英汉对比研究 （连淑能）
Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese
Chapter 1 综合语与分析语( Syntactic vs. Analytic)
1. 综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系。A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and
systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”。如拉丁语，德语，古英语。(in word level)
2. 分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用语序及虚词来表达语法关系。An analytic language is “characterized by a
relatively frequent use of functional words,auxiliary verbs,and changes in word order to express syntactic
relations,rather than of inflected forms”。如汉语。Chinese is an isolating/analytic language. (in sentence level)
3. Modern English is a syntactic-analytic language.(综合-分析语）English has got rid of most of its inflections, and
expresses grammatical relations by devices like prepositions and auxiliary verbs and by the order of its words.
4. 实词：content words/full words/notion words
由于形成和发展历程各异,英汉语言各具特点,这种差异虽然使语言本身丰富多采,但同时又给各自的学习者造成了障碍。尤其是对于我们中国学英语的人来说,有时觉得自己的话措辞、语法都没有错,可是总觉得有汉语味,为什么呢?恐怕在许多情况下都是由于对英汉语言的差异缺乏敏感造成的。从语言学的角度来说,英汉语言之间最重要的区别特征莫过于形合(hypotaxis)和意合(parataxis)之分(Nida,1982:16)。
形合(hypotaxis)和意合(Parataxis)是语言表现法。 现代语言学先驱王力《中国语法理论》一书中指出,形合和意合是语言的两种基本组织手段。“形合”(hypotaxis),又称“显性”(explicitness/overtness),指借助语言形式,主要包括词汇手段和形态手段,实现词语或句子的连接“意合”(parataxis),也称“隐性”(implicitness/covertness)或“零形式连接”,指不借助于语言形式,而借助于词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现语篇内部的连接。形合”注重语言形式上的接应，意合注重意义上的连贯。
我们可以从形合和意合看出汉英语言的不同特点：
1、形态方面。英语重形合,属屈折语(inflectional language),靠词形变化组句,运用形态变化来表达语法关系。如英语名词有单、复数之别,非谓语动词形式有不定式、现在分词和过去分词,分别用“to,-ing”及“-ed”的标志加以区分,其形合作用十分精微。而汉语则仅凭词序来决定词在句子中的语法作用及句子的意思,并无任何词形变化。如：“Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees.
Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves
The Comparative Study of Parataxi and Hypotaxis in English and Chinese
I. Introduction
Parataxi and hypotaxis is the most distinguishing features in linguistics between
Chinese and English. Emphasis is laid upon the form in English texture while in
Chinese upon the meaning. This difference in language expression is deeply rooted in
the culture, geography and history of each country. This paper aims at explaining the
difference with examples and finding the the reasons for the difference.
II. The definition of "hypotaxis and parataxis"
Hypotaxis and parataxis are the performance of the language law.
1. The so-called hypotaxis refers to the realization of the connection of the words
or phrases, with the help of language forms (including vocabulary and forms). For
example, I shall despair if you don't come.
英汉语言八大差异对比
Synthetic (E) vs. Analytic (C)
They told me that by the end of the year they would have
been working together for thirty years. Synthetic
他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。 Analytic
Definitions for Synthetic & Analytic Languages
A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and
systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical
relationships. English
An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively
frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and
changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather
than of inflected forms”. Chinese
Features of English as a Synthetic Language
英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰富多采的语言关系和逻辑关系。
性(gender)、数（number)、格(case)、时(tense)、体(aspect)、语态(voice)、语气(mood)、比较级(degree
