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外国语学院语言学导论课程论文课题名称：Contrast in expressions of Politeness between English and Chinese英汉礼貌用语对比学生姓名：学号：专业：英语班级：2011级3班授课教师：AbstractIn intercultural communication, people always are faced with difficulties not only from using different languages but also from different cultural backgrounds. These language barriers often lead to unsuccessful communication. In order for favoring communication, this article will discuss the contrast between English and Chinese politeness principle as well as the communication barriers due to language differences. Key wordsPoliteness, Cultural differences, Intercultural communication1.IntroductionCommunication is the mutual contact between people, and the connection with each other's behavior. Where there are people, where there is human interaction. And at the same time, contact will occur, communicative. People can use language or non-verbal language to express ideas or share feelings. However, this communication process is very complex. People's verbal communication is always influenced by many non-linguistic factors.In the cross-cultural communication of English speakers and Chinese speakers, communication isn’t often smooth, because the two sides do not understand their cultural background. For better communication, British linguist Leach made the famous "Politeness Principle".As a universal phenomenon in all societies, politeness is what people of different cultural backgrounds all try to observe for the purpose of increasing communicative competence. Being an important element in intercultural communication, politeness helps establish, maintain or consolidate harmonious interpersonal relationships, and reduces conflicts and misunderstandings. Therefore, principles of politeness in different cultures should be realized by students. This thesis intends to discuss the exhibition of cultural differences on politeness to help Chinese learners have a better understanding of different principles of politeness in English. Besides, this paper is to explore efficient means to teach students to use English in the polite way in order tocommunicate effectively and efficiently.2.Contrast in expressions of Politeness between English andChineseCultural differences in everyday conversation refer to the differences in habits and rules in communication between different cultures (Liang Jinghong, 2005). Customs are influenced and shaped by the beliefs and values of people in a certain community. People are brought up in community and they are so accustomed to their ways of doing things that they cannot accept different actions for achieving the same goal. Therefore, in this part, differences of politeness such as addressing, greeting, complimenting between English and Chinese are to be discussed.2.1Communicating TopicsIn Chinese culture, between colleagues, between students, between friends almost all kinds of topics are reasonable in talking, such as work, health, salary, marriage, age and so on. However, in English-speaking countries, people often just talk about the weather, work, hobbies and other topics. It also can be more free and open to talk about pregnancy and even sex. But some topic on marital status, children, income, religion and others which belong to the "privacy content" should be ignored. When Chinese people express concern for the health of others, they often ask the health condition of others straightly and make some advisory recommendations. While in English-speaking countries, when people ask the health condition, the tone should be tactful and sincere. When the other does not need you to give your advice, do not put forward proposals.2.2AddressingName is the address form which communication is relied on. Different languages have different address forms. The address forms can reflect different national cultures. Chinese attaches great importance to human kinship. Respect is very essential in Chinese culture. When younger people address the elders, they should call them "grandfather", "grandmother" and other titles to replace their name, not by their name. The same situation with calling teachers, students in China must call them “teacher”, that is sir or madam. But in western countries, teachers can be called by their names. Terms of family relationshipsare only used for relatives in English. But in Chinese, they are not only used for relatives, but also for non-relatives. For example, the young in China always call the women who are elder than them “sister” or “aunt” and those men “brother” or “uncle”.2.3 Greeting and FarewellGreetings are used every day, but they are not conducted in the same way in different cultures. When westerners meet an acquaintance, they often greet each other with “Hello”, “Hi”, or “How are you?” But a Chinese will say “chi le ma?” (Have you eaten?), or “qu na li ?” (Where are you going?). When a native English speaker hears those, he or she may interpret it as an invitation to dinner or interference in his or her personal affairs. So when interacting with foreigners, Chinese should pay more attention. In English, the common ways of greeting are “Good morning”, “Hi”, “Hello”, “How are you?”, and “How is everything going?”When acquaintances part, the English speakers may say “Goodbye”, “See you”, and “Good luck”. Differently,in Chinese, when a guest leaves, the host will show the guest to th e door and say “man zou” (Walk slowly.), “zou hao” (Take care.), or “yi lu shun feng” (Have a nice trip.). But none of these can be directly translated into English.2.4Compliments and ResponsesIn cross-cultural communication, since English speakers and Chinese speakers have different politeness principle to praise or compliment, communicative disorders produce inevitably. Expressions such as “hen hao, bu cuo, hen bang” in Chinese are often used, which mean “great, good, terrific” in English. However, there d o exist some cultural differences in compliments between English and Chinese. One difference lies in who can be complimented. It is usual for an American woman to praise her husband, talking about how hard he works and how well he has done. She might do the same about a son or a daughter of hers. In the English-speaking countries, one can praise one’s family members. But we Chinese people seldom compliment our family members in front of others. The Chinese are polite rather than honest while the westerners tend to be frank and direct. The other difference lies in what can be complimented. It is quite common for a male English speaker to compliment females on her good looks. But in China, praising a man on his wife’s looks will be regarded as indecent, and ev en a taboo. When responding tocompliments, westerners tend to accept the compliments naturally by saying “Thank you!” In contrast, Chinese generally murmur something implying that he or she is not worthy of the praise in order to show modesty, because modesty is considered as a kind of traditional virtue. In China, modesty is the best policy, but to westerners, honesty is the best policy (Luo Ningxia, 2000).2.5 ApologiesBoth Chinese and English have expressions for apologies. For example, there are “dui bu qi”, “bao qian”, “hen yi han”in Chinese and “I am sorry”, and “Excuse me” in English. But generally speaking, English speakers apologize more often than the Chinese people by saying “Excuse me” preceding a request or an interruption. When they want to push their way out of the crowd, leave a dinning table to the toilet, stop a stranger to ask for direction, and even when they need to answer the phone, they would usually say this. But in China, “dui bu qi”, “hen yi han” are very often used only when they feel sympathetic or when they need to bother others. In English, “Excuse me” can also be heard when someone sneezes or hiccups. This is quite different from Chinese culture.2.6 TaboosTaboo expressions exist in nearly all cultures, and inappropriate use of taboo language will cause obstacles in communication. Expressions concerning some phenomenon are considered as taboos in both Chinese and English cultures such as human’s excreta and death. But generally speaking, there are more taboos in English than in Chinese. English-speaking people place a higher value on privacy. Therefore, some topics would be considered as privacy and it is impolite to mention these topics. For instance, asking others about age, especially a woman’s age, is regarded as impolite in western cultures. Besides age, other topics such as income, marital status, and religion are also sensitive topics which may likely cause offense. Chinese sometimes talk about health and express their concern by giving some advice such as “Have a rest.”,“Put on more clothes and drink more water.” However, English speakers will feel uncomfortable on hearing these words. According to English culture, they are independent adults and are supposed to be able to take care of themselves. Such expressions as “Put on more clothes” seem to deny their ability of taking care of themselves. On this occasion, expressions such as “Look after yourself.”, “Hopeyou will be better soon.” sound better to them.3ConclusionIn summary, politeness is a social phenomenon, and generally exist in a variety of languages. Different cultures have different standards of politeness and expression. In cross-cultural communication, the students should try to avoid misunderstanding of courtesy, make relationships closer, and promote communication between people with different cultures. Teachers in English teaching should seize the opportunity to import the culture of English-speaking countries to the students. It is hoped that English learners will attach great importance to the communicative functions of the target language so that they will realize the importance of using polite language appropriately, and then their pragmatic competence of target language will be greatly improved.This paper does not aim to cover all aspects of politeness in EFL teaching. Its ideas and arguments are far from mature. But it is our sincere hope that through a careful study of politeness in FL classroom, we can achieve a more effective teaching and improve students’ communicative competence.BibliographyBrown, P. & S, Levinson. (1978). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Gu, Yueguo. (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, (2), 237-257.Hinkel, E. (1999). Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.Swan, M. (1980). Practical English Usage. London: Oxford University Press.。
礼貌英语单词全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：礼貌是社交交往中的重要品质，而礼貌的表达方式不仅包括行为举止，更包括言语表达。
在英语交流中，使用正确的礼貌用语不仅可以展现自己的修养和尊重，还可以建立良好的人际关系。
下面将介绍一些常用的礼貌英语单词和短语，希望对大家在日常交流中有所帮助。
1. Please (请)"Please"是最基本的礼貌用语，用来表达请求或要求时的礼貌。
比如：Please pass me the salt.（请把盐递给我）2. Thank you (谢谢)"Thank you"是表达感谢的常用短语，用来回应别人的帮助或好意。
比如：Thank you for helping me.（谢谢你帮助我）3. You're welcome (不用谢)"You're welcome"是回应别人感谢时的礼貌用语，表示不用客气。
比如：Thank you for the gift. - You're welcome.（谢谢你的礼物。
-不用谢）4. Excuse me (对不起/麻烦你了)"Excuse me"可以用来道歉、请求别人让开或引起别人的注意。
比如：Excuse me, can I ask you a question?（不好意思，我可以问你一个问题吗？）5. I'm sorry (对不起)"I'm sorry"用来道歉或表达遗憾。
比如：I'm sorry for being late.（对不起，我迟到了）6. Pardon me (请原谅我)"Pardon me"可以用来请求别人将某事原谅或再次解释。
比如：Pardon me for my mistake.（请原谅我的错误）7. May I...? (我可以……吗？)"May I...?"是礼貌地请求别人允许的方式。
社交礼仪英汉日常俗语比较（最新版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用范文，如教案大全、公务礼仪、合同协议、总结报告、工作计划、工作材料、演讲致辞、规章制度、条据书信、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical sample essays, such as teaching plans, official etiquette, contract agreements, summary reports, work plans, work materials, speeches, rules and regulations, letter of agreement, other sample essays, etc. I want to know Different format and writing styles of sample essays, so stay tuned!社交礼仪英汉日常俗语比较说起不同的文化，人们往往想到的是差异，中西文化差异，东西方文化差异．因之比较文化多见的是差异的辨识与解析．殊不知，比较的前提，是有可比性．可比性的另一个解释，就是有共同之处．譬如，比较男女，是因为男女都属人类；比较英文中文，是因为皆属于语言．如果有人说比较男人与英语，或者比较女人与中文，大家一定会笑这简直是牛头不对马嘴．换句话说，之所以可比较，是因为有类同．因此，差异与类同是不可分割的．讲文化差异，必须以文化的类同为基础．比较不同文化，也应该如同交友，求同存（辨）异是正道．语言之于文化，也象语言之于思维一样，是一种表达形式．因此，语言也是各种文化内容的载体．借助语言，可以触探文化的内涵；从表达形式的比较中，可以窥视文化的异同．比如，比较文学，比较语言学等．语言中一个丰富多彩，又广为流传的形式，便是＇名言警句＇．这些被广泛引用的精炼语句，往往积淀概括了人类文化经验的精髓，高度概括，又琅琅上口．又因为它往往触及人类生存的根本课题，且具有较深的历史渊源，所以不同文化中，往往可以见到相似的表达．学过外语的朋友多多少少都会接触过类同于本族语的名言警句．下面试举一些多年学习英文所积累的中英文名言警句，与大家一起欣赏不同文化的共同经验积累．最相似的一类，其表达方式与内容几乎完全相同，看起来就好像是直接的翻译．比如：Tostrikewhiletheironishot.趁热打铁．Goodluckwouldnevercomeinpairs.福不双至．Fireprovesgold,adversityprovesmen.烈火显真金，逆境识英雄．Longhairandshortwit.头发长，见识短．Bloodisthickerthanwater.血浓于水．Ifyouwouldnotbeknowntodoanything,neverdoit. 若要人不知，除非己莫为．Inunityhereisstrength.团结就是力量．Hewhosebellyisfullbelievesnothimwhoisfasting. 饱汉不知饿汉饥．Easiersaidthandone.说时容易做时难．Idlenessistherootofallevil.懒惰是万恶之源．Wallhasears.隔墙有耳．这类对应谚语，从形式上几乎看不出任何文化差异．在谚语的起源上，有些甚至可能是相互的借鉴或翻译．东西方文化交流的比较研究，或许会提供一些证据．但不同文化中能有如此相通的谚语流传，也说明人类社会的文化积累过程有很多基本的共同进程．还有一类谚语，所表达的含义完全相同，但所隐喻于的事物略有文化上的差异．比如：Betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion.宁做鸡头，不做凤尾．Theforemostdogcatchesthehare.早起的鸟儿有虫吃．Everypotterpraiseshisownpot.老王卖瓜，自卖自夸．Thefoxpreysfarthestfromhome.兔子不吃窝边草．Theproofofthepuddingisintheeating.要知道梨子的滋味，最好是亲口尝一尝．。
中英委婉语的对比分析
中英委婉语是指在交际中为了表达某种信息或态度，而采用含蓄、间接的方式的语言
表达形式。
委婉语的使用可以减轻冲突，保护对方的面子，维护良好的人际关系。
中英委
婉语在表达方式和语言习惯上存在一些差异，下面分别从不同方面进行对比分析。
一、礼貌用语
中文中的委婉语通常通过使用一些礼貌用语来表达，例如「不好意思」、「请问一下」、「可能有点麻烦」等。
而英文中的委婉语则更注重使用一些委婉的措辞，例如「excuse me」、「if you don't mind」、「would you be so kind as to」等。
四、表述态度
在表达态度时，中文中常使用一些虚拟的语气来委婉地表达观点。
例如「我觉得可能」、「我认为也许」等。
而英文中则更倾向于直接地表达观点，例如「I think maybe」、「I believe perhaps」等。
五、措辞转换
在进行语言表达时，中文中还常常使用一些措辞转换的方法来委婉地表达。
例如将「我」转化为「小弟」、「某个人」、「有人」，将「你」转化为「大哥」、「阁下」、「您」等。
而英文中的措辞转换则相对较少，更倾向于使用正式的称呼，例如将「我」转
化为「I」，将「你」转化为「you」等。
中英委婉语在表达方式和语言习惯上存在一些差异。
中文中委婉语常通过使用礼貌用语、委婉词语、虚拟语气和措辞转换等方式来表达，而英文中则更注重使用委婉的措辞、
直接否定、直接建议与请求和正式称呼等方式来表达。
中西礼貌用语对比分析在不同文化中，礼貌用语是人们交流中的重要组成部分。
中文和西方语言中的礼貌用语有许多不同之处，反映了这两种文化对礼貌和人际关系的不同理解和重视程度。
下面对中西礼貌用语进行对比分析。
第一，称呼方式。
在中文中，人们常用“先生”、“小姐”、“阿姨”、“师傅”等称呼方式，这种称呼方式较为尊重和礼貌。
而在西方语言中，人们更倾向于直接使用名字来称呼对方，例如“John”、“Mary”等。
这反映了中西方在对待他人称呼方面的不同习惯和文化观念。
第二，问候语。
在中文中，人们常用“你好”、“您好”等问候语来打招呼并表示尊重。
而在西方语言中，人们常用“Hello”、“Hi”等简短的问候语，这种表达方式更加直接和随意，不太关注对方的身份和地位。
这体现了中西方文化对问候的不同态度和方式。
道歉和感谢。
在中文中，道歉和感谢是人们日常交流中常用的礼貌用语。
人们常用“对不起”、“谢谢”等表达自己的道歉和感谢之情。
而在西方语言中，人们也有类似的表达方式，如“I'm sorry”、“Thank you”等。
但西方社会对于道歉和感谢的重视程度可能不如中文社会。
这可能与中西方文化对于人际关系和台风的不同态度有关。
第四，告别语。
在中文中，人们常用“再见”、“回头见”等告别语来表示离开和期待再次见面。
而在西方语言中，人们常用“Goodbye”、“See you”等简短的告别语。
这种差异可能反映了中西方人们对待离别和见面的态度和情感表达方式的不同。
中西礼貌用语在称呼方式、问候语、道歉和感谢以及告别语等方面存在明显差异。
这些差异反映了中西方在礼貌习惯、人际关系和文化观念等方面的不同。
了解和尊重他人的礼貌用语是跨文化交流中的重要一环，有助于增进彼此的理解和友好关系。
试论英汉礼貌用语之比较摘要】本文根据Leech提出的英语文化的礼貌原则和顾曰国先生提出的汉文化的礼貌原则，进行对比研究，并就英汉语言的文化差异和礼貌语言策略进行分析，最后，阐述了这一研究对跨文化交际的重要性。
【关键词】文化差异;礼貌原则;语言策略On the English language courtesy ComparisonXu Chuying【Abstract】This article made in accordance with Leech’s Politeness Principle in English culture and to Mr. Gu Yueguo courtesy of the Chinese culture the principle of comparative studies, and cultural differences between English and Chinese language and politeness strategy analysis, and finally, on the study of the importance of cross-cultural communication.【Key words】Cultural differences Politeness Principle Language Strategy礼貌作为人类文明的体现，它不仅是一种社会现象，也是语言现象。
随着跨文化交际研究的迅速发展，不同文化中礼貌的概念与内涵在跨文化交际中如何做到礼貌得体，越来越引起人们的关注。
由于人们对什么是礼貌和怎样做才是有礼貌持有不同观点，因而常常能导致交际失误乃至失败，因此，对礼貌现象，特别是跨文化交际中英汉两种语言所体现的礼貌现象进行比较是非常必要的。
本文对英汉礼貌现象从理论基础到其表现形式进行了比较性地研究。
本文试图综述中西方言语行为中礼貌语言文化差异及语言策略差异，给跨文化研究中讲英语与讲汉语的人遵守彼此的“礼貌原则”，达到相互沟通提供一点启示。
汉英交际礼貌用语的对比摘要：礼貌，是人类社会普遍存在的一种社会现象。
它的主要作用是用礼貌的语言行为来维护社会秩序，建立和保护良好的人际关系，避免交际中不必要的误会与冲突，达到交际的目的。
文化的不同，这使得方式上存在着差异，这将难以避免两种文化交流中出现矛盾和冲突。
随着汉英两种文化交流的日渐频繁，对双方在礼貌语言的表达方的礼貌的原则和习惯的认知与理解将变得十分重要。
关键词：礼貌用语，英汉文化，礼貌原则，跨文化交际，礼貌，是人类文明的象征，是人类约定俗称的一种社会行为规范，是人类普遍普遍推崇的美德。
然而，世界上的各个民族，由于其不同的历史、地理、文化环境，从而形成了不同的礼貌原则或准则，不同文化背景下的人们之间的交往，如果按照各自的礼貌准则行事，很容易产生误解和冲突。
因而在汉英交际中对差异的探索已经成为了必要。
“礼貌”概念的不同渊源1.汉文化中“礼貌”概念的历史渊源汉文化中“礼貌”概念有着悠久的历史渊源，它起源于古代的“礼”，即礼制。
众所周知，礼是中国古代哲学思想的一个重要组成部分，也是儒家思想的重要概念之一。
孔子生活的春秋末期，诸侯争霸，社会动荡。
孔子为了适应当时的社会生活的要求，致力于恢复“礼制”。
孔子的“礼”并不指“礼貌”，而是指自奴隶社会时期的周朝以来的社会等级秩序。
在孔子之后的二、三百年，礼制已完全建立起来。
但后来孔子的“礼”的概念发生了变化，已接近现代意义的“礼貌”概念。
西汉戴申所编《礼记》中的重要论述：“勿不敬。
夫礼者，自卑而尊人”，表明那时“礼”的概念已包含“尊敬”“敬意”这些现代“礼貌”概念的要素。
而且《礼记》中所表述的贬己尊人，正是汉文化中礼貌的一大特点。
2.英语文化中“礼貌”礼貌的渊源英语文化中“礼貌”概念的产生和演变，也经历了不断的变化。
在英语中“礼貌” (politeness)是和“宫廷”(court)及“城市”(city)联系在一起的。
首先，从词源上说，“politeness”和“polite”都与词根“polis，polit”有直接联系，这两个词根由希腊词根“polis”和“politeia”派生而来，而这两个希腊词根就指城市或城市的管理(city orgovernment of city)。
语用礼貌原则在英汉商务信函中的比较自古以来，语用礼貌原则就一直被英汉商务信函中所重视。
随着社会文化和技术的发展，两种语言的礼貌原则也有所不同，而这种不同正影响着商务信函的翻译、写作和理解。
因此，本文旨在比较和讨论英汉商务信函中的语用礼貌原则，从而帮助读者更好地翻译和写作商务信函，并能更好地理解这些信件。
首先，在英汉商务信函中，对语用礼貌原则的理解是有区别的。
在英语中，语用礼貌主要表现为礼节性语言，写作者主要以等级相近的形式，通过“您”或“您的”来称呼客户，用“我们”或“我们的”来称呼自己，以此表达尊重。
例如，“尊敬的先生/女士，我们很荣幸地向您介绍我们的XX产品”。
相反，中文在表达礼节性语言时，更直接，写作者以“您”来称呼客户，“我”或“我们”来称呼自己，并以积极、肯定的语气表示尊重。
例如，“尊敬的先生/女士，我们很荣幸地向您介绍我们的XX产品”。
此外，在英汉商务信函中，语用礼貌原则的处理方式也有所不同。
在英语信函中，写作者会尽量避免使用客气语，而且很少使用祝福语，最多只是在信末祝客户健康和业务成功，以表示礼貌。
相反，中文信函中，客气语和祝福语广泛使用，并且主要体现在开头和结尾，有助于建立起良好的客户关系。
例如，“尊敬的先生/女士，祝您生活愉快！祝您事业发达！我们很荣幸地向您介绍我们的XX产品......”最后，在英汉商务信函中，语用礼貌原则的处理不仅取决于两种语言，而且还受到技术、行业和文化的影响。
对于写作者来说，在写作信函时应该根据不同的情况来选择合适的语用礼貌原则。
例如，在科技领域写信，应该使用直白而客观的语言，而在文艺领域写信，则要使用文雅、优美的语言。
此外，写作者还应注意文化差异，因为不同文化背景下的人们对语用礼貌原则有着不同的认知。
总而言之，英汉商务信函中的语用礼貌原则存在着明显的差异，其中涉及到语言、技术、行业和文化等因素。
为了更好地翻译和书写商务信函，更好地理解信函内容，读者应该充分了解这些区别，并在写作时根据实际情况选择最合适的语用礼貌原则。
英汉礼貌用语的语用差异对比分析本页仅作为文档封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March英汉礼貌用语的语用差异对比分析【摘要】不同民族的礼节方式不同，因此使用的礼貌用语也不同，这是文化背景、政治经济、风土人情差异的结果。
英语和汉语中的礼貌用语也不相同，这种语用上的差异会给翻译和理解过程造成一定的难度。
为此，本文结合所学经验，对英汉礼貌用语的差异进行了深入分析，并结合文化因素分析了造成语用差异的原因，希望能够为学习者提供一些参考。
【关键词】英语汉语礼貌用语语用差异语言是文化的载体，能够表现出一个国家和地区的文化环境和风土人情。
中国一直以来都是礼仪之邦，关于礼貌的相关词语较多。
在英汉翻译或者交流中，很多学习者会将中文用词和礼貌习惯带到与西方人交往的过程中，这种情况很容易会引起文化冲突或者交际障碍。
语用差异是非常常见的，这需要学习者掌握重点，巧妙地转化礼貌用语，营造出更加轻松、自在的交流氛围，避免引发误解或者矛盾。
一、英汉礼貌用语的语用差异对比1.致歉、致谢。
西方人所说的“Thank you”和中文中的“谢谢”并不是完全相同的，通常情况下，中国人对自己的亲戚、朋友很少会说“谢谢”，他们认为这是一种“见外”的行为，因此一般会以更加委婉的方式来表达自己的感谢之情。
而西方人通常把“Thank you”挂在嘴边，不管是服务生还是家庭成员，都会这么说。
在与西方人的交往中，别人致谢说“Thank you very much.”时，中国人会下意识的回答“Never mind”，这样的回答会显得比较不合时宜。
另外，在对待上下级关系上，西方人不管是对上司还是同事的帮助，都会表示感谢，但是在中国人这里，为上级或者长辈办事是应该的，是不需要感谢的。
2.交际用语。
在中国，人们打招呼一般用“去哪儿”或者“吃了么”，这种话很显然是一种客套话，它的重点在于打招呼，而不是真的询问你要去哪里或者吃了什么饭。
商务交往中英汉文化的礼貌准则比较针对商务交往中英美文化和汉文化正以前所未有的速度不断扩展，本文涵盖了三个方面的礼貌准则比较，表明了一些重要的两种文化的差异，给出了比较恰当的交际模式。
标签：称呼语自谦尊人中英文化的礼貌准则大体上都遵循了两种基本模式：其一尽量缩小不礼貌的表达；其二尽量扩大礼貌的表达。
事实上，在交际的过程中两者各具其特点。
一、在称呼语方面各国文化都有其特定的称谓系统和使用规则，人们想见时识多用姓名称呼对方，这包括汉文化和英美文化在内的许多其他文化中通常使用的称谓形式。
一般说来，汉文化中的称谓形式有以下几种：（1）亲属称呼语，包括对自己的亲属，如“爷爷”、“奶奶”、“叔叔”、“伯伯”等，以及对自己的非亲属使用的“爷爷”、“奶奶”、等；（2）姓名，包括全名、学名、小名、老/小/大+姓、别名等；（3）通用称呼语，指“同志”、“先生”、“女士”、“小姐”、“老师”等可广泛应用于社会范畴内各成员的称呼语；（4）职衔，即标志职业或职务的名称；（5）零称呼语，指用“喂”、“劳驾”、等日常用语或不用称呼语打招呼，或用指听话人所从事的工作及正在进行的活动呼唤对方，如“骑自行车的”、“割草的”等。
因次在汉文化中使用称呼语时，应考虑听话人的职务、职业、性别、年龄以及谈话场合、同谈话人的关系等因素才能找出符合称呼准则标准的称呼语。
同汉文化的称谓模式相比，英美文化的称谓模式主要有两种基本形式：（1）称谓词+姓，如称Mary Brown为Miss Brown；（2）名，如Mary。
由于两种文化中称谓形式存在着许多差异，因此在跨文化交际中常常出现称呼语的混淆。
在汉文化影响下的人容易使用：（a）称谓词+名，如Miss Mary, Professor Helen等。
当然汉文化中也不大说“淑珍小姐”，但常说“赵小姐或赵淑珍小姐”。
（b）对使用“名”作称谓感到踌躇，如称呼Mary Brown 为Mary。
因为在汉语中熟悉、亲密的人之间才可以直称“名”。
中西礼貌用语对比分析
中西礼貌用语在表达方式上存在着一些差异。
在中文中，对长辈或上级使用尊敬的称
谓是常见的礼貌用语，例如“先生”、“女士”、“阿姨”、“叔叔”等。
而在西方社会中，人们通常直接使用对方的名字，不太常用尊称。
在问候方面，中文中常用的问候用语有“你好”、“早上好”、“晚上好”等。
西方
社会中，人们通常用“Hello”、“Good morning”、“Good afternoon”、“Good evening”等来表示问候，一般不会使用“你好”的用语。
在道别方面，中文中常用的道别用语主要有“再见”、“拜拜”等。
而西方社会中，
人们通常使用“Goodbye”、“Bye”等来道别。
除了基本的问候、道别和感谢之外，中西礼貌用语还存在一些具体的差异。
在中国，
当对方邀请你吃饭时，通常会以“多谢款待”、“承蒙厚爱”等方式表示感激。
而在西方
社会中，人们通常会说“Thank you for inviting me”、“I appreciate your hospitality”等来表达对款待的感谢之情。
中西礼貌用语在表达方式上存在一定的差异。
中文中常用尊称和特定的礼貌用语来表
示尊重与感激，而西方社会中则更加注重直接表达和简洁明了。
了解中西礼貌用语的差异，可以更好地与对方沟通和交流。
英汉文化中的礼貌与语用策略比较分析1. 引言礼貌和语用策略是语言交际中的重要问题，涉及到社会文化、语言学和心理学等多个学科领域。
英语和汉语是世界上两大重要的语言，文化、历史、社会习俗等因素对其礼貌和语用策略产生了深远的影响。
本文将从现代语用学的角度出发，比较分析英汉文化中的礼貌与语用策略，并探讨在跨文化交际中如何合理运用。
2. 礼貌与语用策略概述2.1 礼貌礼貌是指在相互交往中的表现和态度，包括言语、行为和态度等多个方面。
礼貌原则涉及到严肃和生活中的所有场合和活动，包括日常生活、工作、交际、商务、外交等领域。
礼貌语言是表达尊重、关心、友好、信任等情感的一种方式，常常通过语调、用语、语气、举止等方式表现出来。
礼貌语言的含义和用法视文化、社会地位、性别、年龄、关系等多方面因素而异。
2.2 语用策略语用策略是指人们在特定语境中运用符合语境要求的语言形式和语言行为的方式，目的是达到交际目的和交际效果的最佳化。
语用策略包括语言实际意义和社交功能的问题，不仅是语言表面信息的传递，还涉及到语言交际的心理和社会成分。
在跨文化交际中，语用策略尤为重要，需要根据语境和文化背景进行合理的调整和应用。
3. 英汉文化中的礼貌与语用策略比较3.1 礼貌比较英国人文化中崇尚规则、礼仪和秩序，讲究独立、自由和个人隐私。
英国人在交往中注重直接、坦率、明确的表达，同时也很注重社交礼仪和风度。
英国人的实至名归是讲究实际成果和功劳，不过是透过优秀的表现自然而然地得到肯定。
在商务交际中，英国人通常会通过渐进式推销、试探和逐步协商的方式达成交易。
中国文化中强调家庭、集体和社交上的尊重，注重备足礼品、前往，及礼节。
中国人在交往中注重含蓄、委婉和稳健的表达方式。
懂得尊重对方的面子与尊严，注重感性体验、不喜欢直接拒绝他人，在表达意见时常采用转弯抹角、委婉的表达手法。
在商务交际中，中国人通常会通过长期交往建立信任和感情基础，而非像英国人那样注重短期利益和直接利用关系。
·教育广角·一、引言礼貌是文明社会的标致，是人们崇尚的一种社会美德，也是一个人思想道德水平、文化修养、交际能力的外在表现，礼貌的行为和得体的话语能帮助人们顺利实现交际意图，但不同的语言和文化国度有其独特的礼貌方式，在礼貌原则的处理和运用上也存在差异。
本文以文化价值差异为切入点，以三类具体言语行为（敬词与谦词、称谓语、致谢语与道歉语等）为支点，对比分析英汉语礼貌原则之间的差异，旨在指导人们在跨文化交际中选用得当的礼貌用语，有效利用交际策略，提高交际效率，提升跨文化交际意识与能力。
二、英汉语礼貌原则的具体内容及差异1.西文文化中的礼貌原则.继格莱斯的合作原则（Cooperative Principle）之后，英国语言学家利奇创造性地提出了支配交际活动的另一重要准则——礼貌原则（Politeness Principle）。
利奇指出在言语交际中有效使用语言是一种修辞手段。
作为人际修辞的重要组成成份，礼貌原则填补了合作原则的空白，完善了言语交际过程的规则系统。
利奇的礼貌原则为语用学研究注入了新的活力，还原了交际的真实面貌，解释了如说话拐弯抹角等在内的特殊语用现象，为人们理解并恰当运用交际规则提供了支持。
但该原则本身也有不足，即将语境因素排除在外。
礼貌虽具有普遍适用性，但有时在此语境中显得礼貌的话语，在彼语境却不然，因此必须结合特定语境对礼貌用语加以分析。
2.汉语言文化的礼貌原则。
我国语言学家顾曰国在总结了汉语言文化特征（谦逊、尊重、求同、文雅）的基础上，提出了汉民族在言语交际中遵循的礼貌原则。
顾的礼貌原则以汉语为依托，同时融入了普遍性的礼貌原则，高度浓缩出中国人在交际中所遵循的行为规范准则。
但该理论本身也有局限性，例如，“贬己尊人原则”与“称呼准则”有交叉的地方。
“德、言、行准则”将人的品德与言语准则对等起来有些不妥。
再者，该原则中的部分观点有些过时，如“贬己尊人准则”与当前强调自信和张扬个性的社会环境不相适应。
日常礼貌用语英语日常礼貌用语英语学习英语的主要目的就是为了交流，而在交流的过程中，礼貌性用语是经常会用到的。
以下是小编精心整理的日常礼貌用语英语，希望能够帮助到大家。
Hello!Hi!是"你好!"，见面问好常用到。
Goodbye!是"再见!"，Good night!道"晚安!"同学多日不见面，相见问好"How are you?"答语常用"I'm fine. Thank you."初次认识新朋友，握手问好"Glad to meet you."打扰别人问问题，开口先说"Excuse me."别人关心帮助你，感谢用语"Thank you."致谢用语要牢记，That's OK."没关系。
"有了过错表歉意，I'm sorry."对不起。
"客人来访把门开，Please come in."请进来。
"Sit down, please. "请坐下。
"。
Please have some tea ."请喝茶。
"征求意见和请求，"May I... ?"先开头。
同意许可Yes./ Sure. / Certainly. / OK!别忘了。
英文中一些常见的单词，如：thanks，hello，hi，sorry等，均属于最简单的英文礼貌用语。
交谈时对方因感冒而打喷嚏，对方会说："Excuse me"，而你会说："God bless you!"来到商店，售货员会礼貌地问一句："Can I help you, please?"。
这些都是语言礼貌原则的.体现。
人们表达礼貌的方式多种多样。
Contens摘要 (1)Abstract (2)1 Introduction (3)1.1 Origins of Politeness (3)1.1.1 Origins of Politeness in English (3)1.1.2 Origins of Politeness in Chinese (4)1.2 The Definition of Polite Language (5)1.3 Significances of the paper (5)2 The Comparison of Polite Language in English and Chinese (5)2.1 Comparisons in Norms (6)2.1.1 Norms of Politeness in English (6)2.1.2 Norms of Politeness in Chinese (8)2.2 Comparison in Cultures (9)2.3 Comparisons in Pragmatics (9)2.3.1 The Comparison in Addressing (9)12.3.2 The Comparison in Acknowledgement (11)2.3.3 The Comparison in apology (11)2.3.4 The Comparison in Euphemism (12)2.3.5 The Comparison in Taboo (13)2.3.6 The Comparison in Greetings (14)3 Conclusion and Implication (15)Bibliography (17)Acknowledgement (18)2英汉礼貌用语比较摘要众所周知，英汉语言里面存在不同的礼貌用语，它们是人类社会文明的标志，因而理解英汉的礼貌用语是非常有必要的。
本文较系统地介绍了英汉礼貌用语及其起源，并且从准则，文化，语用学三个方面详细比较了英汉礼貌用语差异。
我们在与母语是英语的人交流时，应该注意他们的礼貌用语特点，运用这些特点来进行轻松愉快的交流，尽最大的努力去避免出现使用礼貌用语不当的情况来使交流和谐友好地进行下去。
关键词：礼貌用语；准则；语用学；交流1The Comparison of Polite Languagein English and ChineseAbstractAs everybody can see, there are different polite languages in English and Chinese, which symbolizes the civilization of human society. It is necessary to comprehend the polite languages in English and Chinese. This article introduces the polite languages in English and Chinese as well as their origins systematically, comparing the principles, cultures, and pragmatics of polite language in both of them. When we communicate with native English speakers, special attention to the properties of the polite languages in English needs to be paid. We should apply these properties to practical communication, to arrive at an easy and happy intercourse. In order to get a harmonious and friendly progressing of communication, we need to try best to avoid the emergence of improper use of polite languages.Key words: polite language, principle, pragmatics, communication.2The Comparison of Polite Languagein English and Chinese1 IntroductionBecause of cultural obstacle, we may frequently find that people misunderstand information each other, even hurt the other side in intercultural communication. Sometimes, kind words will make people feel embarrassed, courteous manners will be misunderstood as absurd and vulgar behaviors. Therefore, studying polite languages is essential. This part will talk about origins of politeness in English and in Chinese, the definition of politeness and the significance of the paper for the purpose to make the readers have a clear understanding of politeness in different languages and to improve people’s awareness of politeness.1.1 Origins of PolitenessThis part will focus on the origins of politeness in English and in Chinese to help the readers generally comprehend the origins of politeness in different languages.1.1.1 Origins of Politeness in EnglishIn English, the production and the development of the concept of politeness have seen a continual change. In English, politeness was connected with the court and the city at the early time. From the perspective of etymology, politeness is derived from polite, and polite was from the Latin word, politus, which means to smooth ,to polish.(Klein Ernest, 1966, p1210)[10]In some sense, being polite is polishing the person’s behavior to make the person more acceptable, or to show the respect. During the time between 1150 and 1500, any young man who sought to earn his living as a3scribe learned Latin or French because there was no market for such services in English. (Zhang Weiyou，2004 ，p27) [12] Furthermore, from the perspective of root, the root, polit, of polite, has the direct relation with the Greek root, polis and politeia, which refer to the city or the government of city. (Cornog Mary wood, 2002, p45)[7] Words with this kind of root, mostly, express the good manners of the people in the city of the court. As He Zhaoxiong puts, “many scholars’findings have proved the link between politeness and the court and the city in vocabulary. Some time, the behavior of people in the court was regarded as polite, and some time in the city.”（何兆熊，2000,p15）[2]1.1.2 Origins of Politeness in ChineseWhen it comes to politeness in Chinese, a very long story will be pointed out, and a person mustn’t be neglected, that is, Confucius,an eminent Chinese philosopher and teacher who founded Confucianism. Sure enough, as a state of ceremonies, the politeness in Chinese is endless. In fact, before Confucius’ time, there had been some different so-called “rites”, such as rites in Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties. Confucius just epitomized all kinds of the rites before him. The rite in old times is not completely the politeness right now. Its connotation has changed very much, more precisely, has become more elaborate. In other words, the current politeness is originated from the ancient rites. “The rites practiced by the kings in Xia, Shang, Zhou dynasties and five emperors is like many kinds of fruits, with different tastes, but suitable to their people.”(庄子，2008, p35)[6]From this it can be seen that the origins of politeness in Chinese have the similar paths to it in English. In order to govern the people, the kings designed some rules for the people’s daily behavior. They were spread from the chancellors to the common people.4Overall, the origins of politeness in English and Chinese are similar. For the purpose to regulate the common people’s behavior, then more deeply to rule them, the politeness emerged at a historic moment. For this ulterior purpose, the emergence of the politeness has become a double-edged sword.1.2 The Definition of Polite LanguageWhat is Polite Language? Generally speaking, the courteous language, in the broadest sense of the word, means all the manners and the caused consequences by using polite language. While, the narrow one only means some special words expressing ceremony which are reasonable and acceptable in various communication occasions. To be polite not only demands the sentences “reasonable”, but also “acceptable” in the specific group. （胡文仲, 1996：p235-248）[4]1.3 Significances of the paperIn theory, based on the former studies and findings, this paper illustrates many aspects in more details to make the readers to understand polite languages more distinctly, and adds some new ideas to the comparisons in polite languages in English and Chinese to bring this kind of study to a more complete stage. In practice, this paper clears up some doubts in a few confused comments which have lingered in people’s minds, in a good way. According to these points, which are as simple and luminous as can be put into effect completely, the reader can have a good control of their behaviors in daily life, to get a happy and perfect communication atmosphere.2 The Comparison of Polite Language in English and Chinese5As we all know, there are many differences in polite languages between different languages, but most of us just know that, not what. That is, most people only get the result, but do not get the reason. This part is going to make a comparison in polite languages between English and Chinese in detail to let the readers have a new and brand recognition of polite languages, which is beneficial to their social intercourse, bringing down the possibility of making mistakes in common sense2.1 Comparisons in NormsAs a matter of fact, norms of politeness in different languages, in a large extent, decide the property of polite languages in different languages. This part will center on the norms of politeness in English and Chinese.2.1.1 Norms of Politeness in EnglishPoliteness is the attitude from one to the other, so it must cover two sides. Grice, a philosopher in America, deemed that in order to arrive at a certain goal in social intercourse, there was a kind of privities, or a kind of communication norms, which he called cooperative principles, between the two sides. The cooperative principles go as follows,1 The maxim of Quality:"Try to make your contribution one that is true, .specifically:(i) do not say what you believe to be false.(ii) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence"2 The maxim of Quantity:"(i) Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange(ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required"[63 The maxim of Relation:"Make your contribution relevant."4 The maxim of Manner:"Be perspicuous and specifically:(i) avoid obscurity of expression.(ii) avoid ambiguity.(iii) be brief(iv) be orderly."(Grice H.P., 1975, p162)[9]The cooperative principle explains the relation between the literal meaning of the word and the real meaning, and expounds the how the painting meaning comes and how to understand it, but there is still a question remaining, that is, why do people want to violate the principle, using a implicative and indirect way to express themselves? Leech reputes that the violation of the cooperative principle, sometimes has something with the politeness principle. He mentions the politeness principle so as to resolve the question which the cooperative principle left over. (何兆熊，2000,p91)[3] Leech’s politeness principle in detail,1 Tact maxim (in directives [or impositives] and commissives): minimize cost to other; [maximize benefit to other]2 Generosity maxim (in directives and commissives): minimize benefit to self; [maximize cost to self]3 Approbation maxim (in expressives and representatives [assertives]): minimize dispraise of other; [maximize praise of other]4 Modesty maxim (in expressives and representatives): minimize praise of self; [maximize dispraise of self]75 Agreement maxim (in representatives): minimize disagreement between self and other; [maximize agreement between self and other]6 Sympathy maxim (in representatives): minimize antipathy between self and other; [maximize sympathy between self and other] (Geoffrey Leech, 1983, p56)[11]2.1.2 Norms of Politeness in ChineseAmong the Chinese scholars who have contributed significantly to the study of politeness should be mentioned Prof. Gu Yueguo of Beijing Foreign Studies University. In his articles related to the study of politeness in modern Chinese, Prof. Gu has traced the origin of the motion of politeness in the Chinese culture, and has also formulated a different set of politeness maxims, which he thinks are more suitable to the Chinese environment.“Gu holds that there are basically four notions underlying the Chinese conception of limao: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement. And he concluded five maxims of limao according to Leech’s Politeness Principle:A. Respectfulness Maxim: s elf’s positive appreciation or admiration of other concerning the latter’s face, social status, and so on.B. Appellation Maxim: use proper appellation to address other.C. Refinement Maxim: self’s demonstration of kindness, consideration, and hospitality to other.D. Consistency Maxim: self’s behavior to other which meets certain standards.8E. Virtue, Speech and Behavior Maxim: on motivation, minimize other’s cost and maximize other’s benefit; on verbalism, maximize benefit self received and minimize cost self paid out.”(顾曰国，1992,p45)[1]2.2 Comparison in CulturesAs far as politeness is concerned, the moral values play an important role in each other’s culture. In Chinese, the deed, playing oneself down and playing up the other, occupies a leading position, which is clearly embodied in the honorific and modest words. Only in this way can you be regarded as polite. On the contrary, in English, people are inclined to canonize and share the individualism, namely, advocate self-expression and self-affirmation emphasize the individual interest, and pursue equality, which inversely fosters people’s ability to survive in the fierce completion, to be independent, and to be oneself. When you take this spirit anytime and anywhere, you cannot be regarded as offensive.2.3 Comparisons in PragmaticsThis part will talk about the politeness in all kinds of practical languages, such as addressing, acknowledgement, apology, euphemism, taboo, and greetings.2.3.1 The Comparison in AddressingAddress reflects the relationship between people. In the intercultural communication, it is very important to address properly. Either on formal or informal occasions, Chinese usually get used to addressing one’s occupation to show respect, especially when his social status is considered to be high or respectful. For example, Zhao Engineer, Wang Doctor, etc. If their statuses are considered to be low, such as cleaner, plumber, blue-collar worker, people are likely to call them “shifu” to show9polite instead of thei r occupations. Among all the examples, “surname + teacher” is a typical form of address in China. Thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture regard it as a virtue to show great respect to teachers and the elders in families. Chinese children seldom doubt their teachers, and express disagreements to parents, for they are considered as impolite behaviors. Although great changes have taken place nowadays, children are still taught to follow the traditional virtues. However, the English speakers are likely to minimize social or class inequality, and reduce hierarchical structures. On formal occasions, they address people of high statuses with Professor Smith, Chairman Brown, etc. But they never address them with “teacher or manager”. And on common occasio ns, everyone prefers himself to be called with his given name to show intimacy to others. But Chinese may feel unpleasant to be called such term by an unfamiliar person. For example, if an ordinary friend calls a Chinese girl named “Li Xiaoling” as “Xiaoling” or “ling”, the girl may think it as an insult.Besides, there are many terms addressing relatives in China. Just for an “auntie” in English, there are “guma, yima, bomu” in Chinese. The ways to address strangers are also different. Chinese people prefer using family terms to address strangers or people elder than them. Students are taught to respect the old and cherish the young. For example, children are told to address adults “auntie” or “uncle” and address old people “granny” or “grandpa”, even at the first time they meet. But in the West, it is different to call a stranger. The terms “Mr.”, “Miss”, “Mrs.”, “sir” and “madam” are widely used among people. “Mr.”, “Miss”, “Mrs.” are used together with a surname while “sir” and “madam” are usually us ed alone.“What is more, the attitudes on the title of old people between China and English-speaking countries are also different. In English-speaking countries, the old people do not like the word “old”. They think old is the meaning of “useless”。
