《国际服务贸易》期末复习材料

名词解释1.服务服务是对其他经济单位的个人、商品或服务增加价值，并主要以活动形式表现的使用价值或效用2.服务外包服务外包就是指通过服务提供商向外包服务发包商提供，包括IT系统架构、应用管理以及业务流程优化在内的产品支持与服务，达到后者的业务目标。

3.商业存在指一成员方的服务提供者在另一成员方领土内设立商业机构，在后者领土内为消费者提供服务的方式4.国际追加服务国际追加服务指服务是伴随商品实体出口而进行的贸易。

对消费者而言，商品实体本身是其购买和消费的核心效用，服务则是提供或满足了某种追加的效用。

5. 5. 比较优势如果一国在两种产品的生产上都处于绝对劣势地位，但只要两者的不利程度不同，则在不利程度小一些的那种产品的生产上具有比较优势。

6.服务贸易国际服务贸易指的是不同国家之间所发生的服务买卖与交易活动。

7.产业转移是指企业将产品生产的部分或全部由原生产地转移到其他地区的现象。

8.第三产业在再生产过程中为生产和消费提供各种服务的部门,包括除第一和第二产业外的其他各行业。

9.国际核心服务国际核心服务指与有形商品的生产和贸易无关，它是作为消费者单独所购买的、能为消费者提供核心效用的一种服务。

10.竞争优势竞争优势是一个企业或国家在某些方面比其他的企业或国家更能带来利润或效益的优势,源于技术、管理、品牌、劳动力成本等。

11.最惠国待遇缔约国的一方现在或将来给予第三国的一切优惠，应无条件地、无补偿地、自动地适用于缔约国的另一方12.国民待遇各成员方以其承诺单中所列服务部门或分部门及所列条件和限制为准，其所采取的与提供服务有关的措施方面给予外国服务和服务提供者的待遇，不应低于给予本国相同服务和服务提供者的待遇。

13.业务流程外包是指企业检查业务流程以及相应的职能部门，将这些流程或职能外包给供应商，并由供应商对这些流程进行重组。

14.全球价值链全球价值链是指为实现商品或服务价值而连接生产、销售、回收处理等过程的全球性跨企业网络组织，涉及从原料采购和运输，半成品和成品的生产和分销，直至最终消费和回收处理的整个过程。

General review1 The concept of international trade in service1.1Historical Development of Service ConceptT.P. Hill(1997)“A Service may be defined as a change in the condition of a person, or of a good belonging to some other economic unit, which is brought about as the result of the activity of some other economic unit, with the prior agreement of the former person or economic unit.”Service is added value to individual, whose value is reflected in the form of activity.1.2 The characters of services▪Services is heterogeneous.▪The production of service is simultaneous with its consumption.▪Service is difficult to store.▪Services are intangible.Goods and ServiceDefinition of service trade on General Agreement on Trade in ServiceGATS modes of service supply▪Mode 1 –Cross-border▪Mode 2 –Consumption abroad▪Mode 3 –Commercial presence▪Mode 4 –Presence of natural persons2.1 Different concepts▪Service industry▪tertiary industryPrimary industrySecondary industryTertiary industry▪Petty-Clark’s lawPetty proposed that the shift of the working population from agriculture to manufactures and from manufactures to services in the course of economic growth.▪Fuchs(1980)’s opinionFuchs suggested that the relative expansion of service employment could be due either to high income elasticity of demand for final product services or to slower growth in productivity in the service industries.Baumol's cost diseaseThe original study was conducted for the performing arts sector. Baumol and Bowen pointed out that the same number of musicians are needed to play a Beethoven string quartet today as were needed in the 19th century; that is, the productivity of Classical music performance has not increased. On the other hand, real wages of musicians (as well as in all other professions) have increased greatly since the 19th century.Baumol's cost disease is often used to describe the lack of growth in productivity in public services such as public hospitals and state colleges. Since many public administration activities are heavily labor-intensive there is little growth in productivity over time because productivity gains come essentially from a better capital technology. As a result growth in the GDP will generate little more resources to be spent in the public sector. Thus public sector production is more dependent on taxation level than growth in the GDP.The status and function of service industry in national economy▪The share of service industry is decided by the following factors:(1)the demand level and form of producer service;(2) the demand level and form of consumer service;(3) the extent of service entering into exchange economy;Mode 3 -FATSWhat are FATS statistics?▪Information relevant to services delivered through FDI by foreign affiliates▪ A range of indicators pertaining to the activities of foreign affiliatesWith a particular focus on servicesFirms covered in FATS▪Ownership criteriaMajority-owned foreign affiliates( a single foreign investor own more than 50% of their ordinary shares or voting power)Includes subsidiaries and branchesExcludes associates▪Types of producersAffiliates producing goods,servicesT he FDI Universe▪FDI: the direct investor makes an international investment to obtain a lasting interest in an enterprise abroad.Geographical allocation▪Foreign-owned affiliates in the compiling countryGeographical allocationFinal Act of the Uruguay Round→ Agreement establishing the WTOMarrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTOAnnex 11A: Agreements on Trade in Goods (GATT 1994 (GATT1947 + Uruguay Round Agreements and Decisions + …)1B: GATS (Trade in Services)1C: TRIPS (Intellectual Property Rights)Annex 2: Dispute Settlement UnderstandingAnnex 3: Trade Policy Review MechanismAnnex 4: Plurilateral AgreementsOther Ministerial Decisions and Declarations“single-undertaking▪Every item of the negotiations/agreements is part of a whole and invisible package and cannot be agreed separately.▪Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed.The difference of GATT and WTO▪NatureGA TT: a set of rulesWTO: permanent institution▪ScopeGA TT: trade in goodsWTO: trade in goods; trade in services; trade related with intellectual property rights.▪ApproachGA TT: Selective basisWTO: Single-undertaking▪Dispute settlementa permanent appellate body ;rules; panelsWhat is GATS?▪Implemented January 1995▪More than 150 countries (all WTO members)▪All sectors (160) in any service- Services supplied in the exercise of governmental authority (fire, police, …)- air Traffic▪Positive list approach (bottom-up approach)▪All modes of supplyUniversal CoverageWhich services are not covered?▪ public services or services provided in the exercise of governmental authority do not fallunder the scope of GATS.▪ The following areas are not covered by GATS either:▪ immigration regulations (for temporary movement of service suppliers);▪ budget policy, fiscal measures and exchange rate policy;▪ air rights and traffic rights.GATS▪ Four main parts:definition/scopegeneral rules applying to all measures affecting trade in servicesspecific commitments - apply only to sectors scheduledAnnexes - MFN, Movement of natural Persons, Air Transport, Financial,Telecommunications, MaritimeWhat does GATS cover?▪ Very broad - all measures affecting trade in servicesmeasures: law, regulation, rule, procedure, decision, administrative action, or anyother formMeasures affecting trade in services taken by governments and public authorities,at all federal levels, as well as by non-governmental bodies in the exercise ofdelegated powers.GATS - MAIN PRINCIPLES♋ Unconditional obligations✉ II : MFN✉ III : Transparency✉ IV: Increasing Participation of Developing country✉ V: Economic integration✉ VI: Domestic regulations✉ VII: Recognition✉ VIII: Monopolies and Exclusive Service Suppliers✉ IX: Business practices✉ X: Emergency safeguard Measures✉ XI: Payments and Transfers✉ XII: Restrictions to safeguard the balance of paymentsAll Services (except those provided in the exercise of governmental authorityBusiness and professional Finance and insurance Communicati ons Health and social Construction Tourism Distribution Recreation,culture,sports Education Transport Environment Other✉XII:Government procurement✉XIV: General Exceptions✉XV:SubsidiesUnfinished Business▪Government procurement - Article XIIIawaiting negotiations on disciplineslittle interest of progress to date▪Subsidies - Article XVno disciplines as yet, develop necessary disciplinesprogress slow - difficult.▪Emergency safeguards - Article X▪Allow members to suspend commitments in event unforeseen consequences of market opening causes injury to domestic industry▪Deadline extended several timesSCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTSModes of supply:(1) Cross-border supply (2) Consumption supply (3) Commercial presence (4) Presence of▪“top-down”、“none”、“unbound”▪CPCThe difference between trade in goods and trade in service▪cross-border trade is not the most important for trade in service.▪Services tend to be highly regulated.▪Barriers to trade in service often serve the dual purpose.The causes of trade in services▪Comparative advantagesDifferences in factor abundance、technology 、institution and policies.The price differences create incentives to trade.▪Sources of increasing returnsFixed costs combined with market niches.Firm-specific intangible assets▪Agglomeration effects▪NetworksModes of supply of trade in service▪For many types of services, the costs of provision vary substantially across the different modes of supply.▪For some services, supply is essentially not feasible via some modes.▪Rules that allows some modes but not others will favor some countries over others.Modes of supply as Substitutes▪For some types of services, different modes of supply are substitutes.▪If the different modes of supply are substitutes, in some cases virtually all of the gains from trade can be realized by opening up just one mode of trade.▪But, in some cases, different modes of supply are un-perfect substitute. Different modes have different effects on income distribution.Modes of supply as Complements▪In cases where there are strong complementarities across different modes of supply, fully effective liberalization of service trade requires that all modes be opened up.▪Services may also be complementary with goods trade.▪In some cases, the potential gains from goods trade cannot be fully realized without liberalization of service trade.Measures affecting services trade▪Entry restrictions▪Quantitative restrictions onOutput or market share by foreign providersThe number of individual service providers▪The type of legal entity permitted to provide services▪Limitations on foreign equity ownership▪Regulatory measuresTrade Barriers in Services▪Tariffs are relatively uncommon.▪Quotas are pervasive---Limits on the number of foreign firms;---Limits on percent foreign ownership in banking, insurance, etc.---Foreign providers completely shut out in some sectors( transport within a country)---Foreign exchange restrictions which can limit consumption abroad (tourism, education)---Limits on movement of foreign personnel---Local content requirements in broadcastingTrade Agreements vs. Unilateral LiberalizationTrade agreements is better than unilateral liberalization▪There are benefits from reciprocity. By trade agreement, each nation can ensure what they will gains from it.▪Trade agreements will help to avoid the trade wars.▪Trade agreements have important commitment advantages in both a local and international context.▪ A commitment to a trade agreement allows the development of a rules-based system that helps facilitate trade.。

《国际技术与服务贸易》复习资料国际技术贸易：不同国家的工商企业、经济组织或个人之间，按照一般商业条件，将其技术使用权授予、出售或购买的一种贸易行为。

国际技术贸易方式分为：许可贸易国际技术咨询服务国际合作生产国际合作开发国际工程承包补偿贸易特许经营国际BOT方式8种，其中许可贸易补偿贸易特许经营国际BOT方式为4种常用方式。

许可贸易是指交易双方通过签订许可协议来实现技术转让的一种方式。

许可方式主要有：独占许可、排他许可、普通许可、分许可、交叉许可。

技术许可合同是双方当事人为共同实现专利权、商标权和专有技术的使用权转让的特定目标而规定双方权利和义务的法律性文件。

技术许可合同分类：●普通许可合同又称非独占许可合同，是指在合同规定的时间和地域范围内，许可方在授予引进使用某个商标，或者某种技术、制造和销售该技术项下产品的权力的同时，自己仍然保留继续使用该商标，以及使用该技术生产、制造和销售合同产品的权力，也可以将该技术再转让给第三方使用。

●排他许可合同指在一定的地域和期限内，受方对受让的技术享有排他的使用权，供方在规定的期限内不得在该地域再将该项技术转让给任何第三方使用，但供方自己仍然保留在该地域内使用该项技术制造和销售产品的权利。

●独占许可合同是指在合同规定的时间和地域范围内，许可方给予引进方使用某个商标，或者某种技术生产、制造和销售该技术项下产品的独占的权利，自己不得在该地域内继续使用该商标，以及使用该技术生产、制造和销售合同产品，也不得将该技术转让给第三方使用。

●分许可合同也叫从属许可合同，是指在合同规定的时间和地域范围内，许可方允许引进方将其从许可方得到的权利再部分或全部转让给第三方。

●交叉许可合同又称交换许可合同，是指许可方和引进双方将各自拥有的技术使用权提供给对方使用，在互利互惠的基础上，相互交换技术的使用权和产品的销售权。

技术差距理论：波斯纳——创建技术差距理论，将技术作为一种生产要素纳入模型，研究技术创新、发展、模仿对国际贸易的影响，被看成是H-O理论的扩展。

名词解释1.物化服务：在服务生产活动者改变了一些人或他们所拥有的商品状态以后，服务被认为是“物化”了。

2.服务业：生产和提供各种服务的经济部门或企业的集合。

3.国际服务贸易：不同国家之间所发生的服务买卖与交易活动。

四种实现方式——跨境提供；境外消费；商业存在；自然人流动。

（理解）4.要素服务贸易:同国际收支帐户中的资本项目相关，即同国际间的资本流动或金融资产流动相关的国际服务贸易流量。

非要素服务贸易:同国际收支帐户中的经常项目相关，而同国际间资本流动或金融资产流动无直接关联的国际服务贸易流量。

5.国际核心服务贸易：同有形货物的国际投资和国际贸易无直接关联的国际服务贸易。

6.国际追加服务贸易：同有形商品的国际投资和国际贸易有着直接联系的国际服务贸易。

7.国际服务贸易壁垒：一国政府对国外生产的服务销售所设置的有障碍作用的政策措施。

不能仅仅从形式上判断贸易壁垒，更要看政策实施的实际效果，是促进还是阻碍了服务贸易的发展。

8.服务贸易自由化：一国政府在对外贸易中，通过立法和国际协议，对服务和与服务有关的人、资本、信息等在国家间的流动，逐渐减少行政干预，放松贸易管制的过程。

9.最惠国待遇原则：缔约方给予任何其他国家的服务和服务提供者的待遇，应立即和无条件地给予所有的协议缔约方。

国民待遇原则：缔约方给予任何其他缔约国的服务及服务提供者的待遇不得低于其给予本国相同服务和服务提供者的待遇。

10.国际服务外包：企业或机构在保持生产经营链条性质不发生实质性变化的情况下，把链条中的某些服务活动，通过契约的方式转移给专业服务机构，而自己则专注于核心性功能和业务的一种经营模式或经营战略。

选择、填空、简答知识点一、服务的基本要素1、资本2、劳动力3、知识与技术二、服务的基本特征1、无形性或不可感知性2、不可分离性（生产消费同时性）3、差异性（异质性）4、不可储存性三、服务业形成的标志1、服务劳动职业化；2、服务部门独立化；3、服务部门门类多样化。