2015年GREArgument写作范文(共六篇)

GRE作文ARGUMENTGRE作文ARGUMENT范文Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.1.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper.The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon. To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an apparently increased supply of milk, the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices. Such regulation is necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers.2.The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg.Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Eggs landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years. During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years. Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double. Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted.。

2015年GRE 写作考试(Issue)历届满分官方范文分析指导一"Both the development of technological tools and the uses to which humanity has put them have created modern civilizations in which loneliness is ever increasing."题目分析：核心概念是技术的发展，人们如何利用这些发展（实际上就是人们如何面对它）这两点如何在社会中影响。

题目给出了讨论方向，即要考虑到人们在科技的影响下越来越孤独的问题。

题目限定了时间范围是当代。

注：深红色的字代表论点性语言，是文章论证的核心。

其中的关键字我用粗体表示。

实际上文章的观点只用这些深红色的字就够了，不信的话大家可以把所有深红色的字提出来，全文的脉络就清晰可辨了，如同人的脊梁骨。

黑色的字代表支撑论点的语言。

这里有些是例证，有些是推理证明，个别的有指路标性质的文字我加粗了。

黑色字的作用是使文章更佳的丰满，让人信服。

推理证明就像骨头（小骨头非脊梁骨）,例证就像是肉。

最终组成了有血有肉的文章。

Technology, broadly defined as the use of tools, has a long history. Ever since Erg the caveman first conked an animal with a rock, people have been using technology. For thousands of years, the use of tools allowed people to move ever closer together. Because fields could be cultivated and the technology to store food existed, people would live in cities rather than in small nomadic tribes. 前面的几句话都是在介绍大的背景，即技术在现在这样的社会中有哪些影响，这很明显是在点题目中的“modern civilizations ”，很好的介绍了文章所限制的范围有哪些特点。

1.Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, arch aeologists discovered such a ‘Palean’ basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.一种具有独特花纹的编织篮子以前只在史前村庄Palea的临近地区发现过，因而被认为是Palea居民所独有的。

然而最近，考古学家在一个与Palea隔着一条叫做Brim河的村庄Lithos发现了一个这样的Palea篮子。

新GRE argument 所有题目的中文翻译+提纲☆☆210T "Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy."210. 一致几乎总是磨灭掉个人的创造力和活力。

①在群体中，一致是有好处的。

A当大家目标一致时，效率会更高。

B大家想法一样，气氛比较和谐。

团队合作精神会更高，而这正是今天组织所重视的。

也就是更有活力。

②当团队比较一致时，可以为团队的创造力提供基础。

A团队中的理念为创造力提供了基础。

没有任何基础的创造只能是空想。

B团队中一致的话，会鼓励人们说出自己的观点，其实是鼓励了创造。

③当一致过分了时，毫无疑问会阻碍创造和活力。

Cultural Revolution. Copernicus死了才敢公布他的学说☆☆211T "Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future." 211. 很多人们假设为“事实”的信息实际上都是不准确的。

因此，人们应该怀疑被认为是“事实”的每条信息，因为这些信息有可能在将来被证明是错误的① 的确信息有很多是不正确的 A 有的人为了自己的目的篡改信息 B有得是由于主观立场或技术水平的限制不能得到正确的信息。

② 科技能帮助我们提高认识的客观性。

如：A各种度量单位。

温度用centigrade而不是感觉；速度；B 各种仪器 telescope③ 过分怀疑counterproductive. A 科技将无法发展，我们总是建立在一些理论之上的。

调查问题11.The mayor provides no evidence that the survey’s respondents are representative of the overall group of people whose... [被调查者的代表性]Lacking such evidence, it is entirely possible that people inclined to ... were more willing to respond to the survey than other people were.In short, without better evidence that the survey is statistically reliable[调查的统计是可靠的] the mayor cannot rely on it to draw any firm conclusions about....28.The number of participants, 100, might constitute an insufficiently small sample to draw any reliable conclusions about...Also, the sample might be unrepresentative of district studnets as a group.142.The author provides no evidence that the study’s results are statistically reliable.In order to establish a strong correlation between dietary iron and heart diseases, the study’s sample must be sufficient in size[样本大小] and representative of the overall population of[样本代表性] heart-disease victims.Lacking evidence of a sufficiently representative sample, the author cannot justifiably rely on the study to draw any conclusion whatsoever.144.The author’s conclusions about...depend on the assumption that the poll results are statistically reliable.Yet, the author offers no evidence to substantiate this assumption.The author must show that ... polled constitute a sufficiently large sample of ...[样本大小], and this sample is representative of all such ....[代表性]Otherwise, the author cannot confidently draw any general conclusions about...158.The Council has not convinced me that ... in the survey are representative of ...—in terms of ... It is entirely possible that...The 300 people in the study are not necessarily representative of the state’s general population—in terms of ...For example, perhaps...Or perhaps...In short, lacking evidence that... the Council cannot convince me that...174.The memo provides no evidence that the results of either of the two surveys are statistically reliable.Besides, the memo provides no information about what percentage of ... responded to the surveys[参加调查的人数比例，也是样本大小]; the lower the percentages, the less reliable theresults of the surveys.181.A final problem with the argument involves the two studies themselves. The letter provides no information about how either study was conducted[调查是如何进行的].Without konwing whether the sample of ... was representative of[代表性]the overall ... population ..., it is impossible to confidently apply the studies’ results to that population. Moreover, we are not informed about the size of the sample[样本大小]in either study; the smaller the sample, the less reliable the study’s conclusion.186.A threshold problem with the argument involves the statistical reliability of the survey.The director provides no evidence that the number of respondents is statistically significant[ 样本大小]or that the respondents were representative of ... in general[代表性].Lacking information about the randomness and size of the survey’s sample, the director cannot make a convincing argument based on that survey.Even if the survey’s respondents are representative of the entire population of ..., the argument relies on the assumption that the responses themselves are reliable[被调查者的可信性].Yet the director ignores the possiblility that...Lacking evidence that the respondents’ reports were both truthful and meaningful, the director cannot confidently draw any conclusions about ...from them.188.One problem with the argument is that since the study involved only 48 people it is impossible to confidently draw any conclusions about the general population from it.201.The survey must be shown to be reliable before I can accept any conclusions based upon it. Specifically, the responses must be accurate, and the respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall [样本大小和代表性]...in terms of ... Without evidence of the survey’s reliablity, it is impossible to draw any firm conclucions about ... based on the survey.220.The article’s author has not shown the study upon which the argument denpends to be statistically reliable.The people studied must be representative of the overall population of people who...; otherwise the author cannot draw any firm conclusions about ... based on the study’s results.221.The survey that the argument cites is potentially problematic in three respects.First, we are not informed whether the survey’s respondents were representative of the overall population of . The smaller the sample, the greater the possiblity for biased results, and the less reliable the survey.Second, ... ; yet it is entirely possible that...Third, we are not informed that ...; however, if... , then the survey results would be less reliable than if the survey embraced a wider range of ...The smaller the range the less reliable any general conclusions drawn from the survey.错误因果3.The 15% decline that the author cites is not necessarily due to the vocational preferences of new law-school graduates. It is entirely possible that the number of new graduates preferring to work for large firms has not declined, but that during the last three years Megalopolis’ large firms have had fewer job openings for these graduates. Since the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for the 15% decline, the article’s author cannot make any sound recommendations to law firms based on that decline.19.Assuming that the Megalopolis success was in fact due to DR’s popularity there, the manager overlooks the possibility that Ad Lib’s campaign had nothing to do with that popularity. Perhaps the band recently became overwhelmingly popular due to a new hit song or a revival of the type of music DR plays. Either scenario, if ture, would serve to undermine the manager’s claim that Ad Lib’s efforts are to be credited for the Megalopolis success.26.The chairperson unfairly assumes that the three band awards were attributable to Schade’s abilities and efforts. Lacking evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that Schade was not the school’s band instructor when the band won these awards. Or, perhaps the band won all three awards early in Schade’s tenure, and his predecessor is to be credited. For that matter, perhaps it was the improved quality of the band’s musical instruments that should be credited for the awards.After all, the chairperson provides no evidence that Schade was actually responsible for this improvement. Without considering and ruling out other possible reasons why the band won the awards the chairperson cannot convince me of Schade’s abilities or, in turn, that he should be appointed to the district job.142.Even assuming that the study is statistically reliable, a direct correlation between a high-iron diet and heart disease does not necessarily prove that the former causes the latter. While a high correlation is a strong evidence of a causal relationship, in itself it is not sufficient.The author must also account for all other possible factors leading to heart disease, such as genetic propensity, amount of exercise, and so forth. Lacking evidence that the heart-disease sufferers whom the study observed were similar in all such respects, the author cannot justifiably conclude that a high-iron diet is the primary cause, or even a contributing cause, of heart disease.Similarly, a correlation between a diet that includes large amounts of red meat and heart disease does not necessarily infer a causal relationship.It is possible that red-meat eaters are comparatively likely to incur heart disease due to factors that have nothing to do with the amount of red meat in their diet. Perhaps red-meat eaters are the same people who generally overeat, and it is obesity rather the consumption of red meat specifically causes heart attacks. The author must consider and eliminate this and other possible reasons why red-meat eatersare more likely than other people to suffer from heart disease. Otherwise, I cannot accept the author’s implicit claim that eating red meats is any more likely to cause heart disease than eating other food.156.The ad relies on the unsubstantiated assumption that the Mega employees attending the seminar are positioned to influence Mega’s sales and its customer relations. Perhaps these new employees were hired for production, editorial, personnel positions that have nothing to do with customer relations and that have only an indirect and negligible impact on sales. Without providing evidence that these new employees directly influence Mega’s customer relations and sales, I cannot accept the argument that the Dickens seminar was responsible for any of Mega’s sales or customer-relations improvements subsequent to the seminar.173.The fact that the magazine’s poorest-selling issues were the ones with international cover stories might be explained by a variety of factors.Perhaps international events themselves were not as interesting during those periods.If so, it might be a mistake to refrain from emphasizing international events when those events are interesting enough to stimulate sales. Or perhaps the news magazine is seasonal, or cyclical, and those particular issues would have sold more poorly regardless of the cover story.In short, without ruling out other possible explanations for the relatively poor sales of those particular issues the publisher cannot justifiably conclude that international cover stories were the cause of the relatively poor sales.220.Even if the statistics cited accurately reflect the amount of television people watch compared to the number of fiction, it would be hasty to infer based merely on this fact that the television industry is more profitable than the book-publishing industry. To begin with, the study’s results excluded any data about nonfiction books—a category that might very well constitute book’s publishers’ main profit source. Moreover, the author has not showm any correlation, let alone a cause-and-effect relationship, between the number of hours a person spends watching television and that industry’s profits. In any event, lacking financial statistics about the profitability of the two industries the editorial’s author cannot convince me that writers should follow the author’s recommendation.224.One problem with the argument is that the letter’s author might be assigning a false cause to these statewide trends. The author provides no evidence that Riedeburg’s policies and actions as governor were indeed the reason for these developments. Without such evidence, it is equally possible that other factors are instead responsible for the trends. For instance, perhaps the crime rate has declined due to legislative or judicial action over which Riedeburg had no control. Perhaps the rise in the state’s population is the result of sociological trends that have nothing to do with Riedeburg’s policies as governor. Or perhaps people are moving to the state for other reasons, such as the state’s climate. Moreover, the argument assumes that an increase in population is a positive development in the first place; yet it is entirely possible that the state’sresidents properly view this trend as a negative one. If so,and if Riedeburg’s policies have contributed to this trend, then the author cannot reasonably conclude based on this evidence that Riedeburg is the best-qualified candidate.The author fails to establish the causal relationship between A and B.The author fails to convince us that A contribute B.The author provides no evidence that A is the reason for B.差异概念1.Strong sales of exercise apparel do not necessarily indicate that Plainesville residents would be interested in NW’s products, or that these residents are interested in exercising. Perhaps exercise apparel happens to be fashionable at the moment, or inexpensive compared to other types of clothing. For that matter, the stronger-than-usual sales are due to increasing sales to tourists. In short, without ruling out other possible reasons for the strong sales the vice president cannot convinced me on the basis of them that Plainesville residents are exercising regularly, let alone that they would be interested in buying the sorts of food and other products that NW sells.3.The author faslely equates the proposed tangible incentives with job satisfaction, which is an intangible reward based on the nature of one’s work. Moreover, enhanced job benefits can be tantamount to an enhanced salary, and the shorter working hours amount to a higher hourly wage. Thus if new law-school graduates seeking jobs in Megalopolis are less interested in monetary rewards than in job satisfaction, then the proposed incentives are not likely to entice these graduates.10.The author assumes that an increase in milk prices results in increased profits. However, this is not necessarily the case.It is entirely possible that the costs associated with producing and delivering milk have increased as well over the last ten years. Thus, the strength of the author’s claim of excessive milk-sale profits depends on a cost benefit analysis that the author does not provide.Based on the fact that the number of dairy farms has increased the author infers that the supply of milk has also increased. However, this is not necessarily the case.It is possible that dairy farm production has shifted away from milk to other dairy products, and that the supply of milk has actually declined over this time period. To the extent that this is the case, then the author’s supply-and-demand argument that milk prices are excessive is unconvincing.141.(定义不清)Even assuming CCC’s planed mining activities in West Fredonia will cause pollution and will endangered animal species, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author’s broader contention that CCC’s activities will result in “environmental disaster”, at least without an agreed-upon definition of that term. If by“environmental disaster”the author simply means some pollution and the extinction of several animal species, then the claim would have merit; otherwise, it would not.Absent either a clear definition of the term or clear evidence that CCC’s activities would carry grave environmental consequences by any reasonable definition,the author’s contention that CCC’s activities will result in environmental disaster is simply unjustified.166.（定义不清）A threshold problem involves the definition of insomnia. The speaker fails to define this criticalterm.If insomnia is defined as an inability to fall asleep, then how soundly or long a person sleeps, or how tired a person feels after sleep, is irrelevant to whether the person suffers from insomnia. In short, without a clear definition of insomnia it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.220.The author’s argument depends on the assumption that the frequency with which a person refers in conversation to television, or to fiction books,is a good indication of how much television a persion watches, or how many fiction books a person reads. Yet this is not necessarily the case. Perhaps people tend to refer many times in daily conversation to the same television show. If so, then the statistics cited would overstate the amount of television people watch compared to the number of fiction books they read.过去推将来1.Even assuming that Plainesville residents are strongly interested in eating health foods and health-related products, the recommendation rests on two additional assumptions: (1) that this interest will continue in the foreseeable future, and (2) that Plainesville residents will prefer NW over other mechants that sell similar products. Untill the vice president substantiates both assumptions I remain unconvinced that a NW store in Plainesville would be profitable.161.The argument does not indicate how much time passed between the two studies. During a sufficiently long interim period the demographic makeup of Leeville might have changed, or the reading habits of the first study study’s respondents might have changed. In other words, the longer the time between studies the less reliable the conclusion that respondents in the first study misrepresented their reading habits.208.The author’s projection also ignores the possibility that the number of area residents will increase in the future,thereby resulting in an increase in electricity usage regardless of whether more efficient appliances are used in area homes.Without taking into account these possibilities, the author cannot persuade me that total demand for electricity will not increase in the future.A final problem involves the assertion that no new electric power plants are needed because the three existing plants, which are 20 years old, have always been adequate for the area’s electric needs. The author fails to account for the possibility that the old plants are themselves less energy efficient than a new plants using new technology would be, or that the old plants need to be replaced due to their age, or for some other reason. Besides, this assertion ignores the possible influx of residents or businesses in the future, thereby increasing the demand for electricity beyond what the three existing plants can meet.236.The author’s inference that incentives which were effective in the past will also be effective in the future rests on poor assumption that during the last 18 months all conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged. Perhaps the general economy is expected to turn down. Or perhaps other cities have recently begun to provide similar incentives. Indeed, the fact that Dillton is already providing these incentives might actually portend failure for Beauville, which might need to devise even stronger incentives to convince businesses to move to Beauville rather than Dillton.错误类比19.(错误类比或草率推广)Even if Ad Lib’s serves are necessary to chieve the manage’s goal, it is entirely possible that[the experiences/measures/policy in A]Ad Lib’s service would not suffice to ensure similar [the result in B] sucess elsewhere—due to the sort of factors mentioned above that might have contributed to[the result in A] the Megalopolis success but would not come into play in other cities.152.The mere fact that on nearby Batia replenishing beach sand has served to protect shore-line buildings is scant evidence that Tria would achieve its goals by following Batia’s example. Perhaps the same course of action would be ineffective on Tria due to geological differences between the two islands. Or perhaps Batia is in a far better position than Tria financially to replenish its sand on a continual basis. In short, lacking evidence that conditions on the two islands are relevantly similar, the author cannot convince me on the basis of Batia’s experience that the proposed course of action would be effective in attaining Tria’s goals.155.The editorial continues by claiming that listening to audiocassettes will make children better readers beacuse when parents read aloud to their children these children become better readers. This argument by analogy is wholly unpersuasive.The latter allows for interaction between parent and child, while the former does not. The latter allows for the child to view written words as the parent reads—that is, to read—while the former does not. Besides, common sense and experience tell us that audiocassettes, which provide for passive listening, are likely to serve as crutches that dissuade children from active reading—instead of encouraging them to read.160.A threshold problem with the argument is that it assumes that what improves memory and learning in rats will also improve memory and learning in humans. Although this is entirely possible, the argument provides no evidence to support this assumption. Without such evidence the argument can be rejected out of hand.162.The argument assumes that the difference in soy consumption is the only possible explanation for this disparity in the occurrence of fatigue and depression. Yet the argument fails to substantiate this mon sence informs me that any one of a myriad of other differences—environmental, dietary, and genetic—might explain why North Americans suffer from these problems to a great extent than asians do. Without considering and ruling out alternative reasons for this disparity, the argument’s conclusion that soy is the key to the disparity is indefensible.168.Even assuming that the survey data accurately reflect the auto industry, the argument unfairly assumes that supervision affects worker productivity similarly at PPC. Perhaps PPC employs certain unique equipment or processes that require close worker supervision—even for older, more experienced workers. For that matter[同样] pehaps youth or inexperienced is an advantage in working productively at PPC, whereas in the auto industry either is a disadvantage. In short, without accounting for possible differences between PPC and auto manufacturers the director cannot convince me that his recommendation for PPC is sound.210.The argument depends on the hasty assumption that the kinds of tasks robots perform in space are similar to the ones they would perform in factories, and that there are no differences between the two environments that would render robots less effective in factory jobs than in space missions. Perhaps the effectiveness of robots in space missions is due largely to the weightless environment of space. Or perhaps the average space-mission robot performs less work than a typical factory robot would be required to work. In either case, the fact that robots are effective in space would amount to scant support for the author’s argument.214.(错误类比及总量和比例混淆)A Third assumption upon which the argument rests is that the percentage of residents who attend public schools is about the same in both cities.The argument indicates only that the total population of the two cities is about the same.If a comparatively small percentage of Blue City residents attend public schools, then the comparatively small amount of money Blue City devotes to those schools might be well justified despite an equal level of concern about the quality of public-school education among residents in the two cities.整体规律不一定适用于个体23.The nationwide study showing clear trends among two-income families toward dining out and eating healthily does not necessarily apply to Bay City. It is quite possible that Bay City’s two-income families do not follow these gereral trends. For that matter, in Bay City the trend might be just the opposite.Thus, the nationwide trends that the argument cites amount to scant evidence that Bay City residents in particular would frequent a new seafood restaurant in their city.148.The author unfairly assumes that the nationwide tendency applies specifically to Monroetown residents. Lacking evidence that Monroetown voters reflect this general tendency, it is entirely possible that Monreotown residents vote strictly according to their position on the issues.For that matter(同样), it is possible that Monreotown voters tend strongly to vote against incunbent, in which case the author’s claim that Monreotown residents oppose Brown’s proposal would more flagrantly fly in the face of the election results.单个实例不能适用于整体19.Even assuming that either DR’s popularity or AD Lid’s campaign, or both, were responsible for the Megalopolis success, the manager’s calim that this success can be repeated elsewhere might nevertheless be unwarranted. Megalopolis might not be representative of most cities in which DR plans to appear—in any one of various ways that would adversely impact ticket sales in other cities. For instance, perhaps DR hails from Megalopolis and has far more fans in Megalopolis than any other city. Or, perhaps the kind of ad campaign that is Ad Lib’s specialty, although effective in Megalopolis, would not be effective in most cities.150.Even if I were to concede that pollution caused Yosemite’s amphibian decline, this single sample is insufficient to draw any general conclusion about the reason for a worldwide amphibian decline. It is entirely possible that the cause-and-effect relationship in Yosemite are not typical of the world in general. Without additional samples from diverse geographic locations, I cannot accept the author’s sweeping generalization about the decline of amphibian and global pollution.176.The memo unfairly assumes that since Venadial is popular in Alta it will also be popular in other countries. Consumer tastes in foods like margarine, as well as concerns about health matters such as cholesterol level, vary widely from country to country. It is quite possible that consumers in Alta enjoy the taste of Venadial more than other consumers would, or that consumers in Alta are more concerned than the average person about cholesterol level and heart attack. Since the memo provides no evidence tha t tastes and health concerns of Alta consumers are representative of those of people generally, the sale’s director’s conclusion that Venadial will be popular elsewhere is unjustifiable, at least based on the memo.没有考虑其他相关因素11.The argument overlooks the strong possibility that the recycling habits of West Egg residents are not the only factor affecting how quickly the landfill will reach capacity. Other such factors might include population and demographic shifts, the habits of people from outside West Egg whose trash also feeds the landfill, and the availability of alternative disposal methods such as burning. Thus, regardless of the recycling efforts West Egg residents the landfill might nevertheless reach full capacity by the date originally forecast.18.The argument assumes that all other factors affecting highway accident rates have remained unchanged since the county lowered its speed limit. Yet the author fails to provide evidence to support this assumption. It is entirely possible that the lower speed limit does in fact serve to reduce the accident rate, while some other factor, such as unseasonably poor weather, reduced law enforcement measures, or even an influx of teenage drivers to the area, has served to increase the accident rate.Without considering and ruling out these and other factors that might have served to increase the accident rate since the speed limit was lowered, the author cannot justifiably conclude that this safety effort has failed.19.The manager also overlooks the possibility that one or more factors other than Ad Lib’s efforts or DR’s popularity were instead responsible for the Megalopolis success. For instance, perhaps DR shared the bill at the concert with another band, whose appearance was the actual reason for the concert’s success. If so, this fact would seriously weaken the manager’s claim that the Megalopolis success is attributable to Ad Lib’s efforts and to DR’s popularity in Megalopolis—whether or not that popularity resulted form Ad Lib’s campaign.150.Even if I concede that the introduction of trout was not the cause of Yosemite’s amphibian decline, the author provides no evidence that the decline was caused by pollution—rather than some other phenomenon. Perhaps some other environmental factor was instead the cause. Without ruling out all other possible explanations the author cannot convince me that pollution is the cause of the worldwide amphibian decline—or even the decline in Yosemite alone.156.Even if Mega’s attendees are involved in sales and customer relations, the ad unfarily assumes that the improvement in Mega’s sales must be attribute to the seminar.Perhaps the improvement in sales was the result of increasing product demand, new pricing policies, decreased competition, or any one of a myriad of other possible developments. For that matter, perhaps Mega’s new employees as a group already possessed exceptional interpersonal skills, and therefore Mega’s sales and customer relations would have improved during the ensuring months regardless of the seminar. Since the ad fails to consider and rule out these and other alternative explanations for the improvements at Mega, I find the ad’s claim that the Dickens。

开头实验结论In this argument, the arguer concludes that …doing…will lead to …To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer reasons that…The argument suffers from several critical fallacies.自己应该干吗根据观察和现象自己改正根据因果In this argument, the arguer recommends that … should advise … to …To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that… Thus… should follow the study’s recommendation and … in order to …自己尝试新方法根据预测和假想The conclusion in this argument is th at … can expect to … by doing … In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that … Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has … benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions.换一个供应商In this argument, the arguer advocates that … should … This recommendation is based on the observation that … Meanwhile, the arguer assumes … to be a better choice … because … This argument is problematic for … reasons.自己应该干吗根据其他州的情况In this a nalysis, the arguer claims that … should … To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of … where … In addition, the arguer assumes that … This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.正文：The major problem with this argume nt is that …Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. …In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument.… the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence …For instance … since … what’s more … etc.样本的问题：When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization调查survey 的问题：The sample of the survey conducted by the … is vague.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions..（民意测验）How many people participated?The sample of the survey is not representative.数据的问题：（平均值）The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between（实验的数据不可靠）the data of the research is unconvincing （样本太小）the sample is too small to... （光数字没比例）the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?Insufficient SampleIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]The arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征副作用有的病人会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.错误的比较：The comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that …However, the arguer fails to provide any i nformation regarding … respectively …别的因素：Furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that … may … Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significan tly.没有因果：Confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样Finally, the arguer hints that … but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because… or because … ?-----------------------------------------------------------其他：The fact that … does not necessarily imply that …First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited studies … which is understandable.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.分析常用：the actual amount of time for doing … respectively …The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.How large was the sampleHow many people participated?What extent do this participators improve their …speed?The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABC's performance.循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that …-------------------------------------------------------------结尾：To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between …To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that …To better eva luate the argument, we would need more information about …As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that … is the only condition that …Additionally, the arguer must provide evi dence to rule out other possible causes of the …To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.范文观摩呀！Argument 37 The following is a memorandum from the director of personnel to the president of Get-Away Airlines."Since our mechanics are responsible for inspecting and maintaining our aircraft, Get-Away Airlines should pay to send them to the Quality-Care Seminar, a two-week seminar on proper maintenance procedures. I recommend this seminar because it is likely to be a wise investment, given that the automobile racing industry recently reported that the performance of its maintenance crews improved markedly after their crews had attended the seminar. These maintenance crews perform many of the same functions as do our mechanics, including refueling and repairing engines. The money we spend on sending our staff to the seminar will inevitably lead to improved maintenance and thus to greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits for our airline."[建议，看别人好自己也要]In this argument, the arguer concludes that sending the mechanics of Get-Away Airlines to a two-week Quality-Care Seminar on proper maintenance procedures will automatically lead to improved maintenance and to greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits for the airline. To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that the performance of the maintenance crews in the automobile racing industryimproved markedly after their crews had attended the seminar. In addition, the arguer reasons that since the maintenance crews of the automobile racing industry and the mechanics of Get-Away Airlines perform many of the same functions, the airlines will gain similar benefits from the training program. This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.First, the argument Is based on a false analogy. The arguer simply assumes that airplane mechanics and automobile maintenance crews perform many similar functions, but he does not provide any evidence that their functions are indeed comparable. As we know, the structure, operation and function of airplanes and those of automobiles differ conspicuously. It is true that both the airplane and the automobile need refueling and engine maintenance, but even here there exist fundamental differences: the structure and the building materials of each other's engines are different, so is the oil they use. Therefore, even though the two-week Quality-Care Seminar proved effective in improving the performance of the maintenance crews in the automobile racing industry, there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for airplane mechanics.Second, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that there will be greater profits as well as greater customer satisfaction for the airline. As we know, customer satisfaction depends on several major factors other than good maintenance of the airplane. For instance, customers are generally concerned about the punctuality, the on-board service, the ticket price, the luggage handling procedure and even the discount, all of which are ignored by the arguer. Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning how the airplane can improve its profits. Unless Get-Away Airlines can significantly increase its customers or passengers and at the same time cut down its costs, both of which are unknown from this argument, there is no guarantee that it will "inevitably" harvest greater profits. Actually, the arguer's recommendation of investing in this training program as the only way to increase customer satisfaction and profits would most probably turn out to be ineffective and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between sending Get-A way's mechanics to the Quality-Care Seminar and improved maintenance, greater customer satisfaction and greater profits for the airline. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that automobile maintenance and airplane maintenance are similar in every aspect. To better evaluate the argument,we would need more information about the relationship between improved maintenance and greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits.Argument 47: The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.[建议，根据不科学调查]In this argument, the arguer recommends that Claria should advise its citizens to install both air conditioners and fans for cooling in order to reduce the cost of electricity. To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that many citizens of Claria suffer from the rising costs of electricity. In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that using fans alone costs more than using air conditioners alone, and that using both air conditioners and fans costs less than either using fans or air conditioners alone. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.In the first place, the arguer fails to take into account the geographical factors in the analysis. While we are informed that there are wide geographical differences in the nation of Claria, and that many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity, the arguer fails to make clear the exact number of those citizens or their percentage in the national population, as well as the geographical distribution of these citizens. If only a small portion of the whole population are experiencing the rising costs of electricity while most families do not have similar experience, then the reason might be that the former do not use electricity sparingly. In this case, the rising costs of those families have nothing to do with what kind of electric appliance they use to cool their houses. Or if only families living in hot areas are spending more money on cooling, then it is unwise to require citizens living in temperate and frigid zones to install both fans and air conditioners. In the absence of all this information, it is impossible for us to evaluate the recommended policy that is intended to help every household nationwide to reduce their electricity cost.In the second place, the comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective.The arguer discovers that using fans alone is more cost effective than using air conditioners alone, and that using both fans and air conditioners are the least expensive way of cooling. However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding the actual amount of time for using, respectively, fans alone, air conditioners alone, and both fans and air conditioners in those three groups of surveyed families. It is very likely that these three groups of families are located in three very different climatic regions of Claria, and hence the amount of days of the year during which they need to cool their houses varies significantly. Families living in cooler areas of the nation certainly cool their houses for fewer hours and hence use less electricity than families living in hot areas, no matter what cooling appliance they use. Unless we are certain that the surveyed families live in the same climatic region, or that they need to cool their houses for the same amount of hours in the same year although they live in different regions, which is very unlikely, we have every reason to doubt the trustworthiness of this comparative study. Furthermore, the arguer ignores the possibility that the families who are spending more on electricity may be using more electricity for purposes other-than cooling. Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information regarding the electric expense relevant to the actual amount of time for cooling among, respectively, the three groups of households and the amount of electricity used for other purposes in all three groups of families under survey.Argument 57: The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University."Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both mate and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers."[建议，看人家好自己也要]In this analysis, the arguer claims that Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member that they hire. To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of Bronston College where professors prefer to have their spouse employed in the same geographical area. In addition, the arguer assumes that this offer of a possible job for their spouse on the campus, no matter whether it will be accepted, is the only factor that new professors consider in deciding whether to accept a university position. This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization . According to the cited studies, professors at Bronston College are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the local area than when their spouses work in distant areas, which is understandable. This fact tells very little about what actual conditions the professors often consider as important when they choose where to work. Even if we accept the arguer's assumption that whether their spouse can find a job in the local area is the only important question that new professors consider when they decide whether to accept an offer in a university situated in a small town, the arguer's recommendation is still unconvincing. Only when the offer of employment to the spouse is regarded as an ideal one and therefore accepted is it likely that the professor will consider accepting the university's offer. Consequently, it is unwarranted to assume that new professors will accept Pierce's offer whether their spouse can find satisfactory employment in the local area.In addition, the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that may influence new professors' decision. For instance, since Pierce's location is not ideal, the pay it offers should be high enough to be attractive. New gifted professors are also concerned about the position they can have and the courses they are supposed to teach in the new university. What's more, what researchers care most about might be the university's research conditions such as laboratory equipments, adequate research funds, etc.Finally, the arguer hints that the morale of Pierce's entire staff is low, but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because the management of the university is poor, or because the pay is too low, or because the local area suffers from economic depression, or because the local environment is severely damaged by industrial pollution? Under these circumstances, offering employment to the spouse would be ineffective at all for the purpose of attracting more new professors. Furthermore, if these problems do exist, even if Pierce succeeds in hiring many of the most gifted teachers and researchers of the country, the general morale of the whole faculty wouldremain low.As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that an offer of employment to the spouse is the only condition that new professors consider on accepting Pierce's offer. Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the low staff morale at the university.Argument 67: The following is a memorandum written by the director of personnel to the president of the Cedar Corporation."It would be a mistake to rehire the Good-Taste Company to supply the food in our employee cafeteria next year. It is the second most expensive caterer in the city. In addition, its prices have risen in each of the last three years, and it refuses to provide meals for people on special diets. Just last month three employees complained to me that they no longer eat in the cafeteria because they find the experience unbearable. Our company should instead hire Discount Foods. Discount is afamily-owned local company and it offers a varied menu of fish and poultry. I recently tasted a sample lunch at one of the many companies that Discount serves and it was delicious—an indication that hiring Discount will lead to improved employee satisfaction."[建议，更换供应商]In this argument, the arguer advocates that the Cedar Corporation should hire Discount Foods, a family-owned local company that offers a varied menu of fish and poultry, instead of the Good-Taste Company, the present supplier of food in Cedar's employee cafeteria. This recommendation is based on the observation that theGood-Taste is expensive, that its prices have kept rising, that it does not serve special diets, and that three employees complained about it. Meanwhile, the arguer assumes Discount to be a better choice for Cedar because a sample lunch of this company that the arguer happened to taste was delicious. This argument is problematic for two reasons.The major problem with this argument is that the arguer fails to convince us that Cedar's present supplier the Good-Taste should be fired. First, the fact that theGood-Taste is the second most expensive caterer in the city may be due to its better foods, quality service and high reputation in this industry. Second, the fact that its prices have been rising for the last three years may be due to nationwide inflation or the rising cost in the food industry. Third, the fact that Good-Taste refuses to serve special diets does not indicate that it cannot meet the needs of Cedar Corporationunless the arguer can demonstrate that Good-Taste served special diets at first and now it refuses to do so, hence disappointing Cedar's employees, and that many or most of Cedar's employees are on special diets. Finally, the arguer fails to explain why three employees complained, which makes it impossible for us to evaluate the overall service of Good-Taste. Maybe these three people are those few on special diets. Even if they have every reason to complain about the foods or service of the supplier on a certain day, these three people's opinion lacks the necessary representativeness based on which we can make any general judgment concerning the overall performance of Good-Taste.Another point worth considering is the arguer's hasty generalization. We are informed that Discount serves fish and poultry, but we do not know whether Cedar's employees all prefer this limited menu. We can believe that one sample lunch that the arguer happened to taste was indeed delicious, but based on this slim information, we can never evaluate the overall performance of Discount.To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer must present more facts that Good-Taste has indeed failed to meet the requirements of Cedar Corporation. To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence concerning the foods and service of Discount and how they can better meet the needs of Cedar's employees.Argument 77: The following is a recommendation from the dean at Foley College, a small liberal arts college, to the president of the college."Since college-bound students are increasingly concerned about job prospects after graduation, Foley College should attempt to increase enrollment by promising to find its students jobs after they graduate. Many administrators feel that this strategy is a way for Foley to compete against larger and more prestigious schools and to encourage students to begin preparing for careers as soon as they enter college. Furthermore, a student who must choose a career path within his or her first year of college and who is guaranteed a job after graduation is more likely to successfully complete the coursework that will prepare him or her for the future."[建议，根据不科学假想]The conclusion in this argument is that Foley College can expect to increase enrollment by promising to find jobs for students after their graduation. In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that college-bound students are increasingly concerned about job prospects after graduation. Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has three benefits: (1) to enable Foley to compete with more famousschools; (2) to encourage students to start career preparation early; (3) to encourage students to complete their coursework. This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions.One major assumption in short of legitimacy is the causal relationship claimed between college-bound students' increasing concern about job prospects after graduation and their expectation on the university to find jobs for them. Students' increasing concern about job prospects may mean that when they choose which university to go to they prefer those universities that can offer the majors most likely to lead to more job opportunities and higher income after graduation. They may also be more interested in prestigious universities because their students are more competitive and more welcomed in the job market. As is known to everyone, in a market economy, promising to find jobs for students is impractical and hence rather doubtful. This strategy may prove misleading and counterproductive in the end. Instead of promising jobs to students, Foley College should devote its resources and efforts to offering more majors with good job prospects as well as attracting more prestigious professors to enhance its reputation.In addition, the conclusion is based on a gratuitous assumption that promising students jobs will make students more conscious in their study. This, however, is unwarranted. When students do not have to worry about their employment after graduation, they feel no pressure in their study; as a result, they will become more passive and dependent and gradually lose the initiative to improve themselves. Although it is more likely that they will complete their coursework, but when they graduate, no company would like to employ them. By then the university's promise will turn out to be meaningless.In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove that college-bound students are most concerned about the promise of jobs after graduation and that Foley College can keep its promise in the end. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that promising students jobs can actually encourage them to work harder in their study. Otherwise, the arguer is simply begging the question throughout the argument.even though the two-week Quality-Care Seminar proved effective in improving the performance of the maintenance crews in the automobile racing industry, there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for airplane mechanics.Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does精品文档not follow that there will be greater profits as well as greater customer satisfaction for the airline..。

GRE北美Argument范文连锁店销售的保健食品下面为大家介绍了新GRE北美写作Argument范文，主要关于连锁店销售的保健食品的信的相关内容，同学们可适当进行参考，以便更充分地准备GRE考试！更多GRE考试资料，请咨询小马过河GRE频道电话400-0123-267！新GRE写作范文：Argument 1The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products."Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville, which has many such residents. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age."In this memo the vice president of Nature's Way CNW), a chain of stores selling health food and health-related products, recommends opening a store in Plamesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club is more popular than ever; and (3) the city's schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.First, strong sales of exercise apparel do not necessarily indicate that Plainesville residents would be interested in NW's products, or that these residents are interested in exercising. Perhaps exercise apparel happens to be fashionable at the moment, or inexpensive compared to other types of clothing. For that matter, perhaps the stronger-than-usual sales are due to increasing sales to tourists. In short, without mlmg out other possible reasons for the strong sales the vice president cannot convince me on the basis of them that Plainesville residents are exercising regularly, let alone that they would be interested in buying the sorts of food and other products that NW sells.Secondly, even if exercise is more popular among Plainesville residents than ever before, the vice president assumes further that people who exercise regularly are also interested in buying health food and health-related products. Yet the memo contains no evidence to support this assumption. Lacking such evidence it is equally possible that aside from exercising Plainesville residents have little interest in leading a healthy lifestyle. In fact, perhaps as a result of regular exercise they believe they are sufficiently fit and healthy and do not need a healthy diet.Thirdly, the popularity of the local health club is little indication that NW will earn a profit from a store in Plainesville. Perhaps club members live in an area of PlamesviUe nowhere near feasible sites for a NW store. Or perhaps the dub's primary appeal is as a singles meeting place, and that members actually have little interest in a healthy lifestyle. Besides, even if the club's members would patronize a NW storethese members might be insufficient in number to ensure a profit for the store, especially considering that this health club is the only one in Plainesville.Fourth, the fact that a certain fitness program is mandatory for Plainesville's schoolchildren accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation. Many years must pass before these children will be old enough to make buying decisions when it comes to food and health-related products. Their habits and interests might change radically over time. Besides, mandatory participation is no indication of genuine interest in health or fitness. Moreover, when these children grow older it is entirely possible that they will favor an unhealthy lifestyle--as a reaction to the healthful habits imposed upon them nOW.Finally, even assuming that PlamesviUe residents are strongly interested in eating health foods and health-related products, the recommendation rests on two additional assumptions: (1) that this interest will continue in the foreseeable future, and (2) that PlainesviUe residents will prefer NW over other merchants that sell similar products. Until the vice president substantiates both assumptions I remain unconvinced that a NW store in PlainesviUe would be profitable.In sum, the recommendation relies on certain doubtful assumptions that render it unconvincing as it stands. To bolster the recommendation the vice president must provide dear evidence--perhaps by way of a local survey or study--that PlainesviUe residents who buy and wear exercise apparel, and especially the health club's members, do in fact exercise regularly, and that these exercisers are likely to buy health foods and health related products at a NW store. To better assess the recommendation, I would need to know why Plainesville's health club is nonular, and whv Plainesville does not contain more health clubs. I would also need to know what competition NW might face in PlainesviUe.小马过河编辑为大家整理了新GRE考试中写作部分的一些素材，主要是一篇北美GRE Argument作文范文，供各位新GRE考生进行参考。

1. The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine."A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night."Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.以下是14的范文，请大家读完后，将它改写为argument 118Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.注意尽管题目要求不同但是结构和内容基本一致只需要在措辞上进行调整The article argues that companies should hire people who need less sleep because these employees are more likely to succeed based on a survey of 300 advertising executives. A number of assumptions have been made about the generalisability of the survey result, the reliability of the reported need of sleep and other related issues. We need to examine the assumptions carefully in order to assess the argument.To begin with, the assumption that the survey results can be applied more broadly may not hold true. The subjects of the survey are all from a single industry, namely, advertising. Maybe it is important for people in this field to burn the midnight’s oil to prosper. But this rule may not apply to other industries, for example, insurance or manufacturing. In addition, the surveyonly asks the executives who may have to work extra hours to lead the companies. But for employees at lower level sleeping less may not be very helpful for achieving success.In addition, it is assumed that the executives actually need little sleep as reported in the survey. In other words, the assumption is that the subjectswere telling the truth about their lifestyles during the survey. It is possible that the survey respondents just want to impress others or show their attitudes towards sleep when answering the questions. Without further data to verify the reliability of the survey results, it is not reasonable to apply the finding in the hiring processes.Another assumption being made is that the need of less sleep is the main reason why the executives were successful. As we all know, correlation does not necessarily imply causation. A host of other factors unrelated to sleep may have caused the success of the executives. For example, they might happen to have a good team of people working efficiently towards their goals. Or they were lucky enough to meet some clients who were willing to pay higher fees which boosted the profit margins and the growth rates. Without looking intohow they achieved success, it is too hasty to attribute their accomplishments to their sleep patterns.Finally, it is also assumed that executives with less need for sleep can succeed in the long term. Maybe they manage to accomplish more than their peers with their abilities to sleep less. But we do not know how the relatively small amount of sleep would have any negative impact on their health and their performancein the long term. We also do not know how their lifestyles may affect the overall job satisfaction of themselves and their co-workers. If their abilities to sleepless would enable them to work overtime, maybe they would also force their colleagues to work overtime, which may not benefit the long-term success of a company.In conclusion, it is not reasonable to recommend hiring people who need less sleep based on this survey on a relatively small group of executives from a single industry. More information is needed before we can check the assumptions discussed above and make a more reasonable hiring policy.2.Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previouslybeen found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea andtherefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently,however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancientvillage across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad,and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Paleanboats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets werenot uniquely Palean.Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.Outlinefocus on whether the river could be crossed by people without any help: not sodeep and broad; frozen in winterdiscuss the possible bridges and boats which might not survive the timeexplore the possibility of the baskets being carried by waterAccording to this argument, the Palean baskets may have been made by peoplefrom areas other than Palea as the baskets have been found in the adjacentvillage. We need more evidence about geographical information of the area, thetechnologies of building boats and bridges and the characteristics of the basketsin order to evaluate the argument.While the author assumes that the baskets could only have been carried by boats which had not been found, there are other possible scenarios. For example, maybe the river at the time was not as deep and broad as it is now. Ifthe river was shallow and narrow, people in Palea and Lithos could be tradingbaskets by walking across the river. On the other hand, maybe the weather was extremely cold at the time and the river was frozen during the winter. Again the people from the two villages could simply walk across the river to trade. So weneed more information about the geography and climate in the area at the timeto assess how likely the scenarios discussed above were.We also need to know more about the technologies of Palean and Lithoian people at the time for building boats and bridges. Specifically, we want to knowwhether they were able to build boats and bridges and if they could what materials they used. Maybe they could build boats or bridges to cross the riverbut the materials they used could not survive the time and left no traces forarchaeologists to locate. The absence of any tangible traces of boats or bridgesdoes not necessarily imply no boats or bridges were available then. More information regarding these issues is needed.Another importance piece of evidence we need is the materials being used tomake the baskets. Specifically, we want to know whether the baskets couldfloat in the water. It is possible that some of the baskets had been dumped byPalean people to the river and carried by the water to the other side of the riverand then picked up by Lithoian people. To assess how likely this scenario is, weneed to know the density of the materials of the baskets along with some otherphysical characteristics.In conclusion, it is difficult to decide whether people from Lithos may have learned to make the baskets. More information about different issues discussedabove has to be gathered to assess the strength of the argument.25分钟conclusion; Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean; other villages can produce similar basketskey question: are the newly found baskets locally produced or transported fromPaleanwhether the river was that deep and broad at the timeboats from other villages? what materials were available for making boats; canthey survivepossible bridge?trading relationship?3. Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed toevaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions.They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the courseof the year.Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on whichthey feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it.Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations aredeclining.Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deerpopulations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.P1: more evidence about the ac curacy of the hunters’ reports- whether the hunters had scared away the deer with their guns- whether the hunters had visited the area in a particular point in time when thedeer were less active- how many hunters had reported the deer population; the number was small-less reliableP2: more evidence about the sea ice in arctic region- whether the sea ice in arctic region had melted (global warming trend does notmean local warming)- whether more food was available near the habitat due to the climate change(then no need to travel)P3: evidence that may provide other explanations for the decline of deer population- any pollution that may threaten the deer population- overhunting4. The following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times."Traffic here in Waymarsh is becoming a problem. Although just three years agoa state traffic survey showed that the typical driving commuter took 20 minutesto get to work, the commute now takes closer to 40 minutes, according to thesurvey just completed. Members of the town council already have suggestedmore road building to address the problem, but as well as being expensive, thenew construction will surely disrupt some of our residential neighborhoods. Itwould be better to follow the example of the nearby city of Garville. Last yearGarville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work,giving them coupons for free gas. Pollution levels in Garville have dropped sincethe policy was implemented, and people from Garville tell me that commutingtimes have fallen considerably. There is no reason why a policy like Garville'sshouldn't work equally well in Waymarsh."Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed toevaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken orstrengthen the argument.全文示范部分同学写这篇的时候问题较多。

6.开头：1. In this article, the author concludes that the decline in arctic deer population must be due to global warming, which has led to the melting of ice.2. Her conclusion is mainly based on the following evidence. (1)Local hunter reports that deer number is decreasing; (2) arctic deer needs to travel on ice from island to island in order to find food; (3) global warming has caused ice to melt.3. However, the above evidence is insufficient for the author to draw the conclusion, unless she provides more relevant information.正文：第一段：1. First of all, the author clearly assumes that the global warming trend is significant enough to impact the thickness of ice over the region where arctic deer live.2. However, granted that much ice is beginning to melt, it may happen in places relatively warmer than where the deer reside. In fact, this area may still be quite coldand the ice is frozen almost the entire year. Thus, the migration pattern of the deer has not been influenced at all, so global warming cannot have been the cause of the decline in deer population.3. Thus, the author should provide more specific information regarding the extent to which ice has melted around this region, or else her conclusion can only remain questionable.第二段：1. Furthermore, the author also assumes that the hunter s’ report is reliable.2. However, perhaps deer are the common prey for hunters. Because of many years of being chased around, nowadays deer have become more alert of danger from human and are thus better at hiding themselves. As a result, even if deer population has actually remained stable, the observed number is much smaller than before.3. Hence, the author had better draw evidence from more trustworthy sources, rather than simply rely on words from some random hunters. Otherwise, there may be nothing to explain in the first place.第三段：1. Last, even if ice has begun to melt where the deer travel, and even if the number of deer has drastically declined, it does not entail that the decrease results from the melting of ice. Clearly, the author assumes that no other causes can equally account for the phenomenon.2. However, perhaps a contagious and deadly disease has started spreading among the deer population. Or perhaps the local hunting activity has become much more intense than ever. Or maybe the number of other predators of deer has grown exponentially. All these possibilities, if true, would help explain such decline.3. Thus, the author needs to provide further information regarding the health status of the deer herd, the intensity of hunting around the region, and the change in number of deer’s predators.结尾：In conclusion, the author should offer all aforementioned evidence, so that she can legitimately conclude that the melting of ice is the villain for the decline of deer population.。

GRE 写作argument全部官方范文分析汇总写在前面的话：1、官方范文的重要性不言而喻，大家对官方范文的态度也有褒有贬，有人说这些6分的官方文章都是大牛写出来的，我们学不来，于是有的同学的重心就转向了北美范文。

但有一点是不可否认的——官方范文是真的6分，可是ets从来没承认过任何一个北美范文是六分的，尽管也确实都是很好的文章。

;2、关于argument的重要性很多人认为argument相对于issue来说容易些，也更好操作些，更容易拿高分。

我个人认为这是个误区。

我们最后拿到的成绩是个平均分，没有人知道具体每篇是多少。

尽管有的同学会猜测自己得分是多少多少，但是猜测毕竟是猜测。

因为游戏是ets定的，他的标准和我们心中接受的标准肯定是不一样的，打个比方，看看后面第三篇满分范文，让一般人看，估计没有几个人会毫不犹豫地给满分，甚至高分，但在ets眼中它就是满分;另外，实际上新东方的模版写出来的argu文章和官方范文给出的满分文章是有很大差别的，主要体现在是一个是零散凑成的(所谓的让步式攻击有时只是形式上的)而另一个是有核心思想的，我会在后面的分析中具体说明。

既然这样，那完全有可能最终4分是来源于3分的argue加5分的issue，而不是反之。

所以说，我们有可能高估了我们写argument的能力。

3、对于官方范文，实际上这些看上去很天马行空的文章，潜在的蕴涵了ets所要求的所有要点。

之所以很多人看了很多遍没有看出什么可借鉴的地方，源于两点：一是没有和awintro上的要求相对应起来看，二是没有把有限的6篇官方范文进行横比。

4、本文整体结构：第一部分awintro中A部分重点语句的归纳和梳理，方便与后面的分析相对照。

这里所有的英文均一字不差的摘自awintro。

同时也作为我的另一篇文章“awintro的解读”中的argument部分的补充。

第二部分是我的对于全部6份官方范文(结合awintro)的分析，本文属于个人观点，一家之言难免存在偏颇和不足之处，恳请大家多多指教。