细胞内的运输系统2013年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖简介
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780 首都医科大学学报 第34卷 的损伤都会导致疾病的发生。 囊泡的运输和融合对于许多生理活动至关重要。 从脑内神经细胞的信息传递到免疫反应和激素分泌, 细胞内运输系统的失控与这些领域的许多疾病相关。 例如,代谢性疾病如II型糖尿病的特征为胰岛素从胰 岛beta细胞分泌异常,胰岛素介导的葡萄糖转运体在 骨骼肌和脂肪组织中的转位异常。另外,人类体内的 免疫细胞依靠功能性囊泡的运输和融合来传递如细 胞因子和免疫效应分子等物质,从而介导先天性免疫 反应和获得性免疫反应。 除了囊泡融合与疾病的这种普遍联系,编码囊泡 融合过程相关蛋白的基因突变也会引发疾病。例如, 在某种形式的癫痫中发现了Muncl8一 基因的突变。 与此类似,在家族性噬血细胞综合征(familial hemoph— agocytic lympho stiocytosis,FHL)患者的子家族中发 现了Muncl3—4、Muchl8—2以及syntaxin一11基因的突 变。在FHL患者中,自然杀伤细胞(natural kill cells) 与靶细胞相遇时无法正确发挥作用,导致超炎性反 应,可以是致死性的。另外,某些细菌毒素会损伤囊 泡融合机制。厌氧的肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌引起的肉毒 杆菌中毒,是一种麻痹性疾病,大部分的毒素会断开 SNAP-25和VAMP/Synaptobrevin以及syntaxin的结 合,抑制了神经肌肉接头部位乙酰胆碱的释放l2 。
来自破伤风杆菌的破伤风毒素作用于抑制性中间神 经元的VAMP/Synaptobrevin,阻断了GABA或甘氨酸 的释放,导致痉挛性瘫痪。因此,Schekman,Rothman 和Stidhof三人的发现揭示了这些疾病的机制并提供 了相应的治疗手段。
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