英汉礼貌用语的语用差异分析

翻译英汉语言文化对比汇总一、引言英汉语言文化对比是一门研究英语和汉语之间的语言差异和文化差异的学科。

通过比较两种语言在词汇、语法、语音和语用等方面的差异，可以深入了解英汉两种语言的文化背景和思维方式。

本文将对英汉语言文化对比进行汇总，详细介绍两种语言在不同方面的差异。

二、词汇对比1. 汉字与拉丁字母：汉语使用汉字，每个汉字代表一个意思，而英语使用拉丁字母，每个字母代表一个音素。

2. 词汇量：英语的词汇量远远超过汉语，英语中有大约170,000个词汇，而汉语只有大约50,000个词汇。

3. 同义词：英语中有很多同义词，可以用不同的词表达相同的意思，而汉语则较少使用同义词。

4. 文化词汇：英语中有很多与西方文化相关的词汇，如democracy（民主）、freedom（自由），而汉语中有很多与中国文化相关的词汇，如禅宗、太极。

三、语法对比1. 词序：英语的词序为主谓宾，而汉语的词序为主谓宾或主宾谓。

2. 时态：英语有多种时态，如一般现在时、过去进行时等，而汉语则没有时态的概念。

3. 语态：英语有主动语态和被动语态，而汉语没有被动语态，通过上下文来表达被动意义。

4. 冠词：英语中有冠词a/an和the，用于限定名词，而汉语没有冠词。

5. 代词：英语中有主格、宾格、所有格等代词形式，而汉语的代词形式相对简单。

四、语音对比1. 音素：英语有大约44个音素，而汉语有大约21个音素。

2. 音调：汉语是一种声调语言，有四个基本的声调，而英语则没有声调。

3. 发音规则：英语的发音规则相对复杂，存在很多不规则发音，而汉语的发音规则相对简单。

五、语用对比1. 礼貌用语：英语注重礼貌用语的使用，如please（请）、thank you（谢谢），而汉语注重尊称的使用，如先生、女士。

2. 谦虚语气：英语中常使用谦虚语气来表示客套和礼貌，如I'm sorry（对不起），而汉语则较少使用谦虚语气。

3. 文化差异：英语和汉语的语用差异也反映了两种文化的差异，如英语中的直接表达和汉语中的间接表达。

《英汉词语文化语义对比研究》篇一一、引言语言是文化的载体，而词语作为语言的基本单位，其语义往往蕴含着丰富的文化内涵。

英汉两种语言在长期发展过程中形成了各自独特的文化背景和语言习惯，导致同一种事物或概念在不同语言中可能有着不同的词语表达和语义内涵。

因此，对英汉词语文化语义进行对比研究，有助于我们更好地理解两种语言的差异，促进跨文化交流。

二、英汉词语文化语义的差异1. 词汇意义差异英汉两种语言在词汇意义上存在较大差异。

例如，“dragon”（龙）在汉语中是吉祥、尊贵的象征，而在英语中却被视为邪恶、凶猛的生物。

这种差异源于两种文化对龙的形象和寓意有着不同的理解和认知。

此外，许多词汇的内涵意义也因文化背景的不同而有所差异，如“red”（红色）在汉语中常被视为吉祥、喜庆的颜色，而在英语中则没有这种特定的文化含义。

2. 语用差异语用差异是英汉词语文化语义对比研究中不可忽视的一方面。

由于文化习惯和表达方式的不同，同一种词语在不同语言中的使用场合和语用功能可能存在较大差异。

例如，“谦虚”在汉语中是一种美德，但在英语中并不强调这一概念；而“thank you”（谢谢）在英语中是一种常见的礼貌用语，但在某些情况下在汉语中并不常用。

三、英汉词语文化语义的对比分析为了更好地理解英汉词语文化语义的差异，我们可以从以下几个方面进行对比分析：1. 宗教信仰与神话传说宗教信仰和神话传说是影响语言词汇形成的重要因素。

例如，基督教文化中的“God”（上帝）和佛教文化中的“Buddha”（佛）等词汇在各自的文化中具有独特的地位和意义。

而诸如“Zeus”（宙斯）等神话传说中的神祇名称则体现了古希腊文化的特点。

2. 社会习俗与生活习惯社会习俗和生活习惯是形成语言词汇的重要基础。

例如，关于饮食的词汇在英汉两种语言中存在较大差异，反映了不同民族的食物偏好和饮食文化。

此外，节日庆典、婚丧嫁娶等社会习俗也在语言中得到了体现。

3. 历史典故与成语典故历史典故和成语典故是语言中的瑰宝，它们承载着丰富的文化信息。

英汉礼貌用语的语用差异
李琼;董洪杰
【期刊名称】《宝鸡文理学院学报（社会科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2010(030)005
【摘要】受中西方文化差异的影响及不同的礼貌原则的指导,英汉两种语言虽有相对应的礼貌用语,包括招呼语、称谓语、请求语、谦语和敬语,但却在实际的语用中存在着较大的差异,这些差异的存在往往会导致跨文化交际的中断或失败.因此在跨文化交际中,交际双方要排除母语文化的干扰,正确把握和准确使用礼貌用语,从而达到理想的交际效果.
【总页数】3页(P126-128)
【作者】李琼;董洪杰
【作者单位】陕西师范大学,文学院,陕西,西安,710062;西安文理学院,文学院,陕西,西安,710065
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H195
【相关文献】
1.英汉礼貌用语语用差异 [J], 刘艳芝
2.英汉礼貌用语的语用差异 [J], 陈忠良
3.探析英汉礼貌用语的语用差异及其成因 [J], 丁金珠
4.英汉礼貌用语的语用差异 [J], 陈婷;李素琼
5.英汉礼貌用语的语用差异 [J], 刘艳芝
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

外国语学院语言学导论课程论文课题名称：Contrast in expressions of Politeness between English and Chinese英汉礼貌用语对比学生姓名：学号：专业：英语班级：2011级3班授课教师：AbstractIn intercultural communication, people always are faced with difficulties not only from using different languages but also from different cultural backgrounds. These language barriers often lead to unsuccessful communication. In order for favoring communication, this article will discuss the contrast between English and Chinese politeness principle as well as the communication barriers due to language differences. Key wordsPoliteness, Cultural differences, Intercultural communication1.IntroductionCommunication is the mutual contact between people, and the connection with each other's behavior. Where there are people, where there is human interaction. And at the same time, contact will occur, communicative. People can use language or non-verbal language to express ideas or share feelings. However, this communication process is very complex. People's verbal communication is always influenced by many non-linguistic factors.In the cross-cultural communication of English speakers and Chinese speakers, communication isn’t often smooth, because the two sides do not understand their cultural background. For better communication, British linguist Leach made the famous "Politeness Principle".As a universal phenomenon in all societies, politeness is what people of different cultural backgrounds all try to observe for the purpose of increasing communicative competence. Being an important element in intercultural communication, politeness helps establish, maintain or consolidate harmonious interpersonal relationships, and reduces conflicts and misunderstandings. Therefore, principles of politeness in different cultures should be realized by students. This thesis intends to discuss the exhibition of cultural differences on politeness to help Chinese learners have a better understanding of different principles of politeness in English. Besides, this paper is to explore efficient means to teach students to use English in the polite way in order tocommunicate effectively and efficiently.2.Contrast in expressions of Politeness between English andChineseCultural differences in everyday conversation refer to the differences in habits and rules in communication between different cultures (Liang Jinghong, 2005). Customs are influenced and shaped by the beliefs and values of people in a certain community. People are brought up in community and they are so accustomed to their ways of doing things that they cannot accept different actions for achieving the same goal. Therefore, in this part, differences of politeness such as addressing, greeting, complimenting between English and Chinese are to be discussed.2.1Communicating TopicsIn Chinese culture, between colleagues, between students, between friends almost all kinds of topics are reasonable in talking, such as work, health, salary, marriage, age and so on. However, in English-speaking countries, people often just talk about the weather, work, hobbies and other topics. It also can be more free and open to talk about pregnancy and even sex. But some topic on marital status, children, income, religion and others which belong to the "privacy content" should be ignored. When Chinese people express concern for the health of others, they often ask the health condition of others straightly and make some advisory recommendations. While in English-speaking countries, when people ask the health condition, the tone should be tactful and sincere. When the other does not need you to give your advice, do not put forward proposals.2.2AddressingName is the address form which communication is relied on. Different languages have different address forms. The address forms can reflect different national cultures. Chinese attaches great importance to human kinship. Respect is very essential in Chinese culture. When younger people address the elders, they should call them "grandfather", "grandmother" and other titles to replace their name, not by their name. The same situation with calling teachers, students in China must call them “teacher”, that is sir or madam. But in western countries, teachers can be called by their names. Terms of family relationshipsare only used for relatives in English. But in Chinese, they are not only used for relatives, but also for non-relatives. For example, the young in China always call the women who are elder than them “sister” or “aunt” and those men “brother” or “uncle”.2.3 Greeting and FarewellGreetings are used every day, but they are not conducted in the same way in different cultures. When westerners meet an acquaintance, they often greet each other with “Hello”, “Hi”, or “How are you?” But a Chinese will say “chi le ma?” (Have you eaten?), or “qu na li ?” (Where are you going?). When a native English speaker hears those, he or she may interpret it as an invitation to dinner or interference in his or her personal affairs. So when interacting with foreigners, Chinese should pay more attention. In English, the common ways of greeting are “Good morning”, “Hi”, “Hello”, “How are you?”, and “How is everything going?”When acquaintances part, the English speakers may say “Goodbye”, “See you”, and “Good luck”. Differently,in Chinese, when a guest leaves, the host will show the guest to th e door and say “man zou” (Walk slowly.), “zou hao” (Take care.), or “yi lu shun feng” (Have a nice trip.). But none of these can be directly translated into English.2.4Compliments and ResponsesIn cross-cultural communication, since English speakers and Chinese speakers have different politeness principle to praise or compliment, communicative disorders produce inevitably. Expressions such as “hen hao, bu cuo, hen bang” in Chinese are often used, which mean “great, good, terrific” in English. However, there d o exist some cultural differences in compliments between English and Chinese. One difference lies in who can be complimented. It is usual for an American woman to praise her husband, talking about how hard he works and how well he has done. She might do the same about a son or a daughter of hers. In the English-speaking countries, one can praise one’s family members. But we Chinese people seldom compliment our family members in front of others. The Chinese are polite rather than honest while the westerners tend to be frank and direct. The other difference lies in what can be complimented. It is quite common for a male English speaker to compliment females on her good looks. But in China, praising a man on his wife’s looks will be regarded as indecent, and ev en a taboo. When responding tocompliments, westerners tend to accept the compliments naturally by saying “Thank you!” In contrast, Chinese generally murmur something implying that he or she is not worthy of the praise in order to show modesty, because modesty is considered as a kind of traditional virtue. In China, modesty is the best policy, but to westerners, honesty is the best policy (Luo Ningxia, 2000).2.5 ApologiesBoth Chinese and English have expressions for apologies. For example, there are “dui bu qi”, “bao qian”, “hen yi han”in Chinese and “I am sorry”, and “Excuse me” in English. But generally speaking, English speakers apologize more often than the Chinese people by saying “Excuse me” preceding a request or an interruption. When they want to push their way out of the crowd, leave a dinning table to the toilet, stop a stranger to ask for direction, and even when they need to answer the phone, they would usually say this. But in China, “dui bu qi”, “hen yi han” are very often used only when they feel sympathetic or when they need to bother others. In English, “Excuse me” can also be heard when someone sneezes or hiccups. This is quite different from Chinese culture.2.6 TaboosTaboo expressions exist in nearly all cultures, and inappropriate use of taboo language will cause obstacles in communication. Expressions concerning some phenomenon are considered as taboos in both Chinese and English cultures such as human’s excreta and death. But generally speaking, there are more taboos in English than in Chinese. English-speaking people place a higher value on privacy. Therefore, some topics would be considered as privacy and it is impolite to mention these topics. For instance, asking others about age, especially a woman’s age, is regarded as impolite in western cultures. Besides age, other topics such as income, marital status, and religion are also sensitive topics which may likely cause offense. Chinese sometimes talk about health and express their concern by giving some advice such as “Have a rest.”,“Put on more clothes and drink more water.” However, English speakers will feel uncomfortable on hearing these words. According to English culture, they are independent adults and are supposed to be able to take care of themselves. Such expressions as “Put on more clothes” seem to deny their ability of taking care of themselves. On this occasion, expressions such as “Look after yourself.”, “Hopeyou will be better soon.” sound better to them.3ConclusionIn summary, politeness is a social phenomenon, and generally exist in a variety of languages. Different cultures have different standards of politeness and expression. In cross-cultural communication, the students should try to avoid misunderstanding of courtesy, make relationships closer, and promote communication between people with different cultures. Teachers in English teaching should seize the opportunity to import the culture of English-speaking countries to the students. It is hoped that English learners will attach great importance to the communicative functions of the target language so that they will realize the importance of using polite language appropriately, and then their pragmatic competence of target language will be greatly improved.This paper does not aim to cover all aspects of politeness in EFL teaching. Its ideas and arguments are far from mature. But it is our sincere hope that through a careful study of politeness in FL classroom, we can achieve a more effective teaching and improve students’ communicative competence.BibliographyBrown, P. & S, Levinson. (1978). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Gu, Yueguo. (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, (2), 237-257.Hinkel, E. (1999). Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.Swan, M. (1980). Practical English Usage. London: Oxford University Press.。

英汉礼貌原则对比分析,英语其它论文A Comparative Study of Politeness Principle in Chinese and English Culture[Abstract] As we all know, different people hold different views about politeness and different cultures may lead to pragmatic differences. Because of the cultural differences, sometimes what the Chinese people consider to be polite may not be true according to western culture. To be polite, there are some principles to follow, such as H. P. Grice’s Cooperative Principle, Geoffrey N. Leech’s Politeness Principle, and in China, there are Prof. Gu Yueguo’s five notions of politeness based on the Chinese conception of limao. This paper briefly describes these principles, and also makes a comparative study on Politeness Principle in Chinese and English cultures. Besides, this paper also attempts to shed light on some of the pragmatic differences on politeness between Chinese and western cultures, indicating that typical Chinese and English politeness principles are similar to each other in nature but the differences between them are also playing a significant role in intercultural speech interaction. At the end, this paper analyses another maxim—Culture Self-identity Maxim, and indicates that grammatical mistakes in intercultural communication can be forgiven, but improper use of language can often cause misunderstandings and embarrassments. So the comparative study of Politeness Principle in Chinese and English cultures becomes more important. Meanwhile, to be familiar with the different cultural backgrounds and to choose the right politeness maxims during communication are also very important.[Key Words] politeness; politeness principle; pragmatics differences; intercultural communication英汉礼貌原则对比分析【摘要】众所周知，不同的人对礼貌持有不同的观点,而不同的文化又会导致语用差异。

A Comparative Study of Polite Discourses betweenChinese and Western Cultures闫晶 2010103010231摘要：礼貌的表现方式在不同的文化中是达不相同的，它与某一特定社会群体的典型行为密切相关。

总的来说，礼貌用语中的称呼语、问候语与告别语、致谢语、抱歉语以及赞扬语在人们的日常生活中扮演着重要角色。

本文对中西礼貌用语进行了具体而详尽的比照与分析，并概括了不同文化之间的礼貌用语存在差异的原因，即是由于不同的历史文化背景和不同的价值取向造成的。

通过分析比较中西文化下的礼貌用语差异，人们可以更好的学习英语，同时对于跨文化交际有一个更深层次的了解。

关键词：礼貌用语；文化；价值取向Abstract:The expressive ways of politeness are different from culture to culture and are closely associated with the typical behaviors of some particular social groups. Generally, politediscourses such as address, greeting and leave-taking, thanks, apology and compliment play avital role in people’s daily life. This paper makes a detailed contrast and analysis to the politediscourses between Chinese and English cultures, and summarizes the reasons for thedifferences of the polite discourses— different historical and cultural background and differentvalue orientation. According to the analysis, people can learn English better as well as have adeeper understanding of cross-cultural communication.Key words:polite discourses; culture; value orientationIntroductionPeople all communicate with others all the time. No matter how well they understand each other, communication is hard. “Culture” is often at the root of communi cation challenges. The culture influences how people approach problems, and how they participate in groups and in communities. When they participate in groups they are often surprised at how differently people approach their work together.People’s histori es are a critical piece of their culture. Historical experience—whether offive years ago or of ten generation back—shape who they are. Knowledge of your history can help you understand yourself and one another better. Exploring the ways in which various groups with our society have related to each other is the key to opening channels for cross-cultural communication. This thesis is intended to compare different expressive ways of politeness in Chinese culture with that in English culture to have a better understanding of the polite discourses with different cultures. Through the brief analysis, it can be concluded that it is the historical and cultural background and different value orientation that determines the dissimilarities of polite discourses under different cultural contexts. Learning the relationship between language and culture and how that influences communication and understanding will help people participate in groups in an easy and friendly way.1. The different expressive ways of polite discoursesThere are various languages with different meanings in the world. People from different cultures might misunderstand each other because they don’t have a good knowledge of the differences of politeness. Here are some detailed examples of polite discourses to analyze the behaviors in different cultures by which people can improve their ability to communicate with others.1.1 AddressThe forms of address in every language reflect social status of the speaker, of the addressee, of the relationship between them. As far as English and Chinese forms of address are concerned, each has a system of its own due to the different cultures they have derived from. Generally speaking, there three noticeable differences between Chinese and English address systems which are likely to cause problems for intercultural communication.First, a proper Chinese name is arranged in the order of surname plus given name(s). An English name, however, is arranged in reverse order from the Chinese. The English first name (equivalent to the Chinese given name), is a non-kin public address term. So, in English, the usual forms of address for the English teacher are as follows: Mr. Lewis, or Andrew. (not: Teacher Lewis, Mr. Andrew, etc )Second, some Chinese kinship terms have extended and generalized usage. This is not thecase of English counterparts. For example, a child may call a policeman 警察叔叔(police uncle), a young street peddler may address a middle-aged female customer as 大姐. Yeye (grandpa), nainai (grandma) can be used to address people who have no familiar relation with the addresser. We may say that in Chinese culture kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown people, with the appropriate use of kin terms reflecting a person’s politeness, respectfulness, and friendliness.The third difference is that most occupational titles can be used as address terms in Chinese, but their English equivalents are not necessarily used in the same manner. Look at a talk exchange which actually occurred between a Chinese student (C) and an English teacher (E): C: Teacher, how do you do?E: How do you do? Where do you teach?C: No, I’m not a teacher. I’m a student.Here, C was using “teacher”as an address term, which was interpreted by E as a self-introduction.The three differences also reveal the Chinese system of forms of address has been dominated by status and politeness norms for many years. In contrast, with the gradual rise of domestic ideology, and equality increasingly become prevalent in forms of address in English.1.2 Greeting and leave-takingPeople of different cultures have different ways of greeting and leave-taking. One can’t start a talk without greeting, and one can’t keep on the relationship without bidding farewell at leave-taking.Giving regards to others directly, this is characterized in English. English has “Good morning” and “Good afternoon”. In Chinese culture there are similar structures, such as “你身体好吗?”(How are you?) and “近来怎么样”(How are you keeping recently?). Commenting weather is the most often used in English, but when Chinese friends meet on street, they greet one another by saying “去哪呀?”(Where are you going?) around meal time, a common greeting is “吃过了吗?”(Have you had your meal?). These greetings, encoded as greeting in Chinese culture, are often decoded in Western culture, as preliminary to a requestfor information in the first case and to an invitation to a meal in the latter.In Western culture, it is common to indulge in a couple of minutes’ talk, as preparation for leaving. This maybe the along the lines of: “Well, it’s been lovely to see you again, but I must be going soon. I hope we’ll be able to get together again before long. While it is customary for the Chinese guest to say “慢走”, “走好”, etc. The host usually insists on seeing his guest off, while the guest tries to decline. Here again, what is considered as an act of politeness in Chinese culture might be regarded as a face-threatening act in Western culture. To Westerners,a smile and a gesture of farewell would be enough.1.3 ThanksHow to respond to thanks is also associated with cultural norms. Below is an example showing how Chinese native speakers and English native speakers may respond to thanks differently in the same situation.Chinese Customer: Thank you for your excellent service.English waiter: Don’t mention it.Chinese waiter: This is what I should do.The above example demonstrates that the Chinese response is associated with a sense of duty, which to the Chinese is a moral obligation. To say that what you have done is what you should do shows that you are modesty and courteous, since the response indicates that one need not to be thanked for what one should do. In comparison, the modesty and courtesy that the English native speaker’s response reflect is not linked with moral obligation. English may feel upset and offended since English’s interpretation of Chinese’s response is that Chinese is obliged to do so rather than do it willingly.1.4 ApologiesApologizing is a speech act addressed to the offended person’s face-needs and intended to remedy an offense and thus to restore the friendship between the two. However, people in different cultures have different ways of expressing apology.For the Chinese, apology most often occurs between people of unequal social status and it is usually the person with less power apologizes to the person with more power, e.g. students to their teachers, employees to employers. But for the native English speakers, an apology isnecessary whenever inconvenience or offence is made with little consideration of the status or social power of the people concerned. For example, a manager will say sorry if s/he has to answer a phone call during a conversation with his or her clerk.In responding to an apology in both English and Chinese, one can reject the need for apologizing. But in English society, what the hearer can not do is to accept the apology; whereas in Chinese society, it is perfectly polite to accept the apology by saying “我接受你的抱歉”。

汉英翻译中的语用失误与矫正方法在国际交流和商业合作中，汉英翻译是必不可少的。

然而，由于两种语言和文化的差异，翻译过程中难免出现语用失误。

本文旨在介绍汉英翻译中常见的语用失误和矫正方法，希望能够提高翻译质量和双方沟通效果。

一、语用失误的种类1. 词汇选择不当在词汇选择上，会受到语言和文化习惯的影响。

特别是一些习惯用语或俗语，可能并不在对方的文化中存在，或者其意思与中文有所差别，导致不恰当的词汇选择。

例如，“老师”在中文中是对教师的尊称，但在英文中是专指大学教授，翻译时要根据具体情况进行选择。

2. 句式结构不当句式结构也是导致语用失误的常见原因之一。

中英两种语言的句式结构不同，在进行翻译时需要加以考虑。

例如，在中文中，经常会使用倒装结构，但在英文中则不常见，如果不熟悉英文的句式结构，就容易出现翻译错误。

3. 礼貌用语不当中英两种语言的礼貌用语也存在很大的差异。

在面对不同场合时，需要使用不同的礼貌用语表达。

例如，在中文中，使用尊称来表示对长辈或上级的尊重，但在英文中，则可能更注重使用谦虚和礼貌用语来表达尊重。

4. 文化差异引起的误解由于中英两种语言和文化的差异，可能导致存在不同的表达方式和语言习惯。

这样的差异可能导致翻译错误或者误解。

例如，“知音”是一种中文文化习惯，表示找到了志同道合的好朋友，但英文并没有这样的对应表达。

二、矫正方法1. 只做原意翻译是不够的在进行汉英翻译时，仅仅将原意翻译过来是不够的。

应该根据目标语言的语境和文化背景，选择恰当的词汇和句式，使得翻译结果流畅、自然而不失原义。

2. 注重语言的文化差异在跨文化交流中，注重语言的文化差异是至关重要的。

在翻译时，需要知道两种语言的习惯用语和礼貌用语的差异，并在相应的场合使用合适的表达方式。

3. 使用适当的语境和例子为了使汉英翻译更具有可行性和普适性，建议采用适当的语境和例子加以说明。

通过一些具体的例子可以更加清晰地表达翻译的意思，并且帮助读者更好地理解和接受。

《长江丛刊》2018.0475英汉礼貌用语的对比分析■贾永胜／兰州理工大学外国语学院摘　要：本文基于礼貌原则和面子理论，对英汉礼貌用语就问候语、称赞语表达方式及其应答方面进行了对比分析，有助于避免语用失误，促进跨文化交际的成功。

关键词：礼貌用语　对比　礼貌原则　面子理论一、前言礼貌，作为一种社会现象，是现代语言学的一个重要课题。

作为一种社会润滑剂，礼貌用语的恰当使用在人类社会文化中扮演着关键作用。

但是，语言与文化密切相关，由于不同国家之间文化不同，因此文化间的差异也能导致礼貌用语的不同使用。

因此，本文主要借助Leech 的礼貌原则和Brown &Levinson 的面子理论对英汉间礼貌用语进行对比分析，从而促进不同语言间人们的交际有效进行。

二、文献回顾礼貌用语是一种普遍的社会现象，因此学者们从不同视角探究礼貌用语，如：社会语言学、心理学、语用学、跨文化交际等。

在礼貌用语这一方面，国外学者开始研究的早些。

Lakoff 是最早从语用学角度开始研究礼貌用语，他认为礼貌是一种策略，能够减少人际交际中的摩擦。

基于对礼貌的研究，Leech 认为“礼貌是旨在建立和维护礼让的行为方式”，并且提出了礼貌原则。

Goffman 首次提出了面子，他认为“面子是交际中神圣的东西，如果想要维护自己的面子，就得同样关心别人的面子”。

基于面子，Brown 和Levinson 两位学者提出了面子理论，从社会语言学角度分析了礼貌现象，并将面子分为积极面子和消极面子，并系统探讨了面子中的礼貌策略的选择。

Kasper 认为“礼貌是指交际中的策略，用于减少对抗性和化解危险”。

近几年来，“对面子的研究已不再局限于与礼貌关系的研究，而是更关注于不礼貌现象与面子的关系”。

Bousfield 在《交际中的不礼貌》中分别从言语层面、语篇层面、日常会话话轮系统层面探讨了不礼貌的动态性，为研究不礼貌现象提供了新视角。

由于全球化的影响，礼貌用语在跨文化领域也比较突显，因此本文通过探讨英汉间由于文化差异而引起的礼貌用语表达及应答方面的差异，从而促进跨文化交际的成功。

英汉礼貌用语对比研究开题报告英汉礼貌用语对比研究开题报告一、研究背景礼貌用语在交际中扮演着重要的角色，不同语言和文化中的礼貌用语也存在差异。

中英两种语言的礼貌用语存在着许多不同之处，由于文化背景和社会习俗等方面的差异，这些不同之处可能引起交际的不便，因此有必要对这些差异进行研究。

二、研究目的本研究的目的是通过对英汉礼貌用语的对比研究，探讨中英两种语言在交际中的礼貌用语的不同表达方式和应用情况，以期提高跨文化交际能力。

三、研究方法本研究采用对比研究法，即对中英两种语言中的礼貌用语进行对比研究，探讨它们在交际中的使用方式和文化背景等方面的差异。

具体方法包括：1. 收集相关文献资料，对中英两种语言的礼貌用语进行分类整理。

2. 通过对比分析，探究中英两种语言中常用的礼貌用语表达方式的异同。

3. 通过问卷调查等方法，了解不同文化背景下人们对礼貌用语的认知和运用情况。

四、研究内容1. 中英礼貌用语的基本特征中英两种语言的礼貌用语存在着一些基本特征的差异。

中文的礼貌用语通常表现为比较简单的语言形式，而英文的礼貌用语则通常使用比较复杂的语言形式。

例如，在表示感谢的时候，中文通常使用“谢谢”这样的简单语言表达，而英文则可能使用“I really appreciate your help”这样的复杂语言表达。

2. 中英礼貌用语的语言形式中英两种语言中常用的礼貌用语语言形式也存在着差异。

例如，中文中常用的“您好”、“对不起”、“请问”等礼貌用语，在英文中则通常使用“hello”、“sorry”、“excuse me”等表达方式。

3. 中英礼貌用语的运用情况中英两种语言的礼貌用语的运用情况也存在差异。

例如，在商务场合中，中文中的“谈判”可能表示比较强3. 研究方法3.1 数据来源本研究所采用的数据主要来源于现代汉语和英语语料库，包括经典文学作品、报刊杂志、社交媒体等多种文本类型。

通过电子检索工具，收集大量语言数据，并对其进行筛选和分类，以确保数据的质量和有效性。

汉英翻译中的语用失误随着全球化的发展，翻译已成为人们不可缺少的工具。

汉英翻译作为跨文化交流的一种方式，在商务、文学、科技等各个领域都扮演着重要的角色。

然而，由于语言差异和文化背景的不同，汉英翻译中存在着诸多问题，其中之一便是语用失误。

语用失误是指在翻译过程中，因转换语言和文化差异等原因，翻译者在表达意思时使用了不当的语用方式，从而产生误解或甚至引起冲突。

本文将从多个方面来探讨汉英翻译中的语用失误。

一、文化差异文化差异是导致语用失误最主要的原因之一。

由于中文和英文的语言和文化背景的差异，翻译者在翻译时可能会出现一些误解。

比如，在汉语中，“讲究人情”的意思是人际关系更加重要，而在英语中，“讲究人情”可能会被误译为重视礼仪和形式。

此外，在中文中，关注人物的身份和地位是较为常见的，而在英文中，则更注重个体。

因此，在翻译时需要结合文化背景和习惯惯例来进行翻译，才能更好地传达意思，减少语用失误的发生。

二、语言差异语言差异是造成语用失误的另一个因素。

中英两种语言在表达方式和语调、语气上都存在差异，这也就决定了汉英翻译过程中容易出现语义差异。

比如，在中文中，“听不懂”更强调的是个体能力，而在英文中，“听不懂”则更可能是听到的信息不够明确。

此外，在英文中，虚词的使用比中文更为频繁。

翻译时需要注意虚词搭配和语境，以便更准确地表达原文的意思。

三、性别歧视在翻译中，性别歧视也是常见的语用失误之一。

由于两种语言在语法和句式上的不同，翻译中可能会出现性别歧视的问题。

例如，在英文中，“he”和“she”是常见的代词，但在中文中通常用“他”来代替这两种情况。

因此，在翻译中，需要注意使用准确的代词或者重新建立句子，避免性别歧视的出现。

四、语用规范语用规范也是导致语用失误的一个方面。

在中英两种语言中，语用规范有所不同。

例如，在英语中，“thank you”和“you're welcome”是常用的礼貌用语，而在中文中则更加重视礼仪和形式。

潘文国汉英语对比纲要潘文国汉英语对比纲要潘文国汉英语对比是一种对于汉语和英语之间的语言结构、语义和语用上的对比。

通过对比发现两种语言的相似之处和不同之处，可以帮助学习者更好地掌握两种语言之间的差异，从而提高语言运用能力。

以下是潘文国汉英语对比的相关参考内容：一、语言结构1. 词序差异：汉语是一种主谓宾的语序，而英语是一种主谓宾的语序。

比如：我喜欢吃苹果（汉语）- I like eating apples (英语)。

2. 语法差异：汉语没有人称和数的变化，而英语中动词要根据人称和数的不同进行变化。

比如：她走路很快（汉语）- She walks fast (英语)。

3. 冠词差异：英语中有定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的区分，而汉语没有冠词的概念。

比如：我买了一本书（汉语）- I bought a book (英语)。

二、语义差异1. 词义差异：由于中英文的文化和历史背景不同，同一个词在两种语言中的含义可能会有所不同。

比如：饭（汉语）可以表示用餐，而meal（英语）则可以表示一餐饭。

2. 表达方式差异：由于中英文的表达方式不同，同样的事物在两种语言中的表达方式也会不同。

比如：我累了（汉语）- I am tired (英语)。

3. 文化背景差异：由于中英文的文化背景不同，同一概念在两种语言中的表达方式也会有所不同。

比如：春节（汉语）- Chinese New Year (英语)。

三、语用差异1. 礼貌用语差异：由于中英文的礼貌用语不同，同一场景在两种语言中的表达方式也会不同。

比如：欢迎你来我们家做客（汉语）- Welcome to our house (英语)。

2. 言语习惯差异：由于中英文的言语习惯不同，同一种表达方式在两种语言中的使用可能会有所区别。

比如：谢谢（汉语）- Thank you (英语)。

3. 文化差异：由于中英文的文化差异，同一种表达方式在两种语言中的使用也会有所差异。

比如：恭喜发财（汉语）- Wish you a prosperous year (英语)。