Diversity of microbial plankton across the Three Gorges Dam of the Yangtze River

生态毒理学报Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology第18卷第5期2023年10月V ol.18,No.5Oct.2023㊀㊀基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(32071617);江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20191455);江苏省 双创博士 项目(JSSCBS20210723)㊀㊀第一作者:陈晨(1998 ),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为风险评价与生态安全,E -mail:****************㊀㊀*通信作者(Corresponding author ),E -mail:***************.cnDOI:10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20221112001陈晨,宋杰,闫瑾,等.微(纳米)塑料和抗生素的相互作用及对鱼类的联合毒性效应研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2023,18(5):56-73Chen C,Song J,Yan J,et al.Advances on interaction between micro(nano)plastics and antibiotics along with their joint toxicity to fish [J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2023,18(5):56-73(in Chinese)微(纳米)塑料和抗生素的相互作用及对鱼类的联合毒性效应研究进展陈晨,宋杰,闫瑾,王慧利,钱秋慧*苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,苏州215000收稿日期:2022-11-12㊀㊀录用日期:2023-01-20摘要:中国是微(纳米)塑料和抗生素生产和使用大国,由于过度使用和废水处理设施的限制,大量的抗生素和微(纳米)塑料进入水环境中,对生态环境和人类健康带来潜在威胁㊂微(纳米)塑料可以作为载体通过多种物理和化学作用吸附抗生素并将其转移到生物体内,对水生生物的肠道㊁肝脏㊁神经和生殖系统等造成损伤,并且通过食物链富集和转移,最终威胁到人类的健康㊂本文系统地综述了微(纳米)塑料和抗生素的相互作用以及对鱼类的危害,对微(纳米)塑料和抗生素的联合作用机制的研究方向进行了展望,以期对微(纳米)塑料和抗生素的环境风险研究提供更多理论参考㊂关键词:微(纳米)塑料;抗生素;联合暴露;相互作用;毒性文章编号:1673-5897(2023)5-056-18㊀㊀中图分类号:X171.5㊀㊀文献标识码:AAdvances on Interaction between Micro (nano )plastics and Antibiotics a-long with Their Joint Toxicity to FishChen Chen,Song Jie,Yan Jin,Wang Huili,Qian Qiuhui *School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Suzhou 215000,ChinaReceived 12November 2022㊀㊀accepted 20January 2023Abstract :China is one of the major countries manufacturing and using micro(nano)plastics and antibiotics.How -ever,owing to the overuse by human beings and low -efficient removal of micro(nano)plastics and antibiotics by the most wastewater treatment facilities,large quantities of micro(nano)plastics and antibiotics have entered the aquatic environment,posing a huge potential threat to the ecological environment and human health.With adsorbing antibi -otics via a variety of physicochemical interactions and further transferring them into organisms,micro(nano)plastics can damage the intestinal,liver,nervous and reproductive systems of aquatic organisms,which later can be en -riched and migrated through the food chain and finally affect human health.In this review,we summarized the in -teraction between micro(nano)plastics and antibiotics and their joint toxic effects on fish in detail and prospected the future research directions of the mechanism of their joint interactions.This review provides a comprehensive survey and theoretical guidance for the future investigations on evaluation of the environmental risks of micro第5期陈晨等:微(纳米)塑料和抗生素的相互作用及对鱼类的联合毒性效应研究进展57㊀(nano)plastics and antibiotics.Keywords:micro(nano)plastics;antibiotics;joint exposure;interaction;toxicity㊀㊀微(纳米)塑料(micro(nano)plastics,MNPs)和抗生素是地表水体中2种新型环境污染物㊂环境中的微(纳米)塑料主要来源于日化用品(如合成纺织品㊁个人护理产品)㊁运输业(如合成橡胶轮胎的腐蚀)和工业生产(如塑料颗粒),通过河流运输或直接排放到海洋中[1],对水生生物造成影响㊂因COVID-19暴发,抗生素的市场需求暴增[2];同时,废水设施的限制,使得进入市政污水处理厂的部分抗生素随尾水排出,在自然水体中大量累积㊂因此,MNPs和抗生素均在水体中大量存在,其造成的长期效应会在水生生物体内积累,并通过食物链逐渐放大,甚至引起整个水生态系统的慢性毒性效应㊂抗生素与MNPs具有相似的来源和迁移途径,它们在水生环境中不可避免地共存,形成复合污染,因此研究抗生素与MNPs之间的相互作用及其在水生环境中的联合毒性至关重要㊂本文综述了MNPs和抗生素在环境中的污染现状以及两者之间的吸附方式及影响因素,概述了两者联合暴露对鱼类的毒性效应,并对两者的联合作用机制进一步的研究方向进行了展望㊂1㊀抗生素及MNPs的污染现状(Contamination of antibiotics and MNPs)1.1㊀抗生素的污染现状抗生素具有水溶性高和易排出体外的特点,同时由于其大量使用,造成土壤和水体中抗生素的大量积累,已构成生态风险及健康威胁㊂尽管大多数抗生素的半衰期很短,但由于持续排放到环境中,抗生素被认为是一种 假持久性 有机污染物[3]㊂抗生素在医院㊁养殖场等特殊环境中广泛存在[4-7],已有大量文献报道了地表水体中抗生素的浓度,如表1所示㊂尽管抗生素的环境浓度通常处于痕量水平(ng㊃L-1~μg㊃L-1),但低浓度的抗生素仍然可能对水生生物构成风险,同时伴随着抗生素耐药菌株和抗性基因的产生和传播,对水生生态环境和人类健康造成威胁㊂1.2㊀MNPs的污染现状据报道,我国湖水中MNPs的丰度为900~ 34000个㊃m-3[21-25],其中长沙城市湖泊地表水中MNPs的丰度为7050个㊃m-3[24],并且超过89.5%的MNPs尺寸<2mm,最严重的为鄱阳湖,含量达5000 ~34000个㊃m-3[25]㊂美国南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿港和温亚湾MNPs的检出浓度分别为(6.6ʃ1.3)个㊃m-3和(30.8ʃ12.1)个㊃m-3[26]㊂德国托伦斯湖中MNPs的浓度为0.14个㊃m-3[27]㊂印度红山湖作为向钦奈市北部供水的淡水系统之一,检出MNPs的丰度为5.9个㊃L-1[28]㊂在抗生素检出较多的区域,如污水处理厂㊁垃圾填埋场和蔬菜生产基地等,其周围检测出大量MNPs,丰度为4~72个㊃L-1,并且粒径主要为0~50μm,占检出颗粒的80%[29]㊂Wang等[30]在工业厂房㊁养殖场和鱼塘废水中均检测到了MNPs,其丰度分别为8~23㊁8~40和13~27个㊃L-1,其中89%的MNPs 直径<500mm㊂不同来源的污水或废水之间没有明显差异,表明它们都构成了微塑料污染㊂生活污水处理厂的进水和出水中MNPs丰度分别为18~890个㊃L-1和6~26个㊃L-1,去除效率为35%~98%㊂南京[31]2家污水处理厂进水中的微塑料浓度分别为22.05个㊃L-1和10.30个㊃L-1,虽然其总去除率达到98%和97.67%,但由于日进水量巨大,因此仍有大量微塑料随尾水排放到自然水体中㊂在世界各地,包括偏远的极地地区,几乎都可以检测到微塑料[32-33]㊂因此,在不同营养层级㊁不同栖息地和拥有不同摄食特征的水生生物体内也发现MNPs亦不足为奇[34-35]㊂MNPs和抗生素在环境中广泛分布,尤其在水体中其分布区域重叠度较大,这为它们的相互作用提供了有利条件[36]㊂例如,由于密集的人类活动和抗生素的大量使用,在长江口的地表水中均检测到MNPs和抗生素,它们的最高浓度分别达到10200个㊃m-3和287ng㊃L-1㊂MNPs和抗生素也可能同时存在于北美的苏必利尔湖等沉积物中[37-38]㊂据报道,苏必利尔湖沉积物中的MNPs丰度为0~55个㊃kg-1,同时人们也发现抗生素在苏必利尔湖的沉积物中积累[39-40]㊂此外,在东亚沿海循环水养殖系统和中国渤海海岸线的沉积物中,也同时检测到了MNPs和抗生素及抗性基因的存在[41-42]㊂因此, MNPs可以作为抗生素的载体,驱动抗生素和抗性基因在自然界中的迁移转化[43-44]㊂当被生物体摄入时, MNPs也会改变抗生素在生物体内的蓄积和毒性㊂2㊀MNPs吸附抗生素(Antibiotics adsorbed by MNPs)2.1㊀MNPs吸附抗生素的方式MNPs可以通过多种物理和化学作用吸附抗生58㊀生态毒理学报第18卷素,如范德华力㊁氢键㊁疏水相互作用和离子交换等方式,通过生物富集作用对鱼类产生危害(图1)㊂范秀磊等[45]认为,MNPs吸附抗生素主要经过3个阶段㊂第1阶段,抗生素通过疏水分配作用和范德华力吸附在MNPs表面;第2阶段,抗生素缓慢地从表面扩散到MNPs内部;第3阶段,吸附达到平衡㊂目前已有关于不同类型的微塑料吸附各类抗生素的相关研究,详见表2㊂在MNPs吸附抗生素的过程中,氢键的形成发挥了重要的作用㊂抗生素中一些特定的官能团有助于氢键的生成,例如,聚酰胺(PA)的酰胺基(质子供体基团)和阿莫西林(AMX)㊁四环素(TC)和环丙沙星(CIP)的羰基(质子受体基团)之间可以形成氢键[43,46]㊂傅里叶红外光谱分析显示的3500cm-1和3100cm-1处的峰来源于分子间氢键的相互作用,被认为是CIP㊁左氧氟沙星和聚苯乙烯(PS)㊁聚氯乙烯(PVC)表1　抗生素在地表水体中的检出水平和种类Table1㊀The types and levels of antibiotics detected in surface waters类型Types地点Locations浓度/(ng㊃L-1)Concentration/(ng㊃L-1)抗生素种类Class参考文献References河流River中国渭河西安段Xi an Section of the Weihe River,ChinaND~270.6磺胺类㊁大环内酯类㊁喹诺酮类㊁四环素类Sulfonamides,macrolides,quinolones,tetracyclines[8]中国南四湖入湖河流Nansi Lake s inflowing rivers,ChinaND~694磺胺类㊁大环内酯类㊁喹诺酮类Sulfonamides,macrolides,quinolones[9]中国渤海湾入海河流Seaborne rivers of Bohai Bay,China178.89~229.80磺胺类㊁喹诺酮类㊁四环素类Sulfonamides,quinolones,tetracyclines[10]印度亚穆纳河River Yamuna,IndiaND~19460青霉素类㊁喹诺酮类㊁β-内酰胺类Penicillins,quinolones,β-lacams[11]湖泊Lake中国太湖Taihu Lake,ChinaND~36.472磺胺类㊁喹诺酮类㊁四环素类Sulfonamides,quinolones,tetracyclines[12]中国南四湖Nansi Lake,ChinaND~694磺胺类㊁大环内酯类㊁喹诺酮类㊁四环素类Sulfonamides,macrolides,quinolones,tetracyclines[9]中国东洞庭湖East Dongting Lake,ChinaND~843.49磺胺类㊁大环内酯类㊁喹诺酮类㊁四环素类Sulfonamides,macrolides,quinolones,tetracyclines[13]地表径流Surface runoff中国南京Nanjing,China1.958磺胺类㊁大环内酯类㊁四环素类㊁β-内酰胺类Sulfonamides,macrolides,tetracyclines,β-lactams[14]中国浙江Zhejiang,China508.7磺胺类㊁喹诺酮类㊁四环素类㊁氨霉素Sulfonamides,quinolones,tetracyclines,aminomycins[15]西班牙Spain1300磺胺类㊁大环内酯类㊁喹诺酮类Sulfonamides,macrolides,quinolones[16]水产养殖场Aquafarm中国固城湖蟹塘Crab ponds of Lake Guchenghu,China122~1440磺胺类㊁大环内酯类Sulfonamides,macrolides[17]中国江苏养殖场Aquafarm,Jiangsu,ChinaND~9600磺胺类㊁四环素类Sulfonamides,tetracyclines[18]葡萄牙北部Northern Portugal2.4~10喹诺酮类㊁四环素类Quinolones,tetracyclines[19]污水处理厂Sewage treatmentplant中国杭州Hangzhou,ChinaND~88磺胺类㊁大环内酯类Sulfonamides,macrolides[16]瑞典Sweden410喹诺酮类㊁大环内酯类Quinolones,macrolides[20]海洋Sea中国渤海湾沿海水域Coastal waters of Bohai Bay,China27.85~478.33磺胺类㊁喹诺酮类㊁四环素类Sulfonamides,quinolones,tetracyclines[10]注:ND表示未检出㊂Note:ND means not detected.第5期陈晨等:微(纳米)塑料和抗生素的相互作用及对鱼类的联合毒性效应研究进展59㊀图1　微(纳米)塑料和抗生素联合暴露对鱼类的毒性效应Fig.1㊀The toxicity effects on fish by the joint exposure of micro(nano)plastics and antibiotics之间通过氢键相连接的证据[47-48]㊂Yang 等[49]发现随着pH 值的升高,CIP 上的氢离子减少,并且在PS 上的吸附量降低,因此推测CIP 与PS 通过氢键吸附㊂同时,氢键也被证明是磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)在PA ㊁PS ㊁PVC ㊁聚乙烯(PE)㊁聚丙烯(PP)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)上吸附的主要机制[50]㊂大多数MNPs 具有丰富的烷基基团和较强的疏水性,由疏水相互作用主导吸附过程[51]㊂研究表明,疏水作用在一定程度上主导了AMX ㊁TC ㊁CIP ㊁甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)㊁泰乐菌素(TYL)㊁SMX ㊁磺胺甲基嗪和磺胺嘧啶在MNPs 上的吸附,并且具有较高正辛醇-水分配系数(log K ow )的抗生素对MNPs 的亲和力更强[43,52-57]㊂PS 和TC 的结构中均具有苯环,因此二者主要通过疏水相互作用吸附在一起[58]㊂Fu 等[59]还发现老化后的PA ㊁PVC 和PET 可通过疏水相互作用吸附磺胺类抗生素㊂范德华力也是MNPs 吸附抗生素最常见的方式,主要由π-π和静电相互作用组成㊂例如PE 仅通过范德华力吸附CIP ㊁TMP 和磺胺嘧啶(SDZ),并且淡水系统中CIP 通过静电引力增加了在MNPs 表面的吸附能力[43];当pH<6时,PS 和聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)通过静电相互作用吸附诺氟沙星(NOR)[60];PA ㊁PE ㊁PVC ㊁PS 和PP 主要通过范德华力吸附SDZ [61]㊂在研究对CIP ㊁TMP 和SDZ 吸附机制时,研究者发现PS 能够同时利用非特异性范德华力和π-π相互作用,而PE 仅利用范德华力,从而导致PS 对于CIP ㊁TMP 和SDZ 具有较高的吸附能力[49,62]㊂Chen 等[63]的研究也证明TC 在PE 上的吸附主要是由范德华力和微孔填充机制控制㊂除此之外,土霉素(OTC)对PS 的吸附主要由阳离子交换机制主导[64]㊂PE 通过疏水和静电相互作用吸附CIP [65]㊂一些MNPs 能够同时通过氢键和π-π堆积作用吸附抗生素,形成稳定结合[66]㊂另外,Wu 等[67]提出了几个新的吸附机制㊂PVC 上的氯原子可以作为电子受体,苯环和双酚上的羟基可以作为电子供体,从而在PVC 和双酚之间形成卤素键[68]㊂因此,推测PVC 与含羟基和苯环的抗生素之间能够形成卤素键㊂烷基和芳香环之间的CH/π相互作用也可以驱动PE 和具有苯环的抗生素之间的吸附㊂由此可知,抗生素在MNPs 上的吸附受到多种机制的影响㊂MNPs 和抗生素的特定结构和性质会影响各种驱动力的贡献,导致吸附能力存在很大差异㊂因此,未来的研究可以集中研究吸附过程中各个机制的相对贡献㊂2.2㊀MNPs 吸附抗生素的影响因素抗生素在MNPs 上的吸附-解吸过程共同决定抗生素在MNPs 上的吸附量,从而影响抗生素在环境中的迁移㊁分布和富集㊂这一吸附-解吸过程主要受到抗生素性质㊁MNPs 类型和环境条件(如离子强度㊁pH 和其他污染物)的影响㊂60㊀生态毒理学报第18卷表2㊀微(纳米)塑料吸附抗生素的主要方式Table2㊀The main modes for the adsorption of antibiotics by micro(nano)plastics抗生素类型Types of antibiotics微(纳米)塑料类型Types of micro(nano)plastics吸附方式Adsorption modes参考文献References磺胺甲噁唑Sulfamethoxazole聚乳酸㊁聚丙烯Polylactic acid,polypropylene疏水相互作用或静电相互作用Hydrophobic interaction or electrostatic interaction[69]磺胺嘧啶Sulfadiazine聚酰胺㊁聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯㊁聚乙烯㊁聚氯乙烯㊁聚苯乙烯㊁聚丙烯Polyamide,polyethylene terephthalate,polyethylene,polyvinyl chloride,polystyrene,polypropylene范德华力和微孔填充Van der Waals forces and micropore filling[61]磺胺类抗生素Sulfonamides老化聚酰胺㊁聚氯乙烯Aged polyamide,polyvinyl chloride聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯Polyethylene terephthalate疏水相互作用Hydrophobic interaction[59]磺胺嘧啶㊁环丙沙星Sulfadiazine,ciprofloxacin聚乙烯Polyethylene静电相互作用Electrostatic interaction[43]环丙沙星Ciprofloxacin聚乙烯Polyethylene疏水相互作用和静电相互作用Hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction[70]聚苯乙烯㊁聚氯乙烯Polystyrene,polyvinyl chloride疏水相互作用㊁π-π堆叠㊁静电相互作用和氢键Hydrophobic interaction,π-πstacking,electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds[71]诺氟沙星Norfloxacin聚苯乙烯㊁聚丁二酸丁二醇酯Polystyrene,polybutanediol succinate静电相互作用Electrostatic interaction[60]恩诺沙星㊁环丙沙星㊁诺氟沙星Enrofloxacin,ciprofloxacin,norfloxacin 聚丙烯㊁聚乙烯㊁聚氯乙烯Polypropylene,polyethylene,polyvinyl chloride疏水相互作用和静电相互作用Hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction[52]土霉素Oxytetracycin聚苯乙烯Polystyrene离子交换Ion exchange[64]四环素Tetracycline聚苯乙烯Polystyrene疏水相互作用Hydrophobic interaction[60]四环素㊁环丙沙星Tetracycline,ciprofloxacin聚乳酸㊁聚氯乙烯Polylactic acid,polyvinyl chloride氢键㊁π-π堆叠和静电相互作用Hydrogen bonds,π-πstacking,and electrostatic interaction[72]四环素㊁金霉素㊁土霉素Tetracycline,aureomycin, oxytetracycin聚乙烯Polyethylene范德华力和微孔填充Van der Waals forces and micropore filling[63]阿奇霉素㊁克拉霉素Azithromycin,clarithromycin聚乳酸㊁聚苯乙烯Polylactic acid,polystyrene疏水相互作用Hydrophobic interaction[73]阿莫西林Amoxicillin聚乙烯㊁聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯㊁聚丙烯㊁聚苯乙烯㊁聚氯乙烯Polyethylene,polyethylene terephthalate,polypropylene,polystyrene,polyvinyl chloride静电相互作用Electrostatic interaction[74]阿莫西林㊁四环素㊁环丙沙星Amoxicillin,tetracycline, ciprofloxacin聚酰胺Polyamide氢键Hydrogen bonds[46]第5期陈晨等:微(纳米)塑料和抗生素的相互作用及对鱼类的联合毒性效应研究进展61㊀续表2抗生素类型Types of antibiotics微(纳米)塑料类型Types of micro(nano)plastics吸附方式Adsorption modes参考文献References磺胺嘧啶㊁阿莫西林㊁四环素㊁环丙沙星Sulfadiazine,amoxicillin, tetracycline,ciprofloxacin 聚乙烯㊁聚苯乙烯㊁聚酰胺㊁聚丙烯㊁聚氯乙烯Polyethylene,polystyrene,polyamide,polypropylene,polyvinyl chloride氢键Hydrogen bonds[43]磺胺硫唑㊁磺胺美嗪㊁磺胺甲噁唑㊁环丙沙星㊁恩诺沙星㊁氧氟沙星㊁诺氟沙星㊁四环素Sulfathiazole,sulfametizine, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin,ennofloxacin, ofloxacin,norfloxacin,tetracycline聚丙烯Polypropylene氢键和疏水相互作用(原始聚丙烯)氢键和静电相互作用(老化聚丙烯)Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobicinteraction(primary polypropylene)Hydrogen bonds and electrostaticinteraction(aging polypropylene)[75]2.2.1㊀抗生素的性质抗生素的疏水性以及与其疏水性相关的特性(log Kow 和电离常数p Ka)在吸附过程中发挥着重要作用[76]㊂郭梦函[77]研究了AMX㊁CIP和TC在MNPs上的吸附能力,发现吸附能力与抗生素的疏水性成正相关的关系㊂大多数MNPs富含烷基且疏水性较强,因此更倾向于吸附疏水性污染物[51]㊂Syranidou和Kalogerakis[78]的研究表明,具有较高log Kow值的抗生素对MNPs的亲和力更强,因为它们具有更强的疏水性㊂抗生素是可电离的化合物,其电离常数也会影响MNPs和抗生素之间的结合机制,尤其涉及到静电相互作用㊂抗生素的p Ka㊁介质的pH值和MNPs 的零电荷pH点(pHpzc)共同影响抗生素和MNPs之间的静电吸附过程[79]㊂根据抗生素的电离常数和结构,在不同的pH条件下抗生素会表现出不同的离子形态(两性离子㊁阳离子和阴离子),例如,在pH= 2和4时CIP主要是以阳离子形式存在[52]㊂Li等[43]研究了CIP在特定的pH条件下的离子形态,发现在pH为6.7~7.1时,CIP以两性离子㊁阴离子和阳离子的形式存在;而在pH为8.0时,CIP的主要存在形式为两性离子和阴离子㊂在这2种情况下,MNPs的pHpzc均小于环境pH值,呈现负电性㊂因此在pH为8.0时,MNPs和CIP之间的静电排斥作用增强,从而降低CIP的吸附水平㊂TC的p Ka2= 7.7,当pH<7.7时,TC主要以两性离子和阳离子形式存在,带负电的MNPs可通过静电作用吸附TC;当pH>7.7时,TC的主要存在形式为阴离子,由于与MNPs静电排斥,此时TC的吸附量大大降低[80]㊂除此之外,抗生素的极性也对MNPs-抗生素的吸附过程有影响,具有多个极性官能团的抗生素可以促进MNPs的吸附㊂例如,喹诺酮类抗生素具有较多的极性官能团如羧基㊁羟基等,易于与环境中的MNPs发生吸附作用;磺胺类抗生素仅有苯氨基和酰胺基,因此MNPs对其的吸附能力较弱[81]㊂2.2.2㊀MNPs的性质MNPs由于其具有比表面积大㊁疏水性强和流动性高的特点,在环境中可以积聚各种毒素和化学污染物,并作为远距离运输污染物的载体㊂MNPs 的性质,如极性㊁比表面积和结晶度等,对污染物的吸附能力有很大影响[82-83]㊂MNPs的官能团和极性在MNPs-抗生素的吸附过程中起主导作用㊂PS㊁PP和PE通常是非极性塑料,而PVC㊁PET和PA是极性的㊂例如,强极性聚合物PA对磺胺甲噁唑和磺胺甲嗪具有比PE更强的吸附能力,这是由于PA中的酰胺基团(质子供体基团)和抗生素结构中存在的羰基(质子受体基团)之间形成了氢键,从而增强了吸附作用[84]㊂同样地, Fu等[85]也发现由于形成了稳定的氢键,PA对SDZ㊁AMX㊁TC㊁CIP㊁TMP的吸附能力超过了PS㊂MNPs的比表面积越大,意味着吸附位点越多,因此可以吸附的污染物的量就越大㊂Li等[43]发现PS㊁PP,尤其是PA的孔隙结构较为发达,使得这3种MNPs对AMX㊁TC和CIP的吸附能力高于PE 和PVC㊂其次,对于特定类型的MNPs,尺寸较小的MNPs通常具有较大的比表面积,从而对TC具有较高的吸附能力㊂然而,MNPs的粒径并不总是与其比表面积成反比㊂PS(50nm)的实测比表面积(63.462㊀生态毒理学报第18卷m2㊃g-1)低于理论值114.3m2㊃g-1,这可能是由于PS 的团聚导致比表面积降低[86]㊂粒径大小仅在一定范围内影响MNPs的吸附能力,最终吸附的效果取决于比表面积㊂MNPs另一个影响吸附过程的特性是结晶度㊂结晶度是聚合物中结晶区域所占的比例,MNPs具有无定形和结晶区域,无定形区域由不规则排列的长链组成,结晶区域则由规则排列成几何晶格的链段构成[87-88]㊂有机污染物对无定形区域的亲和性大于结晶区域,说明MNPs的结晶度越低,其对有机污染物的吸附能力越强㊂Liu等[48]发现低结晶度PVC 对CIP的吸附能力显著高于PS㊂Gong等[89]研究报道在玻璃化转变温度下,聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)表现为橡胶状聚合物,而聚乳酸(PLA)表现为玻璃状聚合物㊂玻璃状聚合物PLA的分子链密集且交联,阻碍了有机污染物的移动㊂因此,PBS的吸附能力大于PLA㊂然而,关于MNPs的结晶度在抗生素吸附中的作用仍缺乏明确的结论㊂此外,老化作用也能够增加MNPs的吸附能力㊂其原因有多个方面,老化后MNPs颗粒碎裂从而导致比表面积增加,其表面含氧官能团增加也会导致MNPs极性和表面性质发生变化,以及MNPs的表面形成生物膜,可通过降低其疏水性来增强MNPs 的吸附能力[48,90]㊂Yu等[91]在我国东山湾的海鱼养殖场对5种微塑料进行原位老化,并探究其在海洋养殖环境中对抗生素的吸附情况及影响因素㊂通过现场的原位吸附实验,研究发现与PS㊁PP㊁PE㊁PVC 和PET相比,老化PP由于具有更发达的孔隙结构,因而对抗生素具有更高的吸附效率㊂2.2.3㊀环境因素离子强度在MNPs吸附抗生素的过程中发挥着重要的作用,其作用机理是通过影响双层膜的厚度和界面电位来控制吸附剂与吸附质表面之间的静电和非静电相互作用,从而影响两者的结合[92]㊂NaCl 是水环境中最常见的离子,随着NaCl浓度的升高,钠离子取代了MNPs表面酸性官能团中的氢离子,抑制了氢键的形成,使得MNPs对抗生素的吸附量显著下降[93-95]㊂然而一些阳离子,如Cr3+㊁Zn2+,与抗生素在MNPs表面具有金属桥连作用,反而促进了吸附作用[47,96]㊂pH值在一定程度上也决定了静电相互作用,从而影响抗生素在MNPs上的吸附㊂例如,Xue等[97]发现当pH值大于磺胺类抗生素的等电点时,一部分磺胺带负电,此时与带负电的MNPs之间存在静电排斥,导致吸附能力下降㊂Wang等[83]发现在低pH条件下,阴离子形式的全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)在PE上的吸附能力高于非离子形态的PFOS,并且PFOS在MNPs上的吸附量随着pH的升高而降低㊂在淡水和海水中,MNPs对抗生素的吸附能力也不尽相同㊂在pH范围为6.7~7.1的淡水中,抗生素的存在形式大多为两性离子和阴离子,但仍存在部分阳离子形式;海水的pH值比淡水更高,抗生素几乎都以两性离子和阴离子的形式存在,与携带负电荷的MNPs具有较高的静电斥力㊂因此与淡水相比,MNPs在海水中吸附抗生素的程度较低㊂Yang 等[49]认为,PS在海水中对CIP的吸附能力远低于在去离子水中的吸附能力,可能是因为海水中存在的许多离子加速了溶液环境中电子的流动㊂当水体中存在其他有机污染物和重金属时,会影响MNPs对抗生素的吸附㊂相较于抗生素,重金属离子通过离子交换更容易吸附到MNPs上[98-100]㊂因此当重金属与抗生素共存时,MNPs的大多数活性吸附位点被重金属离子填充,从而导致其吸附抗生素的能力受到限制㊂同时,重金属和MNPs之间的静电相互作用也会导致重金属被吸附,占据MNPs表面的吸附位置,从而降低MNPs对抗生素的吸附[101]㊂然而,多价金属离子又可以和抗生素的负电荷络合,在抗生素㊁金属离子和MNPs之间形成共价键,从而提高抗生素的吸附量[102]㊂由于表面活性剂会改变污染物的界面特性,因此当水体中存在表面活性剂时会影响MNPs对抗生素的吸附能力㊂例如,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)能与PS和PE结合,提高PS和PE的表面电负性并且降低比表面积和孔隙率,使其在保持基本晶体结构的同时表面官能团略有改变,大大提高了PS和PE 对OTC和NOR的饱和吸附率㊂SDBS也会增强MNPs的亲水性,使其更易于吸附溶解在水中的抗生素[97]㊂腐殖质也会影响抗生素在MNPs上的吸附,例如,郭梦函[77]研究了3种抗生素(AMX㊁CIP和TC)在4种MNPs(PVC㊁PS㊁PP和PE)上的吸附情况,发现在不同浓度腐殖酸的条件下,3种抗生素在MNPs上的吸附能力先降低后升高㊂低浓度下3种抗生素在MNPs上的吸附量均呈现下降的趋势,这是因为腐殖质与抗生素竞争MNPs上的吸附位点,导致吸附量降低㊂而高浓度下腐殖质吸附到MNPs 上会形成包裹层,与抗生素发生阳离子π键和π-π给第5期陈晨等:微(纳米)塑料和抗生素的相互作用及对鱼类的联合毒性效应研究进展63㊀体受体作用,从而导致抗生素在MNPs上的吸附量增加㊂此外,当水体中存在蛋白质时,蛋白质会在老化MNPs上形成蛋白质电晕,从而加强对磺胺的吸附能力[59]㊂3㊀MNPs与抗生素联合暴露对鱼类的毒性(The joint toxicity of MNPs and antibiotics to fish)水体环境中大量的MNPs和抗生素会对水生生物产生毒性影响,造成严重的生态风险,并且还可能通过食物链转移和富集,从而威胁人类健康[103-105]㊂大量文献显示MNPs-抗生素的复合污染可能引起生物体分子组织㊁细胞和行为方面的改变,导致生物体的损伤[106],因此MNPs和抗生素联合毒性的研究势在必行㊂鱼类因其容易获得㊁实验室易饲养并且对毒物敏感的特征,常被用于水环境中污染物毒性的研究㊂已有大量文献报道了各类抗生素对斑马鱼的毒性,如表3所示㊂在生物体内,MNPs通过吸附抗生素并干扰代谢来增强抗生素的生物积累,但不能被水生生物摄取的大尺寸MNPs会降低抗生素的生物积累㊂由于抗生素在外部环境和生物体内与MNPs的吸附以及它们对同一生物靶标的作用, MNPs增强/缓解了抗生素对生物体的毒性㊂MNPs 和抗生素对鱼类的联合毒性主要表现在肠道㊁肝脏㊁神经㊁生殖和发育毒性等方面㊂3.1㊀对肠道的影响肠道是鱼类重要的消化和营养获取器官㊂鱼类是较低等的脊椎动物,消化能力弱,肠道干细胞分化成更多功能性细胞(如杯状细胞㊁淋巴细胞和柱状上皮细胞)来吸收营养或分泌消化液以应对外部刺激[129],并且肠道微生物群的干扰可导致宿主的生理功能障碍和某些疾病[130]㊂因此肠道受损会引起鱼类多种疾病的发生,增加健康受损的风险㊂表3㊀抗生素对斑马鱼的毒性Table3㊀The toxicity effects of antibiotics on zebrafish抗生素类型Class 抗生素种类Types暴露方式Exposure对斑马鱼的毒性Toxicity to zebrafish参考文献References四环素类Tetracyclines土霉素Oxytetracycline金霉素Chlorotetracycline四环素Tetracycline急性暴露Acute exposure胚胎孵化延迟,诱导氧化应激Embryo hatching was delayed and oxidative stress was caused[107]慢性暴露Chronic exposure探索行为㊁多动和冻结行为增加Exploration behavior,hyperactivity and freezing behavior were increased导致炎症反应,扰乱肠道菌群Inflammatory response was induced and gut flora were disrupted[108][108-110]慢性暴露Chronic exposure运动距离减少,认知行为下降,攻击行为增加Motor distance was decreased,cognitive behavior wasdecreased,and aggressive behavior was increased[111]急性暴露Acute exposure胚胎孵化延迟,体长变短,卵黄囊肿,游囊发育受阻,引起氧化应激及细胞凋亡Embryo hatching was delayed,body length became shorter,yolk cyst appeared,follicle development was blocked,and oxidative stress and cell apoptosis were induced[112]慢性暴露Chronic exposure肝脏脂质空泡化,肝脏代谢途径失调Liver lipid vacuolation and liver metabolic pathway disorders[113]β-内酰胺类β-lactams阿莫西林Amoxicillin头孢噻肟钠Cefotaxime sodium阿莫西林Amoxicillin头孢他啶Ceftazidime急性暴露Acute exposure慢性暴露Chronic exposure胚胎过早孵化Premature hatching of embryos[107]幼鱼体长变短Larvae became shorter in length[114]社交行为减少,引起氧化应激Social behavior was reduced,and oxidative stress was caused[115]运动距离增加,攻击行为加剧Movement distance was increased and aggressive behavior was intensified[111]。

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请听我说1.Listen to me, please.你跟我一样，是智人2.You're like me, a Homo sapiens.一个有智慧的人3.A wise human.生命是宇宙的奇迹4.Life, a miracle in the universe,出现于约四十亿年前5.appeared around four billion years ago,而我们人类只有二十万年历史6.and we humans only 200,000 years ago.但是我们却破坏了7.Yet we have succeeded in disrupting the balance...地球生命赖以生存的平衡8.that is so essential to life on Earth. 请细听这个不寻常的的故事，你的故事9.Listen carefully to this extraordinary story, which is yours,然后决定你应该做什么10.and decide what you want to do with it.这是我们的起源的轨迹11.These are traces of our origins.最初，我们的星球不过是一个浑沌的火球12.At the beginning, our planet was no more than a chaos of fire,伴随它的恒星--太阳诞生而形成的13.formed in the wake of its star, the sun.一团粘聚的尘埃颗粒14.A cloud of agglutinated dust particles,就像宇宙里面许多类似的星云15.similar to so many similar clusters in the universe.然而生命的奇迹就在此诞生16.Yet this was where the miracle of life occurred.今天，我们的生命17.Today, life- our life-是地球上无数生物形成的生命链中的一环18.is just a link in a chain of innumerable living beings...在近40亿年里，这些生物被彼此继承取代19.that have succeeded one another on Earth over nearly four billion years. 即使到了今天，新的火山继续改变我们的景观20.And even today, new volcanoes continue to sculpt our landscapes.它们让我们目睹了盘古初开时地球的样子21.They offer a glimpse of what our Earth was like at its birth熔石从深处涌出22.molten rock surging from the depths,开始凝固，裂开23.solidifying, cracking,冒着泡，或摊开形成薄的外壳24.blistering or spreading in a thin crust,然后再休眠一段时间25.before fabling dormant for a time. 这些从地球内部吐出缭绕的烟圈26.These wreaths of smoke curlingfrom the bowels of the Earth...是地球原始大气层的见证27.bear witness to the Earth's originalatmosphere.一个没有氧气的大气层28.An atmosphere devoid of oxygen.稠密的大气层，充满水蒸气和二氧化碳29.A dense atmosphere, thick withwater vapor,30.full of carbon dioxide.一个熔炉31.A furnace.因为有水，地球有了一个与众不同的未来32.But the Earth had an exceptionalfuture, offered to it by water.地球与太阳之间的距离适中不太远，不太近33.At the right distance from thesun—not too far, not too near因此地球上的水能够处于液体状态34.the Earth was able to conservewater in liquid form.水蒸气凝结后形成滂沱大雨降落在地球上35.Water vapor condensed and fell intorrential downpours on Earth,河流出现了36.and rivers appeared.河流改变了地球表面37.The rivers shaped the surface ofthe Earth,刻削着河道38.cutting their channels,并冲刷出山谷39.furrowing out valleys.它们流向地球上最低洼的地方形成海洋40.They ran toward the lowest placeson the globe to form the oceans.水溶解了岩石的矿物质41.They tore minerals from the rocks,渐渐的，海洋中的淡水42.and gradually the freshwater ofthe oceans...变成了咸水43.became heavy with salt.水是生命必需的液体44.Water is a vital liquid.它灌溉了这些广阔的不毛之地45.It irrigated these sterile expanses.水流就像人体的血管46.The paths it traced are like theveins of a body,树木的枝丫，是让大地苏醒的液体导管47.the branches of a tree, the vesselsof the sap that it brought to the Earth.40亿年后48.Nearly four billion years later,地球上的某些地方还能找到这样的艺术创作49.somewhere on Earth can still befound these works of art,火山灰混合着来自冰岛冰川的水50.left by the volcanoes' ash, mixedwith water from Iceland's glaciers.就是它们，物质和水51.There they are- matter and water,水和物质52.water and matter-软硬组合，这对地球上所有生物都是至关重要的53.soft and hard combined, thecrucial alliance shared by everylife-form on our planet.金属矿物元素比地球还要古老54.Minerals and metals are evenolder than the Earth.它们是星尘55.They are stardust.它们让地球五彩斑斓56.They provide the Earth's colors.红色是铁，黑色是碳57.Red from iron, black from carbon,蓝色是铜，黄色则是硫58.blue from copper, yellow fromsulfur.我们来自什么哪里？59.Where do we come from?生命火花从哪里迸发？60.Where did life first spark intobeing?一个时光奇迹61.A miracle of time,地球上的温泉仍然有原始的生命存活62.primitive life-forms still exist inthe globe's hot springs.它们赋予温泉颜色63.They give them their colors.它们叫做“古细菌”64.They're called archaeobacteria.它们都依靠地球热能生存65.They all feed off the Earth's heat除了蓝细菌，或是蓝绿藻以外66.all except the cyanobacteria, orblue-green algae.只有它们可以向着太阳来吸取其能量67.They alone have the capacity toturn to the sun to capture its energy.它们是古今所有植种的最重要的祖先68.They are a vital ancestor of allyesterday's and today's plant species.这些微小的细菌69.These tiny bacteria...及其数以亿计的后代70.and their billions of descendants...改变了地球的命运71.changed the destiny of our planet.是它们改造了地球的大气层72.They transformed its atmosphere.毒害大气层的碳去了哪里？73.What happened to the carbon thatpoisoned the atmosphere?它还存在，只是被“囚禁”在地壳74.It's still here, imprisoned in theEarth's crust.想要了解地球历史的这一篇章75.We can read this chapter of theEarth's history...卡罗拉多大峡谷的峭壁是最好的选择76.nowhere better than on the wallsof Colorado's Grand Canyon.它们展现了地球近20亿年的历史77.They reveal nearby two billionyears of the Earth's history.大峡谷曾经是一个聚居着微生物的海洋78.Once upon a time, the GrandCanyon was a sea inhabited bymicroorganisms.它们汲取从大气层溶解到海洋里的碳79.They grew their shells by tappinginto carbon from the atmosphere...并长出外壳80.dissolved in the ocean.它们死后81.When they died, the shells sank... 外壳沉到海床堆叠起来82.and accumulated on the sealed.这些地层就是它们无数的外壳构成的83.These strata are the product of those billions and billions of shells.因为有了它们，碳从大气层中排出84.Thanks to them, the carbon drained from the atmosphere,其他生物才能得以发展85.and other life-forms could develop. 生命改变了大气层86.It is life that altered the atmosphere.植物靠太阳能存活87.Plant life fed off the sun's energy, 这能量使植物分离水分子88.which enabled it to break apart the water molecule...并释放出来氧气89.and take the oxygen.空气因而充满氧气90.And oxygen filled the air.地球的水不断更新循环91.The Earth's water cycle is a process of constant renewal.瀑布，水蒸气，92.Waterfalls, water vapor,云、雨、泉93.clouds, rain, springs,河流、海洋、冰川94.rivers, seas, oceans, glaciers.这个循环从未间断95.The cycle is never broken.地球的水量恒久不变96.There's always the same quantity of water on Earth.历来的生物都喝同样的水97.All the successive species on Earth have drunk the same water.水是令人惊叹的物质98.The astonishing matter that is water.是最不稳定的一种99.One of the most unstable of all.它可以是液态的流水100.It takes a liquid form as running water,气态的蒸汽101.gaseous as vapor...或是固态的冰102.or solid as ice.在西伯利亚，冬季结冰的湖面103.In Siberia, the frozen surfaces of the lakes in winter...蕴含着水在结冰时展现的力量104.contain the traces of the forces that water deploys when it freezes.冰比水轻因而浮于水面105.Lighter than water, the ice floats, 不会沉到湖底106.rather than sinking to the bottom. 它形成御寒的保护罩107.It forms a protective mantle against the cold,冰下的生命可以延续108.under which life can go on.生命的引擎连锁结合109.The engine of life is linkage. 一切都连结起来110.Everything is linked.没有东西是自给自足的111.Nothing is self-sufficient.水和空气不可分割112.Water and air are inseparable,为了地球上的生命而结合113.united in life and for our life onEarth.于是，形成于海洋上的云给陆地带来降雨114.Thus, clouds form over the oceansand bring rain to the landmasses,河流再将水带回海洋115.whose rivers carry water back tothe oceans.分享就是一切116.Sharing is everything.从云层窥望的大片绿色是空气中的氧气117.The green expanse peekingthrough the clouds is the source ofoxygen in the air.七成氧气来自海藻118.Seventy percent of this gas,without which our lungs cannotfunction,这些海藻给海洋表面染上了颜色es from the algae that tint thesurface of the oceans.地球要依赖120.Our Earth relies on a balance...万物各司其职121.in which every being has a role toplay...互相依存的生态平衡122.and exists only through theexistence of another being.一种敏感而脆弱的和谐，极易破碎123.A subtle, fragile harmony that iseasily shattered.于是海藻和贝壳的结合形成了珊瑚124.Thus, corals are born from themarriage of algae and shells.澳大利亚沿海的大堡礁125.The Great Barrier Reef, Off thecoast of Australia,绵延三十五万平方公里126.stretches over350,000 squarekilometers...哺育着一千五百种鱼类，127.and is home to1,500 species offish,四千种软体动物128.4,000 species of mollusks...和四百种珊瑚129.and 400 species of coral.每个海洋的生态平衡都依靠这些珊瑚130.The equilibrium of every oceandepends on these corals.地球计算时间以十亿年计131.The Earth counts time in billionsof years.它花了四十多亿年创造了树木132.It took more than four billionyears for it to make trees.在物种的链条中133.In the chain of species,树木是至高无上的134.trees are a pinnacle,是完美的活的雕塑135.a perfect living sculpture.它们蔑视地心吸力136.Trees defy gravity.它们是唯一永恒地朝向天空的自然元素137.They are the only natural elementin perpetual movement toward the sky.它们的枝叶不疾不徐地向着太阳生长138.They grow unhurriedly toward thesun that nourishes their foliage.它们从微小的古细菌继承了139.They have inherited from thoseminuscule cyanobacteria...吸收光线能量的能力140.the power to capture light'senergy.它们储存并利用此能量141.They store it and feed off it,并使其变成木材和树叶142.turning it into wood and leaves,然后又分解成水，矿物，植物143.which then decompose into amixture of water,和生命物质的混合体144.mineral, vegetable and livingmatter.就这样145.And so, gradually,生命不可或缺的土壤逐渐形成146.the soils that are indispensable tolife are formed.土壤是生物多样性的工厂147.Soils are the factory ofbiodiversity.它们是不断活动的世界148.They are a world of incessantactivity...微生物觅食，挖掘，透气，蜕变149.where microorganisms feed, dig,aerate and transform.它们制造腐植土，在这肥沃的土层上所有生命互相紧扣150.They make the humus, the fertilelayer to which all life on land is linked.地球上的生命我们知道什么？151.What do we know about life onEarth?我们认识多少品种？152.How many species are we awareof?十分之一？还是百分之一？153.A10th of them? A hundredthperhaps?对于它们之间的相互关系我们知道什么？154.What do we know about the bondsthat link them?地球是个奇迹155.The Earth is a miracle.生命仍是个谜156.Life remains a mystery.动物的家族得以形成157.Families of animals form,至今仍存的习惯和仪式使它们凝聚158.united by customs and rituals thatsurvive today.有些适应了环境159.Some adapt to the nature of theirpasture,有些是环境适应它们160.and their pasture adapts to them.双方都受益161.And both gain.动物得到食物，而树木能够开花结果162.The animal sates its hunger, andthe tree can blossom again.在地球上生命的伟大的历险中163.In the great adventure of life on Earth,每种生物各司其职164.every species has a role to play,各有其位165.every species has its place.没有多余或有害166.None is futile or harmful.它们互相抵消167.They all balance out.然后你们168.And that's where you,这些聪明的人类169.Homo sapiens- "wise human'-进入剧情170.enter the story.你们得益于171.You benefit from a fabulous...地球四十亿年的遗产172.four-billion-year-old legacy bequeathed by the Earth.你们只有二十万年历史173.You're only 200,000 years old,但你们已经改变了世界的面貌174.but you have changed the face of the world.尽管你们脆弱175.Despite your vulnerability,但你们占据了所有的栖息地176.you have taken possession of every habitat...征服了所有土地177.and conquered swaths of territory...之前任何生物都未曾做过178.like no other species before you.经过十八万年的游牧岁月179.After180,000 nomadic years,气候变得温和，人类开始定居下来180.and thanks to a more clement climate, humans settled down.他们不再依靠打猎为生181.They no longer depended on hunting for survival.他们定居于充满渔猎182.They chose to live in wet environments...和野生植物的潮湿环境183.that abounded in fish, game and wild plants.这里土地，水和生命结合184.There, where land, water and life combine.人类的天赋让他们发明了独木舟185.Human genius inspired them to build canoes,用于开拓新的视野186.an invention that opened up new horizons...人类变成了航海家187.and turned humans into navigators.即使今天，大部分人类188.Even today, the majority of humankind...都居住在大陆的海岸线189.lives on the continents' coastlines... 或是河边和湖畔190.or the banks of rivers and lakes. 最初的城镇出现在6000多年前191.The first towns grew up less than600 years ago.这是人类历史的一大步192.It was a considerable leap inhuman history.为什么呢？因为这能使人类更容易的保护自己193.Why towns? Because they allowedhumans to defend themselves moreeasily.他们变成了社会人194.They became social beings,在一起分享他们的知识和手艺195.meeting and sharing knowledgeand crafts,融合他们的共性和不同196.blending their similarities anddifferences.简而言之，他们文明化了197.In a word, they became civilized.但他们可用的能量只是双臂198.But the only energy at theirdisposal was provided by nature...和大自然赋予的东西199.and the strength of their bodies.这是人类数千年来的故事200.It was the story of humankind forthousands of years.也是现今四分之一人类201.It still is for one person in four-即十五亿人的故事202.over one and a half billion humanbeings-比富裕国家人口的总和还多203.more than the combinedpopulation of all the wealthy nations.他们只从地球获取必须的用品204.Taking from the Earth only thestrictly necessary.很长一段时间，人类和地球的关系205.For a long time, the relationshipbetween humans and the planet...平衡对等206.was evenly balanced.很长一段时间，经济看起来是自然公正的联盟207.For a long time, the economyseemed like a natural and equitablealliance.但人类寿命短暂，艰苦劳动大行其道208.But life expectancy is short, andhard labor takes its toll.大自然的不可预知加重日常负担209.The uncertainties of nature weighon daily life.教育是罕有特权cation is a rare privilege.子女是家庭唯一资产211.Children are a family's only asset,每双手212.as long as every extra pair ofhands...对家庭的生存都要作出贡献213.is a necessary contribution to itssubsistence.地球为我们提供食物和衣物214.The Earth feeds people, clothesthem...以及日常所需215.and provides for their daily needs.一切来自地球216.Everything comes from the Earth.城镇改变人类本质和命运217.Towns change humanity's nature,as well as its destiny.农夫变成了工匠、商人和小贩218.The farmer becomes a craftsman,trader or peddler.农夫收获，城镇居民购买，或是物物交换219.What the Earth gives the farmer,the city dweller buys, sells or barters.商品交易220.Goods change hands,伴随思想交流221.along with ideas.人类的天份在于经常洞悉自已的弱点222.Humanity's genius is to havealways had a sense of its weakness.他们很想扩张领土223.Humans tried to extend thefrontiers of their territory,但明白自身局限224.but they knew their limits.大自然不曾赋予他们的能量和气力225.The physical energy and strengthwith which nature had not endowedthem...他们在动物身上找到，并驯养它们为己服务226.was found in the animals theydomesticated to serve them.空着肚子怎去征服世界？227.But how can you conquer theworld on an empty stomach?农业的发明228.The invention of agriculture...彻底改变了到处觅食的野兽本质229.transformed the future of the wildanimals scavenging for food...成为真正的人230.that were humankind.农业改写了人类历史231.Agriculture turned their history onend.农业是人类的第一场伟大革命232.Agriculture was their first greatrevolution.八千至一万年前开始233.Developed barely8,000 to10,000years ago,农业改变了人类与自然的关系234.it changed their relationship tonature.它终结了人类不稳定的狩猎和采集时代235.It brought an end to theuncertainty of hunting and gathering.第一次有了盈余236.It resulted in the first surpluses...这催生了城市和文明237.and gave birth to cities andcivilizations.为了农业生产238.For their agriculture,人类利用动物或植物的能量239.humans harnessed the energy ofanimal species and plant life,并从中受益240.from which they at last extractedthe profits.数千年艰苦觅食的记忆逐渐淡忘241.The memory of thousands of yearsscrabbling for food faded.他们学会将谷类适应242.They learned to adapt the grains that are the yeast of life...不同的土壤和气候243.to different soils and climates.他们学会增加农作物的收成和种类244.They learned to increase the yield and multiply the number of varieties.像地球上所有动物245.Like every species on Earth,人类每天的首要任务246.the principal daily concern of all humans...是喂饱自已和家人247.is to feed themselves and their family.当土瘠水稀的时候248.When the soil is less generous and water becomes scarce,人类要为一点干燥土地249.humans deploy prodigious efforts to mark a few arid acres...而拼命劳作250.with the imprint of their labor.人类以极大的耐性和专注去模塑土地251.Humans shaped the land with the patience and devotion that the Earth demands,近乎祭神仪式般不停地重复252.in an almost sacrificial ritual performed over and over.农业仍然是世界上最普遍的职业253.Agriculture is still the world's most widespread occupation.一半人类仍在耕种土地254.Half of humankind tills the soil,超过四分之三仍是手工操作255.over three-quarters of them by hand.农业像传统般一代接一代256.Agriculture is like a tradition handed down...有血有汗地薪火相传257.from generation to generation in sweat, graft and toil,因为它是人类生存的先决条件258.because for humanity it is a prerequisite of survival.人类依赖人力日久259.But after relying on muscle power for so long,开始发掘地球深处的能量260.humankind found a way to tap into the energy buried deep in the Earth.这些火焰也来自植物261.These flames are also from plants. 一束阳光262.A pocket of sunlight.纯粹的能量，太阳量263.Pure energy—the energy of the sun于一亿年前被数以百万计的树木264.captured over millions of years by millions of plants...俘虏了超过数百万年265.more than a hundred million years ago.那是煤，是天然气266.It's coal. It's gas.最重要的是石油267.And above all, it's oil.这束阳光把人类从辛劳的耕种解放出来268.And this pocket of sunlight freedhumans from their toil on the land.石油令人类解除了时间的束缚269.With oil began the era of humanswho break free of the shackles of time.石油令一部分人得享从未有过的舒适270.With oil, some of us acquiredunprecedented comforts.五十年里，仅仅一代人的时间271.And in50 years, in a singlelifetime,地球发生根本性的改变272.the Earth has been more radicallychanged...是前人从未做过的273.than by all previous generations ofhumanity.越来越快274.Faster and faster.过去六十年，人类人口倍增275.In the last60 years, the Earth'spopulation has almost tripled,超过二十亿人移居城市276.and over two billion people havemoved to the cities.越来越快277.Faster and faster.深圳四十年前只是偏僻渔村278.Shenzhen, in China, with itshundreds of skyscrapers and millions ofinhabitants,现在拥有数以百计的摩天大楼和数百万人口279.was just a small fishing villagebarely 40 years ago.越来越快280.Faster and faster.二十年来281.In Shanghai, 3,000 towers andskyscrapers...上海建了三千座高楼大厦282.have been built in 20 years.另有数百座正在建设中283.Hundreds more are underconstruction.今天，地球上七十亿人口有一半住在城市284.Today, over half of the world'sseven billion inhabitants live in cities.纽约，世界上第一个超级城市285.New York. The world's firstmegalopolis...是人类无止境地286.is the symbol of the exploitation ofthe energy...剥削地球资源的像征287.the Earth supplies to humangenius.数百万移民的人力资源288.The manpower of millions ofimmigrants,煤的能量289.the energy of coal,及无约束的石油力量290.the unbridled power of oil.电的出现发明了电梯291.Electricity resulted in theinvention of elevators,而电梯使得摩天大厦成为可能292.which in turn permitted theinvention of skyscrapers.纽约在全球经济排名中位列16293.New York ranks as the16th-largest economy in the world.美国最先发现和开发利用294.America was the first to discover,exploit and harness...珍贵而具革命性的能量“黑金”295.the phenomenal revolutionarypower of black gold.借助它296.With its help,农夫变成了农业企业家297.a country of farmers became acountry of agricultural industrialists.机器取代人力298.Machines replaced men.一升石油等于299.A liter of oil generates as muchenergy...一百双手在24小时产生的能量300.as 100 pairs of hands in 24 hours,但在全球只有3%的农民使用拖拉机301.but worldwide only three percentof farmers have use of a tractor.尽管如此，他们的粮食产出还是支配着地球302.Nonetheless, their outputdominates the planet.美国只剩下三百万农民303.In the United States, only threemillion farmers are left.他们出产的谷物可以养活二十亿人口304.They produce enough grain to feedtwo billion people.但大部分谷物并非用作食粮305.But most of that grain is not usedto feed people.就像其他工业国306.Here, and in all otherindustrialized nations,谷物用来喂牲口或作生化燃料307.it's transformed into livestock feedor biofuels.这束阳光的能量308.The pocket of sunshine's energy...赶走了令土地干旱的幽灵309.chased away the specter ofdrought that stalked farmland.所有泉水都用于农业310.No spring escapes the demands ofagriculture,它占人类水消耗量的70%311.which accounts for70% ofhumanity's water consumption.大自然的一切都互相连系312.In nature, everything is linked.耕地的拓张和单一品种的种植313.The expansion of cultivated landand single-crop farming...增加了害虫的肆虐314.encouraged the development ofparasites.石油化工革命带来的杀虫剂315.Pesticides, another gift of thepetrochemical revolution,把它们杀光316.exterminated them.农作欠收和饥荒成为邀远回忆317.Bad harvests and famine became adistant memory.眼前最头痛是318.The biggest headache now...如何处理现代农业带来的残留319.was what to do with the surpluses engendered by modern agriculture.有毒的杀虫剂渗进空气320.But toxic pesticides seeped into the air,泥土、动植物、河流和海洋321.soil, plants, animals, rivers and oceans.它们入侵一切生命322.They penetrated the heart of cells...赖以生存的细胞核心323.similar to the mother cell that is shared by all forms of life.它们对免于饥饿的人类有害吗？324.Are they harmful to the humans that they released from hunger?这些穿着黄色保护衣物的农夫325.These farmers, in their yellow protective suits,可能有更好的主意326.probably have a good idea.新兴农业免除了对土壤和季节的依赖327.The new agriculture abolished the dependence on soils and seasons.肥料令小片土地328.Fertilizers produced unprecedented results...出产前所未见的丰富收成329.on plots of land thus far ignored. 适应了土地和气候的谷物330.Crops adapted to soils and climates...被产量高和易于运输的品种所取代331.gave way to the most productive varieties and the easiest to transport.于是在上一世纪332.And so, in the last century,农民在过去数千年培育的333.three-quarters of the varieties developed by farmers over thousands of years...四分之三的品种绝种334.have been wiped out.极目所见，下施肥料，上覆塑料335.As far as the eye can see, fertilizer below, plastic on top.西班牙的艾美利亚温室336.The greenhouses of Almeria in Spain...是欧洲的菜园337.are Europe's vegetable garden.大批形状整齐的蔬菜338.A city of uniformly sized vegetables...每天等候数以百计的卡车339.waits every day for the hundreds of trucks...把它们运送到欧洲大陆的超级市场340.that will take them to the continent's supermarkets.国家越发展341.The more a country develops,国民对肉类的需求就越大342.the more meat its inhabitants consume.不依靠集中饲养式牛场343.How can growing worldwide demand be satisfied...如何满足全球日益增长的需求344.without recourse to concentration camp-style cattle farms? 越来越快345.Faster and faster.就像家畜一生都不会见到牧场346.Like the life cycle of livestockwhich may never see a meadow,比动物生长更快的肉类生产成为日常程序347.manufacturing meat faster thanthe animal has become a daily routine.被数百万牛践踏的辽阔饲场348.In these vast food lots, trampled bymillions of cattle,寸草不生349.not a blade of grass grows.一队队卡车从全国各地运来350.A fleet of trucks from every cornerof the country...数以吨计的谷物，黄豆和351.brings in tons of grain, soy meal...丰富蛋白质的饲料最终变成一吨吨的肉352.and protein-rich granules that willbecome tons of meat.结果是生产一公斤马铃薯353.The result is that it takes 100 litersof water...要一百公升水354.to produce one kilogram ofpotatoes,一公斤米要四千公升水355.4,000 for one kilo of rice...而一公斤牛肉要一万三千公升水356.and 13,000 for one kilo of beef.还不算在生产和运输过程被耗掉的石油357.Not to mention the oil guzzled inthe production process and transport.我们的农业成了石油推动型358.Our agriculture has becomeoil-powered.它能养活地球上双倍的人口359.It feeds twice as many humans onEarth...但多元性被标准化取代360.but has replaced diversity withstandardization.它让我们享受到梦中才有的舒适361.It has offered many of us comfortswe could only dream of,但却使我们的生活方式完全依赖石油362.but it makes our way of life totallydependent on oil.这是新的时间观念363.This is the new measure of time.我们的时钟随着那364.Our world's clock now beats to therhythm...永不言倦的阳光机器的节奏365.of these indefatigable machines...一起摆动366.tapping into the pocket of sunlight.它们的规律性让我们安心367.Their regularity reassures us.极小的间断都会引发混乱368.The tiniest hiccup throws us intodisarray.整个地球都注意到了我们369.The whole planet is attentive tothese metronomes...寄托希望和幻想的节拍器370.of our hopes and illusions.同样的希望和幻想随着我们的需求371.The same hopes and illusions thatproliferate along with our needs,以及越来越难以满足的欲望和浪费而增加372.increasingly insatiable desires andprofligacy.我们知道廉价石油时代即将终结373.We know that the end of cheap oilis imminent,但我们拒绝相信374.but we refuse to believe it.对大多数人来说，美国梦体现在一个传奇的名字上：375.For many of us, the Americandream is embodied by a legendaryname:洛杉矶376.Los Angeles.在这个方圆一百公里的城市377.In this city that stretches over100kilometers,汽车的数量几乎与人口相等378.the number of cars is almost equalto the number of inhabitants.这里，晚上是能源卖力表演的时该379.Here, energy puts on a fantasticshow every night.白天不过是夜晚的苍白反映380.The days seem to be no more thanthe pale reflection of nights...晚上的城市变成闪烁星空381.that turn the city into a starry sky.越来越快382.Faster and faster.距离不再以英哩度量而是多少分钟车程383.Distances are no longer counted inmiles but in minutes.汽车重塑郊区面貌，每个房子都好像城堡般384.The automobile shapes newsuburbs where every home is a castle,跟令人窒息的市中心保持安全距离385.a safe distance from theasphyxiated city centers,一排排整齐的房子拥挤在死胡同四周386.and where neat rows of houseshuddle round dead-end streets.少数发达国家的模式387.The model of a lucky fewcountries...通过遍及全球的电视节目388.has become a universal dream,已变成了普遍梦想389.preached by televisions all over theworld.即使在北京390.Even here in Beijing,这些模仿，抄袭和复制391.it is cloned, copied andreproduced...千篇一律的房子已把古塔从地图上抹去了392.in these formatted houses thathave wiped pagodas off the map.汽车成为舒适和进步的象征393.The automobile has become thesymbol of comfort and progress.如果每个社会都跟随这个模式394.If this model were followed byevery society,今天地球不会只有九亿辆汽车395.the planet wouldn't have900million vehicles, as it does today,而是五十亿396.but five billion.越来越快397.Faster and faster.世界越发展，对能源的渴求就更高398.The more the world develops, the greater its thirst for energy.到处都是挖钻矿物的机器399.Everywhere, machines dig, bore and rip from the Earth...把盘古初开时埋在地下的星星挖出来400.the pieces of stars buried in its depths since its creation:矿物401.minerals.未来二十年人类从地球开采的矿物402.In the next 20 years, more ore will be extracted from the Earth...比人类历史上的总数都要多403.than in the whole of humanity's history.由于垄断404.As a privilege of power,80%开采所得财富405.80% of this mineral wealth...只由20%的人口分享406.is consumed by 20% of the world's population.到本世纪末407.Before the end of this century,由于过份开采矿产，人类将会耗尽地球上的大部分资源408.excessive mining will have exhausted nearly all the planet's reserves.越来越快409.Faster and faster.造船厂大量制造油轮410.Shipyards churn out oil tankers, 货柜船，煤气运输船411.container ships and gas tankers... 以应付世界性工业生产的需求412.to cater for the demands of globalized industrial production.大部分消费品要千里迢迢地413.Most consumer goods travel thousands of kilometers...从产地运到消费地414.from the country of production to the country of consumption.自1950年至今，国际贸易总量415.Since1950, the volume of international trade...增长了二十倍416.has increased 20 times over.90%的贸易在海上进行417.Ninety percent of trade goes by sea.每年多达五亿的货柜418.500 million containers are transported every year,被运往主要的消费地区419.headed for the world's major hubs of consumption,例如迪拜420.such as Dubai.迪拜是世界上最大的建筑工地之一421.Dubai is one of the biggest construction sites in the world一个将不可能变成可能的国家422.a country where the impossible becomes possible.例如在大海中建造人工岛423.Building artificial islands in thesea, for example.迪拜缺乏自然资源424.Dubai has few natural resources,但依靠石油赚的钱，它可以输入数百万吨的原料425.but with the money from oil, it canbring millions of tons of material andpeople...和来自世界各地的人口426.from all over the world.它可以建造大厦丛林，一个比一个高427.It can build forests of skyscrapers,each one taller than the last,甚至在沙漠中建滑雪道428.or even a ski slope in the middle ofthe desert.迪拜没有农田，但可以进口食物429.Dubai has no farmland, but it canimport food.迪拜没有水源430.Dubai has no water,但可以花费大量能源431.but it can afford to expendimmense amounts of energy...淡化海水并修建世界上最高的摩天大楼432.to desalinate seawater and buildthe highest skyscrapers in the world.迪拜阳光充沛但没有太阳能电池板433.Dubai has endless sun but no solarpanels.城市的需求永无止境434.It is the city of more is more,在这里最不着边的梦想也能变成现实435.where the wildest dreams becomereality.迪拜是西方模式的顶峰436.Dubai is a sort of culmination ofthe Western model,它的800米高的图腾式建筑437.with its800-meter high totem tototal modernity...一直让世界惊奇438.that never fails to amaze theworld.过分吗？也许吧439.Excessive? Perhaps.迪拜似乎已作出选择440.Dubai appears to have made itschoice.它恰似全球财富的像征441.It is like the new beacon for all theworld's money.没有任何事物比迪拜更远离大自然442.Nothing seems further removedfrom nature than Dubai,但没有任何事物比迪拜更依赖大自然443.although nothing depends onnature more than Dubai.这城市只不过跟随富裕国家的模式444.The city merely follows the modelof wealthy nations.我们还不明白我们正在耗尽自然资源445.We haven't understood that we'redepleting what nature provides.对海洋世界我们了解什么？446.What do we know of the marineworld, of which we see only the surface,它覆盖了地球四分之三的面积447.and which covers three-quarters ofthe planet?海洋深度仍是个秘密448.The ocean depths remain a secret.海洋中存在的数千物种对我们来说也是一个谜449.They contain thousands of specieswhose existence remains a mystery tous.自1950年起，渔业捕获量增加了5倍450.Since1950, fishing catches haveincreased fivefold,由每年一千八百万吨增至一亿吨451.from 18 to 100 million metric tonsa year.数以千计的加工渔船淘空海洋452.Thousands of factory ships areemptying the oceans.四分之三的渔场已枯竭453.Three-quarters of fishing groundsare exhausted,废弃或是频临废弃454.depleted or in danger of being so.大型鱼类已所剩无几455.Most large fish have been fishedout of existence,因为没有时间繁殖456.since they have no time toreproduce.我们把上苍赋予的生命循环摧毁了457.We are destroying the cycle of alife that was given to us.在海岸线上，到处都是资源耗尽的迹象458.On the coastlines, signs of theexhaustion of stocks abound.第一幕：海洋哺乳动物的栖息地越来越小459.First sign: Colonies of seamammals are getting smaller.海洋沿岸的城市化和污染已让它们变得异常脆弱460.Made vulnerable by urbanizationof the coasts and pollution,现在，它们又要面对一个新的威胁：饥荒461.they now face a new threat:famine.它们完全竞争不过工业化的捕鱼船队462.In their unequal battle againstindustrial fishing fleets,无法获得足够的食物哺育后代463.they can't find enough fish to feedtheir young.第二幕：464.Second sign:海鸟为了觅食而越飞越远465.Seabirds must fly ever greaterdistances to find food.按照现在的速度，所有的鱼类资源面临枯竭的危险466.At the current rate, all fish stocksare threatened with exhaustion.在达喀尔，传统的网具捕鱼在很久以前就很发达467.In Dakar, traditional net fishingboomed in the years of plenty,但在今天，鱼类正在减少468.but today, fish stocks aredwindling.五分之一的人以鱼为主食469.Fish is the staple diet of one in fivehumans.我们能想象难以置信的未来吗？470.Can we envision theinconceivable?。

第16卷 第4期 湿 地 科 学 与 管 理 Vol.16 No.42020年12月 WETlAND sCiENCE & MANAGEMENTd ec.2020广东孔江国家湿地公园大型底栖动物群落组成与水质评价赵顺1 邓婉璐2 雷会雄2 林路香2 赖长斌2（1 广州草木蕃环境科技有限公司，广东 广州 510000；2 南雄市孔江国家湿地公园管理处，广东 南雄 512400）摘 要 为了解广东孔江国家湿地公园大型底栖动物群落结构与时空分布特征，在孔江湿地布设了4个采样点，采集大型底栖动物样品，进行物种鉴定和计数，开展大型底栖动物群落组成与时空分布的初步研究。

结果表明：2019年7月至2020年3月，孔江湿地共采集到大型底栖动物33种，包括软体动物6种、环节动物2种和节肢动物25种，优势底栖动物为昆虫纲中的摇蚊类；孔江湿地底栖动物密度水平较低，底栖动物密度为9.17～121.67 ind./m 2。

库湾湿地的底栖动物种类最多，密度最高，其次是入库口位点，而库中位点的底栖动物种类最少，密度也最低。

孔江湿地底栖动物物种多样性水平中等偏低，根据多样性指数与水体的水质关系可得出孔江湿地水质为中度、轻度污染。

关键词 孔江湿地；底栖动物；物种多样性Composition of Macrobenthos Community and Evaluation of Water Quality inGuangdong Kongjiang National Wetland ParkZHAO shun 1 Deng Wan-lu 2 lEi Hui-Xiong 2 liN lu-Xiang 2 lAi Chang-Bin 2(1 Guangzhou Caomufan Environmental science ltd., Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China; 2 Guangdong Kongjiang NationalWetland Park Management Office, Nanxiong 512400, Guangdong, China)Abstract in order to evaluate the macrobenthos community structure and their distribution characteristics in Guangdong Kongjiang National Wetland Park, samples were collected from 4 sampling sites, the species were identified and counted to study the composition, spatial and temporal distribution in the macrobenthos community. The results showed that during the sampling period from July 2019 to March 2020, 33 species in total were recorded in Kongjiang wetland, including 6 species of mollusk, 2 species of annelids and 25 species of arthropods, the dominant macrobenthos were chironomids of insecta. The density of macrobenthos in Kongjiang wetland is relatively low, which ranged from 9.17 to 121.67 ind./m 2. The species number and density of macrobenthos in the reservoirbay wetland were the highest in spatial distribution, followed by the inlet site, and the lowest value existed in the site of reservoir intermediate. The level of macrobenthos species diversity in Kongjiang wetland is relatively low, according to the relationship between the diversity index and water quality, Kongjiang wetland is at moderate pollution.Key words Kongjiang wetland; Macrobenthos; species diversity收稿日期：2020-06-02作者简介：赵顺（1989-)，男，生态学硕士，主要从事湿地生物多样性保护与恢复研究方面的工作。