Integrating Monocular Vision and Odometry for SLAM

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IntegratingMonocularVisionandOdometryforSLAM

A.CUMANI,S.DENASI,A.GUIDUCCI,G.QUAGLIA

IstitutoElettrotecnicoNazionaleGalileoFerraris

str.delleCacce,91-I-10135Torino

ITALY

{cumani,denasi,guiducci,quaglia}@ien.it

Abstract:ThispaperpresentsanapproachtoSimultaneousLocalizationandMapping(SLAM)basedon

monocularvision.Standardmultiple-viewvisiontechniquesareusedtoestimaterobotmotionandscene

structure,whicharethenintegratedwithminimalodometricinformationandusedtobuildaglobalenvironment

map.Preliminaryexperimentalresultsarealsopresentedanddiscussed.

Key-Words:Robotlocalisation,Mapping,Monocularvision,SLAM

1Introduction

SLAM-SimultaneousLocalisationAndMapping-is

theprocessoftrackingtheposeofamobilerobot,rel-

ativetoitsenvironment,whilesimultaneouslybuild-

ingamapoftheenvironmentitself.Whateverthe

high-levelgoalofthemobilerobot,SLAMisacrit-

icalfactorforsuccesfulnavigationinapartiallyor

totallyunknownenvironment,andhasthereforebeen

ahighlyactiveresearchtopicduringthelastfewyears

(seee.g.[1]forarecentsurvey).

ImplementingSLAMobviouslyrequiressomeabil-

ityoftherobottoperformrangesensingonitsen-

vironment.Asamatteroffact,mostexistingap-

proachestoSLAMmakeuseofsonarsorlaserscan-

ners[2,3,4,5].VisionbasedSLAMisbothmore

computer-intensiveanddifficulttoimplement,assta-

blevisuallandmarksarehardtodetectandtrackover

time.Mostvisionbasedapproachesusebinocular

ortrinocularstereojustasarangefindingdevice

[6,7,8];theuseofmonocularvisionhasonlyrecently

drawnsomeattention[9,10,11,12,13].Finally,al-

mostallthepublishedapproachesuserecursivestatis-

ticaltechniques(KalmanorBayesianfiltering)which,

thoughsuccessfulontheshortterm,sufferfromerror

accumulationovertime.

ThispaperpresentstheapproachtoSLAMweare

currentlydeveloping,whichisbasedonmonocular

vision.Fromeachimageofthesequenceacquired

whiletherobotismoving,featuresareextractedto

serveasvisuallandmarks.Suchfeaturesaretracked

alongthesequenceandusedtogetlocalestimates

ofrobotmotionandworldstructurefromtriplesof

sufficientlyspacedimages.Consecutiveoverlapping

triplesarerecursivelyregisteredandintegratedwith

availableodometryinordertoobtainanestimateof

robotposeandofworldpointcoordinatesinaglobal

reference.Thelatterareusedtobuilda2Doccupancygridmap.Incaseofcyclicenvironments,visualland-

marksareusedtodetectandfixtheaccumulatederror.

Thepaperalsopresentssomepreliminaryresults

obtainedwithourPioneer2ATmobilerobotequipped

withaSonyXC55camera.

2SLAMbymonocularvision

Ourapproachcanbesummarisedasfollows:

•extractionoffeaturesfromtheimagesandtheirtrackingalongthesequence;

•estimationoflocalmotionandstructurefromtriplesofkeyframes,i.e.imagesshowingan

amountofdisparitysufficientforareliablees-

timation;

•registrationoftheestimatesfromdifferenttriplesintoasamereferenceframe,andintegrationwith

independentodometricinformation;

•buildingofaglobaloccupancygridmapfromthevisualmeasurements;

•possiblecorrectionofaccumulatederrorsincaseofcyclicenvironments.

2.1Featuredetectionandtracking

Fromeachframeoftheimagesequenceacquired

whiletherobotismoving,variouskindsoffeatures

canbeextractedtoserveasvisuallandmarks:corners,

edgesegments,texturedpatchesetc.Ourcurrentim-

plementationusesShi-Tomasicorners[14],i.e.small

texturedimagepatches,whosecentersyieldpointwise

measurementsusefulformotion/structureestimation.

AsignificantadvantageofShi-Tomasifeaturesisthat

theirdefinitionimplicitlyprovidesanefficientframe-

to-frametrackingalgorithm;otherapproachesmay

requireindependentfeatureextractionfromeachim-

ageandacostlysearchformatchingpairs.Moreover,sincethetrackingalgorithmallowsforaffinedistor-

tion,suchfeaturescanbesuccessfullyfollowedover

largerelativedisplacementsintheimage.

Featuresareextractedinthefirstframeofthese-

quence,andthereafteratmoreorlessregularinter-

vals;theframesfromwhichnewfeaturesareex-

tractedarecalledkeyframes.Thespacingbetween

keyframesischosentoprovideenoughimagedispar-

ityforareliableestimationofmotionandstructure.

2.2Estimationoflocalmotionandstructure

Foreachtripleofkeyframesalocalestimateofview-

inggeometryand3Dstructureisobtainedbystandard

projectivegeometrytechniques.

Anestimateoftheviewinggeometryofthetriple,

i.e.thetrifocaltensorTofthethreeviews[15],is

firstcomputedbyarobustLeastMedianSquaresal-

gorithm[16,17].Tothisextent,thesix-pointalgo-

rithmfrom[18]isappliedtosomesuitablenumberN

ofrandomlychosensixpointsubsetsSi,i=1...N

ofthepointsappearinginthethreeframes,yieldingN

estimatesTi.ForeachTi,ameasureoffittingerror

intheimageplaneisevaluatedonallmatchedpoints,

andarobuststatistics(median)ofthiserroriscom-

puted.TheTiwiththelowestmedianerroriskept.

Thisinitialestimateisfedasstartingpointtoabun-

dleadjustmentprocedure,whichfindsanoptimales-

timateofbothviewinggeometryand3Dstructureby

minimisingthereprojectionerrorontheimageplane.