DNA甲基化作为细胞分型的标志
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©2006 LANDES BIOSCIENCE. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE.[Epigenetics 1:1, 55-60, January/February/March 2006]; ©2006 Landes BioscienceUdo Baron1,†
Ivana Türbachova1,†
Alexander Hellwag1
Florian Eckhardt2
Kurt Berlin2
Ulrich Hoffmuller1
Paul Gardina1
Sven Olek1,*
1Epiontis GmbH; Berlin, Germany2Epigenomics AG; Berlin, Germany†These authors contributed equally to this work.*Correspondence to: Sven Olek; Epiontis GmbH; Rudower Chaussee 29; 12489Berlin; Tel.: +49.30.6392.3475; Fax: +49.30.6392.3476; Email: sven.olek@epiontis.com
Received 12/17/05; Accepted 02/25/06Previously published as an EpigeneticsE-publication:http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/epigenetics/abstract.php?id=2643
KEY WORDS
regenerative medicine, DNA methylation, cell type,cell type specific differential methylation, cell therapy,quality control, cell typing, cell characterization,quantifiable cell typingABBREVIATIONS
ANXA6annexin VICAV1caveolin-1BGNbiglycanCOL3A1collagen alpha 1 (III) chainCOL6A3collagen alpha 3 (VI) chainFMODfibromodulinGDF5growth/differentiation factor 5HIF1Ahypoxia-inducible factor 1 alphaSPP1osteopontinCDMcell type-specific differentially methylated regionESMEEpiSeqMEthyliser-SoftwareMS-SNuPEmethylation sensitive single nucleotide primer extensionMSCmesenchymal stem cellsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
See page 59.
Research Paper DNA Methylation Analysis as a Tool for Cell TypingABSTRACTCell therapeutic approaches currently lack definitive quality control measures whichguarantee safety in clinical applications and create consistent standards for regulatoryapproval. These approaches rely on isolation, purification and possibly ex vivo manipu-lation of donor cells. Since such cells are exposed to artificial environments, there ispotential for deviations from natural growth processes. The resulting heterogeneity of cellcultures is an inherent problem. Therefore, verification of cell identity and quantificationof subpopulations is mandatory. Focusing on cultured human primary cells, we testedwhether DNA methylation patterns serve as distinctive cell type markers. We identifiedpanels of cell type specific differentially methylated gene regions (CDMs) which produceunambiguous profiles for these cell types. Applying methylation sensitive single nucleotideprimer extension generated binary cell type descriptors (“barcodes”) which allow quan-tification of cell mixtures. Thus, methylation based analytics suggest themselves as promisingtools for the characterization and quality control of ex vivo manipulated cells.
INTRODUCTIONTo ensure purity and innocuousness of cell therapeutics—including in vitro grownchondrocytes for cartilage replacement therapies1,2and stem cell therapies following highdose chemotherapies as applied in lymphoma patients3and suggested for patients sufferingfrom autoimmune diseases4—an analytical system must determine the composition of theproduct (i.e., identify all cell types present in a mixture) and its characteristics (e.g.,excluding signs of malignancy) as primary parameters of product quality.5,6This is inparticular important as isolated and in vitro propagated cells show heterogeneous pheno-types7and are known to be overgrown by faster proliferating, contaminating cell types,e.g., fibroblast-like cells. Current analytical methods, such as mRNA- and protein-based assays, fail to ensurepurity and innocuousness of therapeutic cells, as they face two inherent biological problems:(i) Quantities of gene products differ widely from cell to cell even in homogeneous cultures,8
as they often result from short-term regulatory processes. (ii) Signals generated by indi-vidual gene products are open-ended and the relevant scale for each gene may be massive-lydifferent. Furthermore, critical determinants of a cell type may be present at levels toolow for mRNA- or protein-based detection. Analysis of DNA methylation—a widely occurring epigenetic event that regulatesdifferent genome functions9,10—is not confronted with these limitations. Methylationsignalsare robust since specific methylation has been shown to reflect stable, long termcharacteristics and persistent commitment along a cell lineage.11Also, as it represents amodification of DNA, signals are equally strong at all loci, regardless of the expression rateor concentration of the associated gene products. Primary targets of methylation are cytosineguanine dinucleotides (CpG-sites); within this context cytosine can undergo a modificationto become 5 methyl cytosine. In the human genome, CpG sites are unevenly distributedand frequently clustered into “CpG islands,” which are often associated with promoters.12