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版PPT课件28unemployment

How Is Unemployment Measured?
Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
JOB SEARCH
Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qualified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.
Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?

最新曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap6PPT课件

• 提出、通过和实施一项重要的财政政策 变动需要好几年的时间。
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Con: Policymakers should not try to stabilize the economy
• All too often policymakers can inadvertently exacerbate rather than mitigate the magnitude of economic fluctuations.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
反对：决策者不应该努力稳定经济
• 在需要采取行动到货币政策能发挥作用之 间，货币政策对经济的作用要有一个相当 长而且不可预见的时滞。
• 许多研究表明，在作出货币政策变动的6个 月之内，这种变动对总需求的影响很小。
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
3.Should the central bank aim for zero inflation?
4.Should the government balance its budget? 5.Should the tax laws be reformed to encourage
saving?
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Con: Policymakers should not try to stabilize the economy
• Fiscal policy works with a lag because of the long political process that governs changes in spending and taxes.

曼昆《经济学原理第三》宏观分册原中英文双语Chap ppt课件

通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平上升的情况。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
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Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
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How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
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How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。
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– Productivity plays a key role in determining living standards for all nations in the world.
– To understand the large differences in living standards across countries, we must focus on the production of goods and services.
Production and Growth
• Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.
• A nation’s standard of living is determined largely by the productivity of its workers.
term for the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience. • Like physical capital, human capital raises a nation’s ability to produce goods and services.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined • Human capital per worker is the economist’s
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.
• Physical capital includes:
• Tools used to build or repair automobiles. • Tools used to build furniture. • Office buildings, schools, etc.
• Physical capital is a produced factor of production.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 1 The Variety of Growth Experiences
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• Living standards, as measured by real GDP per person, vary significantly among nations.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Production and Growth
• A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.
• Within a country there are large changes in the standard of living over time.
• Physical capital • Human capital • Natural resources • Technological knowledge
• The factors of production directly determine productivity.
© 2007 Thomson Soutrn
How Productivity Is Determined
• The inputs used to produce goods and services are called the factors of production.
• The factors of production include:
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
• Compounding refers to the accumulation of a growth rate over a period of time.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Productivity: Its Role and Determinants
• Why Productivity Is So Important
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
• Annual growth rates that seem small become large when compounded for many years.