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Deliberations among Experts and Laity An approach to building planning information systems

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DeliberationsamongExpertsandLaityAnapproachtobuildingplanninginformationsystems∗†

NikhilKaza‡DepartmentofUrban&RegionalPlanning,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign

June17,2005

AbstractThecooperativeworkprocess,whichinvolvesdeliberationsbetweenexpertsandlaity,isrestrictedbyitsaccesstospatialandaspatialinformation.Thispaperaddressestheseconcernsastohowaplanninginformationsystemcanbefashionedtosupportsuchdelibera-tions.Inparticular,byidentifyingthekindsofquestionsthatcomeupindeliberationsaboutinstitutionalknowledge—relationshipswithinthecurrentstateoftheworld,permissions,in-tentionalchangestotheworld—tiedtolocations.Identifyingwhatactionsarepermitted,prohibited,orhavecontingenciesdependsonexpertinferencethatconsidersoverlappingreg-ulationsandintentionsofotherstrategicplayerslikegovernments,theirhierarchies(Federal,state,localetc.),developers,andinterestgroups,intheprocess.Thisknowledgeneces-saryinconductingmeaningfuldeliberationsisnotadequatelyaddressedinsystems,includ-ingparticipatoryGeographicInformationSystems.Thispaperfocussesonspecificseman-ticrelationships—complementarity,substitutability,alternativesandinterdependence—thatneedbeconsideredindesignofasystemthatsupportsdeliberationsaboutmakingplans,usingplansandenforcingregulations,amongdifferentgroupswithvariouslevelsofexpertise.Keywords:UrbanOntology,PlanningPraxis,InformationSystems,Deliberations

∗PreparedforpresentationatUCGISsummerassemblyJune2005,JacksonHole,WY.

†ThecommentsofLewHopkins,VarkkiPallathucherilandEktaBhardwajaregratefullyacknowledged.

‡nkaza@uiuc.edu,111TempleBuellHall,611TaftDrive,Champaign,IL61820,Phone:2173333890

11SupportingDeliberationParticipatoryGeographicInformationSystems(PGIS)havetodatefocussedonthewideningofaccessibilityofgeographicinformationbeyondtheexpertgroups(JankowskiandNyerges2001)andinvolvingdeepparticipationofcommunitygroupsintheproductionofthegeographicknowledge(Peluso1995).However,HarrisandWiener(forthcoming)notethatassocialandculturalcontextscannotbesufficientlyrepresentedinaGIS,designinganeffectivePGISbecomesproblematic.Thispapercontendsthattheproblemofsuchrepresentationistheproblemofontology,orvocabularyifyouwill,whichreliesonalltoorestrictiveasetofgeographicrelationshipsthataGISfocusseson.Thispaperidentifiesthekindsofrelationshipsaninformationsystemoughttofocuson,bydesigningthespecificontologiesrequiredforeachparticulardisciplineandbyleveragingtheresearchonGIS.

Deliberationsamongexperts,oramonglaity1andexperts2,abouturbandevelopmentprocessesareofteninwantofatleastfourkindsofknowledge:1)Whatisthecurrentstateoftheworldandwhatarethepossiblefuturestates?2)Whataretheregulatoryorincentiveorinstitutionaldevicesinplace,thatmakesomefuturestatesmorelikelythanothers?3)Whataretheintentionsofotherstrategicallyimportantplayersintheprocess?4)Whatarethepossibleresponsesavailable,giventheinstitutionalenvironment,tothoseintentions?Thesequestionsareaboutrights,regulations,intentionsandtheinterdependencerelationshipsamongthese.

Torepresentthisinformation,thisworkbuildsupontheontology3developedforrepresentingurbandevelopmentprocessesinHopkins,Kaza,andPallathucheril(forthcoming)andelaboratedforlanduseregulationsinKaza(2004).Plansareintentionalactionsdirectedtowardschange,andexplicitlyrecogniseofrelationships—agenda,design,policyandstrategy—amongactions(Hopkins2001).TheintellectualdevelopmentofGISoverthepastdecadehasprovidedusefulgroundingforrepresentingspatialandtemporalentitiesandchanges.Couclelis(1991)andWorboys(1994;forthcoming)identifiedkeyconceptsofsituationversussiteandtime,contingency,andexpectations,whichwillbecentralinrepresentingplans.Al-Taha(1992)describesaninformationsystemthatissuitedtochangingboundaries,whichisusefultodescribechangesinrightsaboutalocation.Westervelt(1996)describesmodellingofobjectsinmotionthusprovidingabasisforrepresentingintentionalactionsthatactivelyprecipitatechangestoadynamicsystem.

A“webofplans”anda“webofregulations”couldbeaprototypicalcasefordesignofaninformationsystemthatwillcapturetheessentialelementsofaplanninginformationsystemthatisrequiredfordeliberations,whilstnotpurportingtobecomplete.Asingleplan,norasinglesetofregulationsaboutaparticularissueisnotveryusefulbecausetherearecompetingintentionsofvariousactors†,overlappingissuesandhierarchiesofregulations.Laurini(2001,p158-160)describeshowdifferentregulationswhichareoverlappinginjurisdictional†scopenecessitatestheapplicationofdifferentrules.UsingalegacyplanningcasesforMcHenryCounty,Illinois,thispaperdescribesa“SystemofPlans”(SoP)approachtowardsplanning

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专业英语

专业英语

20个短语20个选择10个翻译句子计算题U1The project life cycle may be viewed as a process through which a project is implemented from cradle to grave. This process is often very complex; however, it can be decomposed into several stages as indicated by the general outline in Figure 1-1.项目寿命期可以被视为一个从摇篮到坟墓项目实施的过程。

这个过程常常很复杂；但是，它可以按图1-1所示的框架分解为几个阶段All organizational approaches have advantages and disadvantages, depending on the knowledge of the owner in construction management as well as the type, size and location of the project.所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型，规模和位置Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize. Because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives or disincentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.总的来说，这些业主有着更多的连他们自己也意识不到的影响建筑业的能力。

Unit 1 1.1 Reading and thinking高一英语(人教版2019必修第二册)

Unit 1 1.1 Reading and thinking高一英语(人教版2019必修第二册)


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吴志强院士-以流定形的城市规划方法

吴志强院士-以流定形的城市规划方法

2015 （第十届）城市发展与规划大会以流定形的城市规划方法Form Follows Flow: Planning Methodology Approach吴志强WU Siegfried2015.07.222015 （第十届）城市发展与规划大会吴志强城市发展与规划大会的两个基本问题：Two Essential Questions of the Conference•中国城镇化发展走向Urban Trends in China•中国的规划如何支撑Planning Support for Transition世界252个国家和地区的城镇化率曲线2015 （第十届）城市发展与规划大会吴志强203040506070城镇化率%Afghanistan阿富汗Angola安哥拉Albania阿尔巴尼亚UAE阿拉伯American Samoa美属萨摩亚Antigua and Barbuda安提瓜和巴布达Australia澳大利亚Austria奥地Benin贝宁Burkina Faso布基纳法索Bangladesh孟加拉国Bulgaria保加Belarus白俄罗斯Belize伯利兹Bermuda百慕大Bolivia玻利Brunei Darussalam文莱Bhutan不丹Botswana博茨瓦纳Central Afri Chile智利China中国CotedIvoire科特迪瓦Cameroon喀世界各国城镇化率发展道路与人均GDP 关系世界G20国家城镇化率发展道路劳动生产率关系010000200003000040000500006000070000劳动生产率（美元）102030405060708090100城镇化率（%）1850英国德国18901920美国1930法国1950日本1960印度印尼中国沙特南非意大利欧盟土耳其澳大利亚阿根廷巴西韩国墨西哥俄罗斯加拿大19701980199020002010中国城镇化将进入分叉期各国城镇化道路分野点Breakout Point分野点：60%城镇化率Breakout Point劳动生产率GDP USD/person各国城镇化道路命线Destine Line命线：75%城镇化率Destine Line劳动生产率GDP USD/person⚫世界252个国家城镇化率达到75%的国家，其劳动生产率已经出现历史性不可逆转的差异。

土地利用规划学 第17章 土地利用规划中的公众参与

土地利用规划学 第17章 土地利用规划中的公众参与


土地利用规划学
21世纪土地资源管理系列教材
17.1 公众参与理论的发展
17.1.3 阿斯坦因的“市民参与阶梯”理论
阿斯坦因的“市民参与阶梯”理论对“公众参与” 这一概念进行了系统分析。她认为公众参与可以分 为不同的层次，参与的程度也因此有所不同。这一 阶梯共有八个横档，可分为三个层次、八种形式。 阿斯坦因的“市民参与阶梯”理论在当时以及现在 来说都具有十分重要的思想和理论意义。从她的这 个理论可以看到，只有当所有的社会利益团体—— 包括地方政府、私人公司、邻里和社区非营利组 织——之间建立一种规则和决策的联合机制，市民 的意见才将起到真正的作用。
土地利用规划学 第17章 土地利用规划中的公众参与
土地利用规划学
21世纪土地资源管理系列教材
第17章 土地利用规划中的公众参与
重点问题
公众参与理论的发展 土地利用规划中的公众参与形式与制度 土地利用规划中公众参与的方法与形式
土地利用规划学
21世纪土地资源管理系列教材
17.1 公众参与理论的发展
17.1.1 斯凯夫顿报告
17.2.2 土地利用规划中的公众参与制度
1. 民意调查制度 2. 信息公开制度 3. 听证会制度 4. 院外集团游说制度 5. 公民请愿与公民投票制度 6. 协商谈判制度
土地利用规划学
21世纪土地资源管理系列教材
17.3 土地利用规划中公众参与的方法与形式
17.3.1 土地利用规划中的公众参与方法
1. 公众参与调查 2. 公众参与分析
土地利用规划学
21世纪土地资源管理系列教材
关键术语
公众参与 公众参与形式 公众参与技术方法
土地利用规划学
21世纪土地资源管理系列教材