Integrating Monocular Vision and Odometry for SLAM
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IntegratingMonocularVisionandOdometryforSLAM
A.CUMANI,S.DENASI,A.GUIDUCCI,G.QUAGLIA
IstitutoElettrotecnicoNazionaleGalileoFerraris
str.delleCacce,91-I-10135Torino
ITALY
{cumani,denasi,guiducci,quaglia}@ien.it
Abstract:ThispaperpresentsanapproachtoSimultaneousLocalizationandMapping(SLAM)basedon
monocularvision.Standardmultiple-viewvisiontechniquesareusedtoestimaterobotmotionandscene
structure,whicharethenintegratedwithminimalodometricinformationandusedtobuildaglobalenvironment
map.Preliminaryexperimentalresultsarealsopresentedanddiscussed.
Key-Words:Robotlocalisation,Mapping,Monocularvision,SLAM
1Introduction
SLAM-SimultaneousLocalisationAndMapping-is
theprocessoftrackingtheposeofamobilerobot,rel-
ativetoitsenvironment,whilesimultaneouslybuild-
ingamapoftheenvironmentitself.Whateverthe
high-levelgoalofthemobilerobot,SLAMisacrit-
icalfactorforsuccesfulnavigationinapartiallyor
totallyunknownenvironment,andhasthereforebeen
ahighlyactiveresearchtopicduringthelastfewyears
(seee.g.[1]forarecentsurvey).
ImplementingSLAMobviouslyrequiressomeabil-
ityoftherobottoperformrangesensingonitsen-
vironment.Asamatteroffact,mostexistingap-
proachestoSLAMmakeuseofsonarsorlaserscan-
ners[2,3,4,5].VisionbasedSLAMisbothmore
computer-intensiveanddifficulttoimplement,assta-
blevisuallandmarksarehardtodetectandtrackover
time.Mostvisionbasedapproachesusebinocular
ortrinocularstereojustasarangefindingdevice
[6,7,8];theuseofmonocularvisionhasonlyrecently
drawnsomeattention[9,10,11,12,13].Finally,al-
mostallthepublishedapproachesuserecursivestatis-
ticaltechniques(KalmanorBayesianfiltering)which,
thoughsuccessfulontheshortterm,sufferfromerror
accumulationovertime.
ThispaperpresentstheapproachtoSLAMweare
currentlydeveloping,whichisbasedonmonocular
vision.Fromeachimageofthesequenceacquired
whiletherobotismoving,featuresareextractedto
serveasvisuallandmarks.Suchfeaturesaretracked
alongthesequenceandusedtogetlocalestimates
ofrobotmotionandworldstructurefromtriplesof
sufficientlyspacedimages.Consecutiveoverlapping
triplesarerecursivelyregisteredandintegratedwith
availableodometryinordertoobtainanestimateof
robotposeandofworldpointcoordinatesinaglobal
reference.Thelatterareusedtobuilda2Doccupancygridmap.Incaseofcyclicenvironments,visualland-
marksareusedtodetectandfixtheaccumulatederror.
Thepaperalsopresentssomepreliminaryresults
obtainedwithourPioneer2ATmobilerobotequipped
withaSonyXC55camera.
2SLAMbymonocularvision
Ourapproachcanbesummarisedasfollows:
•extractionoffeaturesfromtheimagesandtheirtrackingalongthesequence;
•estimationoflocalmotionandstructurefromtriplesofkeyframes,i.e.imagesshowingan
amountofdisparitysufficientforareliablees-
timation;
•registrationoftheestimatesfromdifferenttriplesintoasamereferenceframe,andintegrationwith
independentodometricinformation;
•buildingofaglobaloccupancygridmapfromthevisualmeasurements;
•possiblecorrectionofaccumulatederrorsincaseofcyclicenvironments.
2.1Featuredetectionandtracking
Fromeachframeoftheimagesequenceacquired
whiletherobotismoving,variouskindsoffeatures
canbeextractedtoserveasvisuallandmarks:corners,
edgesegments,texturedpatchesetc.Ourcurrentim-
plementationusesShi-Tomasicorners[14],i.e.small
texturedimagepatches,whosecentersyieldpointwise
measurementsusefulformotion/structureestimation.
AsignificantadvantageofShi-Tomasifeaturesisthat
theirdefinitionimplicitlyprovidesanefficientframe-
to-frametrackingalgorithm;otherapproachesmay
requireindependentfeatureextractionfromeachim-
ageandacostlysearchformatchingpairs.Moreover,sincethetrackingalgorithmallowsforaffinedistor-
tion,suchfeaturescanbesuccessfullyfollowedover
largerelativedisplacementsintheimage.
Featuresareextractedinthefirstframeofthese-
quence,andthereafteratmoreorlessregularinter-
vals;theframesfromwhichnewfeaturesareex-
tractedarecalledkeyframes.Thespacingbetween
keyframesischosentoprovideenoughimagedispar-
ityforareliableestimationofmotionandstructure.
2.2Estimationoflocalmotionandstructure
Foreachtripleofkeyframesalocalestimateofview-
inggeometryand3Dstructureisobtainedbystandard
projectivegeometrytechniques.
Anestimateoftheviewinggeometryofthetriple,
i.e.thetrifocaltensorTofthethreeviews[15],is
firstcomputedbyarobustLeastMedianSquaresal-
gorithm[16,17].Tothisextent,thesix-pointalgo-
rithmfrom[18]isappliedtosomesuitablenumberN
ofrandomlychosensixpointsubsetsSi,i=1...N
ofthepointsappearinginthethreeframes,yieldingN
estimatesTi.ForeachTi,ameasureoffittingerror
intheimageplaneisevaluatedonallmatchedpoints,
andarobuststatistics(median)ofthiserroriscom-
puted.TheTiwiththelowestmedianerroriskept.
Thisinitialestimateisfedasstartingpointtoabun-
dleadjustmentprocedure,whichfindsanoptimales-
timateofbothviewinggeometryand3Dstructureby
minimisingthereprojectionerrorontheimageplane.