部分翻译

1. Development of processes such as cracking and reforming was stimulated and by this means higher-boiling
petroleum fractions, for which demand was low, were converted into materials suitable for blending as gasoline.
译：工艺的发展促进如催化和重整，使高沸点石油馏分转变成适合调配成汽油物质。
2. The complex mixture of hydrocarbons constituting crude oil must first be separated into a series of less complex
mixtures of fractions
.译：组成原油的复杂的碳氢化合物首先分离成一系列略为简单的混合物或馏分。
3.Table 1-2 shows the typical fractions which are obtained , together with an indication of their boiling range ,
composition and proportion the starting crude oil .译：表1-2列出了可获得的代表性馏分， 同时显示了它们的沸程，组
成和所占起始原油的比例。
4.Cracking is used to break down the longer-chain alkanes , which are found in (say) the gas-oil fraction ,
producing a product akin to a naphtha(gasoline) fraction.译：裂化通常是使在粗馏中的馏分可找到的长链烷烃断裂，产
生类似于挥发油馏分的产品。
5. It is therefore clear that for the carbonization process to be viable there must be a market for the coke
produced . 译：因此很明显可行的碳化工艺必须有买进产生焦炭的市场。
6. Each of these fractions still consists of a mixture of compounds, albeit a much simpler and less complex mixture
than the coal-tar itself. 译：这些馏分虽然比煤焦油相比较简单，复杂性低，但仍然是化合物.
8.The processes used include various cracking units (which make small molecules from large ones), polymerization,
reforming, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, isomerization, severe processing known as coking, and literally dozens of
other processes designed to alter boiling point and molecular geometry.翻译：所用工艺包括各种裂解单元操作（可以
把大分子变成小分子），聚合、重整、加氢裂解、加氢处理、异构化、像焦化这种苛刻的工艺和很多旨在改变沸点和分子几何
形态的其它很多工艺。
9. No one constituent exists in large quantity in any crude.
翻译：没有一种组分在原油中大量存在。
10. These branched chain materials perform better in internal-combustion engines than n-paraffins and hence are
considered more desirable.
翻译：这些支链物在内燃发动机里的使用性能比直链的好，因此认为它们更理想。
11. With the general adoption of catalytic cracking and finishing processes, it was discovered that the occurrence
of metals present only in traces (Fe,Mo,Na,Ni,V,etc.) was troublesome as they are strong catalyst poisons. 翻译：随
着普遍接受了催化裂化和后处理工艺，发现金属只是痕量存在也很麻烦，因为它们是很强的使催化剂中毒的物质。
12.Dealkylation of a selected reformats stream using chromate-aluminum carbide catalyst gives a product
which is purified to be purer than that formed form coal tar.翻译：用铬酸铝碳化催化剂的选择性重整产品的烷基化产生
的产品经提纯后的纯度比用煤焦油的高。
13.The nature of the organic species present depends on the degree of biochemical change of the original plant
material, on the historic pressures and temperatures after the initial biochemical degradation, and on the finely
divided mineral matter deposited either at the same time as the plant material or later.翻译：存在的有机样的性质和
最初植物的生物化学变化程度有关，和初始生化降解后那个历史时期的压力和温度有关，和很细的沉积矿物质有关（它们同时
或在其后沉积）。
14.Lower temperature carbonization of lump coal at ca 700℃ primarily used for production of solid smokeless fuel,
gives a quantitatively and qualitatively different yield of solid, liquid, and gaseous products than does the high
temperature processes.翻译：低温干馏块煤基本在大约700℃用来生产固体无烟燃料，产生的固液气产品的性质和量都不同
于高温工艺。
15.For the resulting liquids to be suitable chemical feed stocks the H:C ratio must be improved in favor of more
hydrogen. Clearly this can be achieved in two ways—either by adding hydrogen or by removing carbon.翻译：对
于最终适合作化学原料的液体，H:C的比例需提高氢占的量。显然要提高氢占的量有两种途径——增加氢或去除碳。
16.In the United States, the purpose of a number of programs has shifted from production of a substitute natural
gas (methane) to electric power generation through the integrated gasification-combined-cycle (IGCC) plants.
翻译：在美国，很多工作的目的通过联合气化循环工厂已从取代天然气到发电。
17. Because many coal seams are also aquifers there is a considerable amount of water intrusion, which leads to
steam generation at the expense of the reaction energy. As a result the rate of air or oxygen passage through the
injection wells and seam is adjusted to maintain a low level of moisture in the product gas.翻译：因许多煤层有水层，
所以有许多水侵入，会导致蒸汽的产生要以（损失）反应能为代价。因此通过调节注入井和矿层中空气或氧气的速度来保持生
产出的气体水含量较低。